“Horizontal” Two-Step Flow: The Role of Opinion Leaders in Directing Attention to Social Movements in Decentralized Information Environments

References

• Amenta, E., Elliott, T. A., Shortt, N., Tierney, A. C., Türkoğlu, D., & Vann, B. (2017). From bias to coverage: What explains how news organizations treat social movements. Sociology Compass, 11(3), 12460. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, K. T., & Caren, N. (2010). Making the news movement organizations, media attention, and the public agenda. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 841–866. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anspach, N. M. (2017). The new personal influence: How our Facebook friends influence the news we read. Political Communication, 34(4), 590–606. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1316329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barakso, M., & Schaffner, B. F. (2006). Winning coverage news media portrayals of the women’s movement, 1969–2004. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11(4), 22–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X06293069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastos, M. T., Mercea, D., & Charpentier, A. (2015). Tents, tweets, and events: The interplay between ongoing protests and social media. The Journal of Communication, 65(2), 320–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L., & Manheim, J. B. (2006). The one-step flow of communication. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 608(1), 213–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, J. M., & Strathearn, B. (2013). Who matters online: Measuring influence, evaluating content and countering violent extremism in online social networks (North America) (Report). International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation. https://apo.org.au/node/33405
   Google Scholar
• Bergström, A., & Jervelycke Belfrage, M. (2018). News in social media: Incidental consumption and the role of opinion leaders. Digital Journalism, 6(5), 583–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode, L. (2016). Political news in the news feed: Learning politics from social media. Mass Communication and Society, 19(1), 24–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1045149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruycker, I. D. (2019). Blessing or curse for advocacy? How news media attention helps advocacy groups to achieve their policy goals. Political Communication, 36(1), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1493007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, D. (2012, November 15). Abortion in Ireland: A legal quagmire. Irish Examiner. http://www.irishexaminer.com/analysis/abortion-in-ireland-a-legal-quagmire-214002.html
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, T. N. (2019). Through the Grapevine: Informational consequences of interpersonal political communication. The American Political Science Review, 113(2), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305541900008X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha, M., Benevenuto, F., Haddadi, H., & Gummadi, K. (2012). The world of connections and information flow in Twitter. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, 42(4), 991–998. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCA.2012.2183359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S. (2015). The two-step flow of communication in Twitter-based public forums. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 696–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314556599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois, E., Minaeian, S., Paquet Labelle, A., & Beaudry, S. (2020). Who to trust on social media: How opinion leaders and seekers avoid disinformation and echo chambers. Social Media+ Society, 6(2), 205630512091399. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120913993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman, M. (1988). Constructing the political spectacle. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fabrega, J., & Paredes, P. (2013). Social contagion and cascade behaviors on Twitter. Information, 4(2), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.3390/info4020171
   Google Scholar
• Ferree, M. M., Gamson, W. A., Gerhards, J., & Rucht, D. (2002). Shaping abortion discourse: Democracy and the public sphere in Germany and the United States. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frangi, L., Zhang, T., & Hebdon, R. (2020). Tweeting and retweeting for fight for $15: Unions as Dinosaur opinion leaders? British Journal of Industrial Relations, 58(2), 301–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamson, W. A., & Wolfsfeld, G. (1993). Movements and media as interacting systems. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 528(1), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716293528001009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golbeck, J. (2015). Introduction to social media investigation: A hands-on approach. Syngress.
