219
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Evaluation of nine oximes on in vivo reactivation of blood, brain, and tissue cholinesterase activity inhibited by organophosphorus nerve agents at lethal dose

, , &
Pages 386-400 | Received 19 Jun 2009, Accepted 26 Jul 2009, Published online: 08 Sep 2009

References

  • Aas P. 2003. Future considerations for the medical management of nerve-agent intoxication. Prehosp Disaster Med 18:208–216.
  • Amitai G, Kloog Y, Balderman D, Sokolovsky M. 1980. The interaction of bis-pyridinium oximes with mouse brain muscarinic receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 29:483–488.
  • Antonijevic B, Stojiljkovic MP. 2007. Unequal efficacy of pyridinium oximes in acute organophosphate poisoning. Clin Med Res 1:71–82.
  • Boskovic B, Kovacervic V, Jovaniovic D. 1984. PAM-2 Cl, HI-6, and HGG-12 in soman and tabun poisoning. Fundam Appl Toxicol 4:S106–S115.
  • Childs AF, Davies DR, Green AL, Rutland JP. 1955. The reactivation by oximes and hydroxamic acids of cholinesterase inhibited by organophosphorus compounds. Br J Pharmacol 10:462–465.
  • Clair P, Wiberg K, Granelli I, Carlsson BI, Blanchet G. 2000. Stability study of a new antidote drug combination (Atropine-HI-6-prodiazepam) for treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Eur J Pharm Sci 9:259–263.
  • Clement JG, Erhardt N. 1994. In vitro oxime-induced reactivation of various molecular forms of soman-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in striated muscle from rat, monkey and human. Arch Toxicol 68:648–655.
  • Dawson RM. 1994. Review of oximes available for treatment of nerve agent poisoning. J Appl Toxicol 15:317–331.
  • Dishovsky CD. 2005. Chapter 12, Some aspects of the mechanisms of action of oxime reactivators of cholinesterase. In: Monov A, Dishovsky C (Eds.), Medical aspects of chemical and biological terrorism—chemical terrorism and traumatism. Sofia: Publishing House of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria; pp. 209–226.
  • Ekstrom F, Akfur C, Tunemalm AK, Lundberg S. 2006a. Structural changes of phenyalanine 338 and histidine 447 revealed by the crystal structures of tabun-inhibited murine acetylcholinesterase. Biochemistry 45:74–81.
  • Ekstrom F, Pang YP, Boman M, Artursson E, Akfur C, Borjegren S. 2006b. Structure of acetylcholinesterase in complex with HI-6, Ortho-7 and obidoxime: structural basis for differences in the ability to reactivate tabun conjugates. Biochem Pharmacol 72:597–607.
  • Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Featherstone RM. 1961. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 7:88–95.
  • Eyer P. 2008. The role of oximes in the management of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Toxicol Rev 22:165–190.
  • Fleisher JH, Harris LW. 1965. Dealkylation as a mechanism for aging of cholinesterase after poisoning with pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate. Biochem Pharmacol 14:641–650.
  • Fleisher JH, Harris LW, Murtha EF. 1967. Reactivation of pyridinium aldoxime methochloride (PAM) of inhibited cholinesterase activity in dogs after poisoning with pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 156:345–351.
  • Harris LW, Anderson DR, Lennox WJ, Woodard CL, Pastelak AM, Vanderpool BA. 1989. Evaluation of HI-6, MMB-4, 2-PAM and ICD-467 as reactivators of unaged soman-inhibited whole blood acetylcholinesterase in rabbits. USAMRICD-TR-89-13. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, MD (AD# ADA211875), 18 pp.
  • Harris LW, Anderson DR, Lennox WJ, Woodard CL, Pastelak AM, Vanderpool BA. 1990. Evaluation of several oximes as reactivators of unaged soman-inhibited whole blood acetylcholinesterase in rabbits. Biochem Pharmacol 40:2677–2682.
  • Harris LW, Heyl WC, Stitcher DL, Broomfield CA. 1978. Effects of 1,1oxydimethlene bis-(4-tert-butylpyridinium chloride) (SAD128) and decamethonium on reactivation of soman and sarin-inhibited cholinesterase by oximes. Biochem Pharmacol 27:757–761.
  • Harris LW, Stitcher DL. 1983. Reactivation of VX-inhibited cholinesterase by 2-PAM and HS-6 in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 6:235–240.
  • Hobinger F, Sadler PW. 1959. Protection against lethal organophosphate poisoning by quaternary pyridine aldoximes. Br J Pharmacol 14:192–201.
  • Hoskovcova M, Halamek E, Kobliha Z, Tusarova I. 2007. Reactivation of immobilized acetylcholinesterase-tabun complex by methoxime and its homologues. Drug Chem Toxicol 30:97–103.
  • Kassa J. 1998. A comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of conventional and modern oximes against supralethal doses of highly toxic organophosphates in mice. Acta Medica 41:19–21.
  • Kassa J. 2002. Review of oximes in the antidotal treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agents. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40:803–816.
  • Kassa J. 2005. Chapter 11, The role of oximes in the antidotal treatment of chemical casualties exposed to nerve agents. In: Monov A, Dishovsky C (Eds.), Medical aspects of chemical and biological terrorism—chemical terrorism and traumatism. Sofia: Publishing House of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria; pp. 193–208.
  • Kassa J, Cabal J. 1999. A comparison of the efficacy of acetylcholine reactivators against cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF agent) by in vitro and in vivo methods. Pharmacol Toxicol 84:41–45.
  • Kokshareva NV, Prodanchuk NG, Zhminko PG, Krivenchuk VE. 2005. Chapter 9, Cholinesterase blockers as potential agents for chemical terrorism and contemporary approaches to therapy of acute poisonings induced by anti-cholinesterase neuroparalytic substances. In: Monov A, Dishovsky C (Eds.), Medical aspects of chemical and biological terrorism—chemical terrorism and traumatism. Sofia: Publishing House of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria; pp. 153–183.
  • Koplovitz I, Stewart JR. 1994. A comparison of the efficacy of HI-6 and 2-PAM against soman, sarin and VX in the rabbit. Toxicol Lett 70:260–279.
  • Krummer S, Thiermann H, Worek F, Eyer P. 2002. Equipotent cholinesterase reactivation in vitro by the nerve agent antidotes HI-6 dichloride and HI-6 dimethanesulfonate. Arch Toxicol 76:589–595.
  • Lundy PM, Shih T-M. 1983. Examination of the role of central cholinergic mechanisms in the therapeutical effects of HI-6 in organophosphate poisoning. J Neurochem 40:1321–1328.
  • Luo C, Tong M, Chilukuri N, Brecht K, Maxwell DM, Saxena A. 2007. An in vitro comparative study on the reactivation of nerve agent-inhibited guinea pig and human acetylcholinesterase by oximes. Biochemistry 46:11771–11779.
  • Maxwell DM, Brecht KM, Chang F-CT, Koplovitz I, Shih T-M, Sweeney RE. 2006. Toxicodynamic modeling of highly toxic organophosphorus compounds. J Mol Neurosci 30:129–131.
  • Moore DH, Clifford CB, Crawford IT, Cole GM, Baggett JM. 1995. Review of nerve agent inhibitors and reactivators of acetylcholinesterase. In: Quinn DM, Balasubramanian AS, Doctor BP, Taylor P (Eds.), Enzymes of the cholinesterase family. New York: Plenum Press; pp. 297–304.
  • Nechiporenko SP, Zatsepin EP. 2003. A study to establish an efficient means for delivering antidotal therapy at nerve agent destruction facilities. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41:723.
  • Petroianu GA. 2007. Cholinesterase pseudo-activity, oximolysis, esterolysis, thiocholine ester hydrolysis by oximes: what’s in a name? Toxicol Lett 168:88–89.
  • Sakurada K, Ikegaya H, Ohta H, Akutsu T, Takatori T. 2006. Hydrolysis of an acetylthiocholine by pralidoxime iodide (2-PAM). Toxicol Lett 166:255–260.
  • Saxena A, Luo C, Chilukuri N, Maxwell DM, Doctor BP. 2008. Novel approaches to medical protection against chemical warfare nerve agents. In: Romano JA, Lukey JA, Salem H (Eds.), Chemical warfare agents: Chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and therapeutics, 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; pp. 145–173.
  • Shih, T.–M. 1993. Comparison of several oximes on reactivation of soman-inhibited blood, brain and tissue cholinesterase activity in rats. Arch Toxicol 67:637–646.
  • Shih T-M, Kan RK, McDonough JH. 2005. In vivo cholinesterase inhibitory specificity of organophosphorus nerve agents. Chem-Biol Interact 157–158:293–303.
  • Shih T-M, Whalley CE, Valdes JJ. 1991. A comparison of cholinergic effects of HI-6 and 2-PAM in soman poisoning. Toxicol Lett 55:131–147.
  • Singh H, Moorad-Doctor D, Ratcliffe RH, Wachtel K, Castillo A, Garcia GE. 2007. A rapid cation-exchange HPLC method for detection and quantification of pyridinium oximes in plasma and tissue. J Anal Toxicol 31:69–74.
  • Stalc A, Sentjurc M. 1990. A contribution to the mechanism of action of SAD-128. Biochem Pharmacol 40:2511–2517.
  • Talbot BG, Anderson DR, Harris LW, Yarbrough LW, Lennox WJ. 1988. A comparison of in vivo and in vitro rates of aging of soman-inhibited erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in different animal species. Drug Chem Toxicol 11:289–305.
  • Tattersall JEH. 1993. Ion channel blockage by oximes and recovery of diaphragm muscle from soman poisoning in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 108:1006–1015.
  • Taylor P. 2001. Anticholinesterase agents. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG (Eds.), Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; pp. 110–129.
  • Vallejo-Freire AA. 1951. A simple technique for repeated collection of blood samples from guinea pigs. Science 114:524–525.
  • Wilson IB, Ginsburg S. 1955. Reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by alkylphosphonates. Arch Biochem Biophys 54:569–571.
  • Worek F, Eyer P. 2006. Letter to the editor. Toxicol Lett 167:256–257.
  • Worek F, Thiermann H, Szinicz L, Eyer P. 2004. Kinetic analysis of interactions between human acetylcholinesterse, structurally different organophosphorus compounds and oximes. Biochem Pharmacol 68:2237–2248.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.