High Prevalence of Depression Symptoms Among Bisexual Women: The Association of Sexual Orientation and Gender on Depression Symptoms in a Nationally Representative U.S. Sample

References

• Argyriou, A., Goldsmith, K. A., & Rimes, K. A. (2021). Mediators of the disparities in depression between sexual minority and heterosexual individuals: A systematic review. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(3), 925–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01862-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Blayney, J. A., Dillworth, T., Zimmerman, L., & Kaysen, D. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in identity and mental health outcomes among young sexual minority women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bariola, E., Lyons, A., & Leonard, W. (2016). Gender-specific health implications of minority stress among lesbians and gay men. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 40(6), 506–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorkenstam, C., Bjorkenstam, E., Andersson, G., Cochran, S., & Kosidou, K. (2017). Anxiety and depression among sexual minority women and men in Sweden: Is the risk equally spread within the sexual minority population? The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14(3), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0098851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, V. R. (1981). Minority stress and lesbian women. Lexington Books. http://archive.org/details/minoritystressle0000broo
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Overview. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_13_14/NHANES_Overview_Brochure.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Analytic guidelines, 2011-2014 and 2015-2016. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/analyticguidelines/11-16-analytic-guidelines.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhry, A. B., & Reisner, S. L. (2019). Disparities by sexual orientation persist for major depressive episode and substance abuse or dependence: Findings from a national probability study of adults in the United States. LGBT Health, 6(5), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop, B. J., Hartley, S., Oladokun, O., & Taylor, P. J. (2020). Bisexuality and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI): A narrative synthesis of associated variables and a meta-analysis of risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 1159–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dürrbaum, T., & Sattler, F. A. (2020). Minority stress and mental health in lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths: A meta-analysis. Journal of LGBT Youth, 17(3), 298–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2019.1586615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everett, B. G., Talley, A. E., Hughes, T. L., Wilsnack, S. C., & Johnson, T. P. (2016). Sexual identity mobility and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal analysis of moderating factors among sexual minority women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(7), 1731–1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0755-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagrell Trygg, N., Gustafsson, P. E., & Mansdotter, A. (2019). Languishing in the crossroad? A scoping review of intersectional inequalities in mental health. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-1012-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flentje, A., Obedin-Maliver, J., Lubensky, M. E., Dastur, Z., Neilands, T., & Lunn, M. R. (2020). Depression and anxiety changes among sexual and gender minority people coinciding with onset of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(9), 2788–2790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05970-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett, R. A., Steptoe, A., & Jackson, S. E. (2019). Sex discrimination and mental health in women: A prospective analysis. Health Psychology, 38(11), 1014–1024. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Hilt, L. M., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Gender, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression. In J. C. Chrisler & D. R. McCreary (Eds.), Handbook of gender research in psychology: Volume 2: Gender research in social and applied psychology (pp. 133–151). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1467-5_7
   Google Scholar
• Hines, L. (2013). The treatment views and recommendations of substance abusing women: A meta-synthesis. Qualitative Social Work, 12(4), 473–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325011432776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Kaestle, C. E., & Ivory, A. H. (2012). A forgotten sexuality: Content analysis of bisexuality in the medical literature over two decades. Journal of Bisexuality, 12(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2012.645701
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, D. L., Santurri, L., & Peters, P. (2013). A comparison of lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual college undergraduate women on selected mental health issues. Journal of American College Health, 61(4), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.787619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerridge, B. T., Pickering, R. P., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., & Hasin, D. S. (2017). Prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and DSM-5 substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders among sexual minorities in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, A. S., & Ross, L. K. (2006). Mental health issues: A comparison of lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual women. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v51n01_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manea, L., Gilbody, S., & McMillan, D. (2012). Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A meta-analysis. CMAJ, 184(3), E191–E196. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, S., & Castillo, P. (2021). The relationship between a sense of belonging to the LGBTIQ + community, internalized heterosexism, and depressive symptoms among bisexual and lesbian women. Journal of Bisexuality, 21(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2020.1862726
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, K., & Ryan, J. M. (2011). Design, development and testing of the NHIS sexual identity question questionnaire design. Questionnaire Design Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Methodology, National Center for Health Statistics. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/qbank/report/miller_nchs_2011_nhis%20sexual%20identity.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pennay, A., McNair, R., Hughes, T. L., Leonard, W., Brown, R., & Lubman, D. I. (2018). Improving alcohol and mental health treatment for lesbian, bisexual and queer women: Identity matters. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 42(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips Ii, G., Felt, D., Ruprecht, M. M., Wang, X., Xu, J., Perez-Bill, E., Bagnarol, R. M., Roth, J., Curry, C. W., & Beach, L. B. (2020). Addressing the disproportionate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual and gender minority populations in the United States: Actions toward equity. LGBT Health, 7(6), 279–282. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2020.0187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, J., & Kelly, U. A. (2011). Feminist intersectionality: Bringing social justice to health disparities research. Nursing Ethics, 18(3), 397–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733011398094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, L. E., Manley, M. H., Goldberg, A. E., Januwalla, A., Williams, K., & Flanders, C. E. (2017). Characterizing non-monosexual women at risk for poor mental health outcomes: A mixed methods study. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 108(3), e296–e305. https://doi.org/10.17269/CJPH.108.5884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, L. E., Salway, T., Tarasoff, L. A., MacKay, J. M., Hawkins, B. W., & Fehr, C. P. (2018). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among bisexual people compared to gay, lesbian, and heterosexual individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sex Research, 55(4-5), 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1387755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 143(8), 783–822. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, R. L., Lasiuk, G., & Norris, C. (2016). The relationship between sexual orientation and depression in a national population sample. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(23-24), 3522–3532. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaunwhite, A. K. (2015). The role of gender and income in predicting barriers to mental health care in Canada. Community Mental Health Journal, 51(5), 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9814-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabaac, A. R., Perrin, P. B., & Trujillo, M. A. (2015). Multiple mediational model of outness, social support, mental health, and wellness behavior in ethnically diverse lesbian, bisexual, and queer women. LGBT Health, 2(3), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Combahee River Collective. (2014). A Black Feminist Statement. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 42(3/4), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1353/wsq.2014.0052
   Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. (2020). How the Census Bureau measures poverty. Census.Gov. https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html
   Google Scholar
• VanderWeele, T. J., & Knol, M. J. (2014). A tutorial on interaction. Epidemiologic Methods, 3(1), 33–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/em-2013-0005
   Google Scholar
• Wittgens, C., Fischer, M. M., Buspavanich, P., Theobald, S., Schweizer, K., & Trautmann, S. (2022). Mental health in people with minority sexual orientations: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 145(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, G. (2004). A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159(7), 702–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar