462
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Scale Development: Exploring Successful Political Outsiders’ Brand Image to Determine Reformist Dimensions

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 166-191 | Received 09 Mar 2020, Accepted 12 Oct 2021, Published online: 17 Nov 2021

Reference

  • Abou-Khalil, W. J., and G. M. Aoun. 2020. “Does the Political Candidate’s Quality Lead to Satisfaction? Transposition of the SERVQUAL Model to Politics (VOTQUAL): Case of the Loyal Lebanese Voter.” Journal of Political Marketing: 1–16. doi: 10.1080/15377857.2020.1724419.
  • Ahuja, J., and P. Prakash. 2017. Cow Vigilantism in India: Modi’s Dilemma or Legacy? Singapore: Nanyang Technological University (RSIS Commentaries, No. 131).
  • Akbar, A. 2018. Lebih Tajir dari Sandiaga Uno, Harta Politisi Indonesia Ini Sampai Rp 29 T! [Wealthier than Sandiaga Uno, the Net Worth Estimation of These Politicians Reaches Rp 29T!]. Moneysmart.id. 14 August. https://www.moneysmart.id/politisi-lebih-tajir-dari-sandiaga-uno/.
  • Al Fajri, M. S. 2018. “The Representation of a Blasphemy Protest in Jakarta in Local and International Press.” Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 7 (3):705–13. doi: 10.17509/ijal.v7i3.9821.
  • Angrosino, M. V., and K. A. Mays de Pérez. 2000. “Rethinking Observation: From Method to Context.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks: Sage, vol. 2, 673–702.
  • Asmara, C. G. 2019. “Punya Harta Rp 7,82 T, Ini Rincian Kekayaan Prabowo-Sandiaga [Possesing Rp 7.82T this is the Detail of Prabowo and Sandiaga’s Wealth].” CNBC Indonesia. 12 April. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20190412163913-4-66382/punya-harta-rp-782-t-ini-rincian-kekayaan-prabowo-sandiaga.
  • Atkinson, P., and A. Coffey. 1997. “Analysing Documentary Realities.” In Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice, 45–62. London: Sage.
  • Atzger, B., E. S. Sá, and J. Silva. 2020. “Exploring Sources of Voter-Based Political Human Brand Equity.” Journal of Brand Management 27: 1–14.
  • Barr, R. R. 2009. “Populists, Outsiders and Anti-establishment Politics.” Party Politics 15 (1):29–48. doi: 10.1177/1354068808097890.
  • Bendisch, F., G. Larsen, and M. Trueman. 2013. “Fame and Fortune: A Conceptual Model of CEO Brands.” European Journal of Marketing 47 (3/4):596–614. doi: 10.1108/03090561311297472.
  • Bennett, A. M., C. Malone, K. Cheatham, and N. Saligram. 2019. “The Impact of Perceptions of Politician Brand Warmth and Competence on Voting Intentions.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 28 (2):256–73. doi: 10.1108/JPBM-09-2017-1562.
  • Biroscak, B. J., J. E. Scott, J. H. Lindenberger, and C. A. Bryant. 2017. “Leximancer Software as a Research Tool for Social Marketers: Application to a Content Analysis.” Social Marketing Quarterly 23 (3):223–31. doi: 10.1177/1524500417700826.
  • Bonikowski, B. 2016. “Three Lessons of Contemporary Populism in Europe and the United States.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 23:9.
  • Bowen, G. A. 2009. “Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method.” Qualitative Research Journal 9 (2):27–40. doi: 10.3316/QRJ0902027.
  • Butler, P., and N. Collins. 1994. “Political Marketing: Structure and Process.” European Journal of Marketing 28 (1):19–34. doi: 10.1108/03090569410049154.
  • Campbell, M. C. 2002. “Building Brand Equity: (A Presentation Given at the Medical Marketing Association Annual Conference).” Journal of Medical Marketing 2 (3):208–18. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jmm.5040078.
  • Churchill, G. A. 1979. “A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs.” Journal of Marketing Research 16 (1):64–73. doi: 10.1177/002224377901600110.
  • Curato, N. 2017. “Flirting with Authoritarian Fantasies? Rodrigo Duterte and the New Terms of Philippine Populism.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 47 (1):142–153. doi: 10.1080/00472336.2016.1239751.
  • Daley, B. J. 2004. “Using Concept Maps in Qualitative Research.” Paper Presented at the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain, September 14–17.
  • Dean, D., R. Croft, and C. Pich. 2015. “Toward a Conceptual Framework of Emotional Relationship Marketing: An Examination of Two UK Political Parties.” Journal of Political Marketing 14 (1–2):19–34. doi: 10.1080/15377857.2014.990849.
  • DeHanas, D. N., and M. Shterin. 2018. “Religion and the Rise of Populism.” Religion, State and Society 46 (3):177–185. doi: 10.1080/09637494.2018.1502911.
  • Dewi, K. 2017. “Tri Rismaharini’s Androgynous Leadership: Strategizing “Hegemonic Masculinity.” Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik 7 (2):143–158.
  • Dyck, J. J., S. Pearson-Merkowitz, and M. Coates. 2018. “Primary Distrust: Political Distrust and Support for the Insurgent Candidacies of Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Primary.” PS: Political Science and Politics 51 (2):351–357.