   Google Scholar
• González-Bailón, S., Borge-Holthoefer, J., & Moreno, Y. (2013). Broadcasters and hidden influentials in online protest diffusion. The American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 943–965. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruszczynski, M., & Wagner, M. W. (2017). Information flow in the 21st century: The dynamics of agenda-uptake. Mass Communication and Society, 20(3), 378–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2016.1255757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, L., Rohde, J. A., & Wu, H. D. (2020). Who is responsible for Twitter’s echo chamber problem? Evidence from 2016 US election networks. Information, Communication & Society, 23(2), 234–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1499793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hentschel, M., Alonso, O., Counts, S., & Kandylas, V. (2014, May 16). Finding users we trust: Scaling up verified twitter users using their communication patterns. Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM14/paper/view/8063
   Google Scholar
• Hilbert, M., Vásquez, J., Halpern, D., Valenzuela, S., & Arriagada, E. (2017). One step, two step, network step? Complementary perspectives on communication flows in Twittered citizen protests. Social Science Computer Review, 35(4), 444–461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316639561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, K. (2019). Twitter, social movements, and claiming allies in abortion debates. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 16(4), 394–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2019.1659901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, K. (2021). Social movements and human rights language in abortion debates. Journal of Human Rights, 20(1), 72–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2020.1850240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, K., & Friesen, A. (2021). “You can’t repeal regret”: Targeting men for mobilisation in Ireland’s abortion debate. European Journal of Politics and Gender 4(3), 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1332/251510821X16115145508864
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, K., & Gruszczynski, M. (2019). The influence of new and traditional media coverage on public attention to social movements: The case of the Dakota access pipeline protests. Information, Communication & Society 24(7), 1024–1040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingber, S. (2018, May 26). Ireland resoundingly votes to legalize abortion. NPR.Org. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/26/614655703/ireland-votes-to-lift-its-abortion-ban-exit-polls-show
   Google Scholar
• Karlsen, R. (2015). Followers are opinion leaders: The role of people in the flow of political communication on and beyond social networking sites. European Journal of Communication, 30(3), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115577305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, E., Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Roper, E. (1955). Personal influence: The part played by in the flow of mass communications. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kearney, M. (2017). Rtweet: Collecting Twitter data (R package 0.6.7). [Computer software].
   Google Scholar
• Kilgo, D. K., & Harlow, S. (2019). Protests, media coverage, and a hierarchy of social struggle. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(4), 508–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219853517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasswell, H. D. (1927). Propaganda technique in the World War London (1st ed.). Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people’s choice. Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
   Google Scholar
• Luqiu, L. R., Schmierbach, M., & Ng, Y. -L. (2019). Willingness to follow opinion leaders: A case study of Chinese Weibo. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majó-Vázquez, S., Cardenal, A. S., Segarra, O., & de Simón, P. C. (2020). Media roles in the online news domain: Authorities and emergent audience brokers. Media and Communication, 8(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.2741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod, D. M. (2007). News coverage and social protest: How the media’s protect paradigm exacerbates social conflict symposium. Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2007(1), 185–194.
   Google Scholar
• Smithson, M., & Verkuilen, J. (2006). A better lemon squeezer? Maximum-likelihood regression with beta-distributed dependent variables. Psychological Methods, 11(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soffer, O. (2019). Algorithmic personalization and the two-step flow of communication. Communication Theory, qtz008.
   Google Scholar
• Stansberry, K. S. (2012). One-step, two-step, or multi-step flow: The role of influencers in information processing and dissemination in online, interest-based publics [ PhD Thesis]. University of Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Sterrett, D., Malato, D., Benz, J., Kantor, L., Tompson, T., Rosenstiel, T., Sonderman, J., & Loker, K. (2019). Who shared it?: Deciding what news to trust on social media. Digital Journalism, 7(6), 783–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1623702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stier, S., Schünemann, W. J., & Steiger, S. (2018). Of activists and gatekeepers: Temporal and structural properties of policy networks on Twitter. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1910–1930. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817709282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turcotte, J., York, C., Irving, J., Scholl, R. M., & Pingree, R. J. (2015). News recommendations from social media opinion leaders: Effects on media trust and information seeking. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(5), 520–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, S., & Brüggemann, M. (2020). Opportunity makes opinion leaders: Analyzing the role of first-hand information in opinion leadership in social media networks. Information, Communication & Society, 23(2), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1500622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L. X., Ramachandran, A., & Chaintreau, A. (2016 April). Measuring click and share dynamics on social media: A reproducible and validated approach. In Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.
   Google Scholar
• Weeks, B. E., Ardèvol-Abreu, A., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2017). Online influence? Social media use, opinion leadership, and political persuasion. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 29(2), 214–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, W. W., Sang, Y., Blasiola, S., & Park, H. W. (2014). Predicting opinion leaders in Twitter activism networks: The case of the Wisconsin recall election. The American Behavioral Scientist, 58(10), 1278–1293. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214527091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, K.-C., Pierri, F., Hui, P.-M., Axelrod, D., Torres-Lugo, C., Bryden, J., & Menczer, F. (2021). The COVID-19 infodemic: Twitter versus Facebook. Big Data & Society, 8(1), 205395172110138. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211013861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar