Drug Enforcement Administration Rescheduling of Hydrocodone Combination Products Is Associated With Changes in Physician Pain Management Prescribing Preferences

References

• Nahin RL. Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012. J Pain. 2015;16(8):769–80. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The economic costs of pain in the United States. J Pain. 2012;13(8):715–24. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulozzi LJ, Budnitz DS, Xi Y. Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15(9):618–27. doi: 10.1002/pds.1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers—United States. 1999–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(43):1487–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. Opioid overdose crisis. Bethesda, MD: US: Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Health; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes A, Williams M, Lipari R, Bose J, Copello E, Kroutil L. Prescription drug use and misuse in the United States: results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. NSDUH Data Review. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Kuehn BM. FDA committee: more restrictions needed on hydrocodone combination products. Jama 2013;309(9):862. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.1609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMS Health. Top 25 Medicines by Dispensed Prescriptions (U.S.); 2013 [accessed Sep 20, 2015]. http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/imshealth/Global/Content/Corporate/Press%20Room/2012_U.S/Top_25_Medicines_Dispensed_Prescriptions_U.S.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Crane EH. Emergency department visits involving narcotic pain relievers. CBHSQ Report. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Rudd RA. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2010–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1445–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudin J, Lee AJ. The downside of upscheduling. Pain Med. 2013;14(11):1628–9. doi: 10.1111/pme.12257_3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Administration Department of Justice. Schedules of controlled substances: rescheduling of hydrocodone combination products from schedule III to schedule II. Final rule. Federal Reg. 2014;79(163):49661–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolodny A. Better late than never: time to up-schedule hydrocodone combination products. Pain Med. 2013;14(11):1627–8. doi: 10.1111/pme.12257_2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pain Medicine. American academy of pain medicine comments on rescheduling hydrocodone: patient and public health considerations; 2013 [accessed Sep 20, 2015]. http://www.painmed.org/files/hydrocodone-patient-and-public-health-considerations.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yap D. APhA, other pharmacy groups oppose rescheduling hydrocodone in letter to HHS Washington, DC; 2013 [accessed Feb 20, 2014]. http://www.pharmacist.com/apha-other-pharmacy-groups-oppose-rescheduling-hydrocodone-letter-hhs.
   Google Scholar
• Donovan K, Fudin J. How changing hydrocodone scheduling will affect pain management. Pract Pain Manage. 2013;13(5):69–74.
   Google Scholar
• Twillman RK, Kirch R, Gilson A. Efforts to control prescription drug abuse: why clinicians should be concerned and take action as essential advocates for rational policy. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64(6):369–76. doi: 10.3322/caac.21243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Texas Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. Alexandria, Virginia: National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws; 2018. https://namsdl.org/model-laws/
   Google Scholar
• Varisco TJ, Ogunsanya ME, Barner JC, Fleming ML. Pharmacists’ perceptions regarding the impact of hydrocodone rescheduling on prescription volume, workflow management, and patient outcomes. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017;57(2):S51–S62. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.01.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhardt MB, Taylor RS, Hagan JL, Patel N, Chumpitazi CE, Fox KA, Glover C. Evaluation of opioid prescribing after rescheduling of hydrocodone-containing products. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017;74(24):2046–53. doi: 10.2146/ajhp160548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habbouche J, Lee J, Steiger R, Dupree JM, Khalsa C, Englesbe M, Brummett C, Waljee J. Association of hydrocodone schedule change with opioid prescriptions following surgery. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(12):1111–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman DA, Smyth JD, Christian LM. Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Nwokeji ED, Rascati KL, Brown CM, Eisenberg A. Influences of attitudes on family physicians’ willingness to prescribe long-acting opioid analgesics for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Clin Ther. 2007;29(11):2589–602. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.12.007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson HD, Dansie EJ, Kim MS, Moskovitz BL, Chow W, Turk DC. Clinicians’ Attitudes and Beliefs about Opioids Survey (CAOS): instrument development and results of a national physician survey. J Pain. 2013;14(6):613–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.01.769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licensed Physician Database. Austin (TX): Texas Medical Board; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Green TC, Mann MR, Bowman SE, Zaller N, Soto X, Gadea J, Cordy C, Kelly P, Friedmann PD. How does use of a prescription monitoring program change medical practice? Pain Med. 2012;13(10):1314–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01452.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine JM, Hallvik SE, Hildebran C, Marino M, Beran T, Deyo RA. Who uses a prescription drug monitoring program and how? insights from a statewide survey of Oregon clinicians. J Pain. 2014;15(7):747–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.04.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen K, Gutierrez A, Haller D, Potter JS. Sublingual buprenorphine for chronic pain a survey of clinician prescribing practices. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(4):295–300. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318298ddad.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oehler EC, Day RL, Robinson DB, Brown LH. Has the rescheduling of hydrocodone changed ED prescribing practices? Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(12):2388–91. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seago S, Hayek A, Pruszynski J, Newman MG. Change in prescription habits after federal rescheduling of hydrocodone combination products. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2016;29(3):268. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2016.11929431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiPiro JT. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill Medical; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States, 2016. JAMA 2016;315(15):1624–45. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringwalt C, Gugelmann H, Garrettson M, Dasgupta N, Chung AE, Proescholdbell SK, Skinner AC. Differential prescribing of opioid analgesics according to physician specialty for Medicaid patients with chronic noncancer pain diagnoses. Pain Res Manage. 2014;19(4):179–85. doi: 10.1155/2014/857952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz S, Chamberlain C, Vulcan M, Rana H, Patel B, Alexander JC. Analgesic utilization before and after rescheduling of hydrocodone in a large academic level 1 trauma center. J Opioid Manage. 2016;12(2):119–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo YF, Raji MA, Liaw V, Baillargeon J, Goodwin JS. Opioid prescriptions in older medicare beneficiaries after the 2014 federal rescheduling of hydrocodone products. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(5):945–53. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers J, Gleason RM, Kirsh KL, Twillman R, Webster L, Berner J, Fudin J, Passik SD. An online survey of patients’ experiences since the rescheduling of hydrocodone: The first 100 days. Pain Med. 2016;17(9):1686–93. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnv064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchheiner J, Schmidt H, Tzvetkov M, Keulen JT, Lötsch J, Roots I, Brockmöller J. Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication. Pharmacogenomics J. 2007;7(4):257–65. doi: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly LE, Rieder M, van den Anker J, Malkin B, Ross C, Neely MN, Carleton B, Hayden MR, Madadi P, Koren G. More codeine fatalities after tonsillectomy in North American children. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):e1343–7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith HS. Opioid metabolism. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(7):613–24. doi: 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60750-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arafa MH, Atteia HH. Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) are associated with long term tramadol treatment-induced oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2018;346:37–44. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Texas Medical Association. EPCS Permitted in Texas; 2015.
   Google Scholar