  • Enli, G. 2017. “Twitter as Arena for the Authentic Outsider: Exploring the Social Media Campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US Presidential Election.” European Journal of Communication 32 (1):50–61. doi: 10.1177/0267323116682802.
  • Fabrigar, L. R., and D. T. Wegener. 2012. Exploratory Factor Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Francia, P. L. 2018. “Free Media and Twitter in the 2016 Presidential Election: The Unconventional Campaign of Donald Trump.” Social Science Computer Review 36 (4):440–455. doi: 10.1177/0894439317730302.
  • French, A., and G. Smith. 2010. “Measuring political brand equity: a consumer oriented approach.” European Journal of Marketing, 44 (3/4):460–477. doi: 10.1108/03090561011020534.
  • Fukuoka, Y. 2013a. “Indonesia’s ‘Democratic Transition’ Revisited: A Clientelist Model of Political Transition.” Democratization 20 (6):991–1013. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2012.669894.
  • Fukuoka, Y. 2013b. “Oligarchy and Democracy in Post‐Suharto Indonesia.” Political Studies Review 11 (1):52–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-9302.2012.00286.x.
  • Fukuoka, Y., and L. Djani. 2016. “Revisiting the Rise of Jokowi: The Triumph of Reformasi or an Oligarchic Adaptation of Post-Clientelist Initiatives?” South East Asia Research 24 (2):204–221. doi: 10.1177/0967828X16649044.
  • Graham, M. 2019. “Where Is Australia’s Jacinda Ardern?” Eureka Street 29 (7):29.
  • Greven, T. 2016. “The Rise of Right-Wing Populism in Europe and the United States.” In A Comparative Perspective [La Emergencia Del Populismo de Derechas en Europa y Estados Unidos. Una Perspectiva Comparada]. Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Washington DC Office.
  • Grimbeek, P., B. Bartlett, and K.-K. Loke. 2004. “Using Leximancer to Identify Themes and Patterns in the Talk of Three High-Distinction Students.” In Educating: Weaving Research into Practice, edited by Brendan Bartlett, Fiona Bryer, Dick Roebuck, vol. 2, 122–28. Nathan, QLD: Griffith University, School of Cognition, Language and Special Education.
  • Grimbeek, P., F. Bryer, M. Davies, and B. Bartlett. 2005. “Themes and Patterns in 3 Years of Abstracts from the International Conference on Cognition, Language, and Special Education Research: Identified by Leximancer Analysis.” Stimulating the “Action” as Participants in Participatory Research Brisbane. Australia: Griffith University, School of Cognition, Language, and Special Education, 101–13.
  • Grimm, P. 2010. “Social Desirability Bias.” In Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing, edited by J. Sheth and N. Malhotra. Hoboken NJ: Wiley.
  • Guest, G., K. M. MacQueen, and E. E. Namey. 2011. Applied Thematic Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Guja, Armannsdottir, Stuart Carnell, and Christopher Pich. 2020. “Exploring Personal Political Brands of Iceland’s Parliamentarians.” Journal of Political Marketing 19 (1–2):74–106. doi: 10.1080/15377857.2019.1680931.
  • Guzmán, F., A. K. Paswan, and E. Van Steenburg. 2015. “Self-Referencing and Political Candidate Brands: A Congruency Perspective.” Journal of Political Marketing 14 (1–2):175–199. doi: 10.1080/15377857.2014.990837.
  • Guzmán, F., and V. Sierra. 2009. “A Political Candidate’s Brand Image Scale: Are Political Candidates Brands?” Journal of Brand Management 17 (3):207–217. doi: 10.1057/bm.2009.19.
  • Hadiz, V. R., and R. Robison. 2013. “The Political Economy of Oligarchy and the Reorganization of Power in Indonesia.” Indonesia 96 (1):35–57. doi: 10.1353/ind.2013.0023.
  • Hampden-Turner, C. 1970. “A Proposal for Political Marketing.” Yale Review of Law and Social Action 1:93.
  • Harris, P., and A. Lock. 2010. “Mind the Gap”: The Rise of Political Marketing and a Perspective on Its Future Agenda.” European Journal of Marketing 44 (3/4):297–307. doi: 10.1108/03090561011020435.
  • Hartleb, F. 2015. “Here to Stay: Anti-establishment Parties in Europe.” European View 14 (1):39–49. doi: 10.1007/s12290-015-0348-4.
  • Hatherell, M. 2014. “Repertoires of Representation and an Application to Indonesia’s Jokowi.” Representation 50 (4):439–451. doi: 10.1080/00344893.2014.980311.
  • Hatherell, M., and A. Welsh. 2017. “Rebel with a Cause: Ahok and Charismatic Leadership in Indonesia.” Asian Studies Review 41 (2):174–190. doi: 10.1080/10357823.2017.1293006.
  • Hinkin, T. R. 1995. “A Review of Scale Development Practices in the Study of Organizations.” Journal of Management 21 (5):967–988. doi: 10.1177/014920639502100509.
  • Hinkin, T. R., J. B. Tracey, and C. A. Enz. 1997. “Scale Construction: Developing Reliable and Valid Measurement Instruments.” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 21 (1):100–120. doi: 10.1177/109634809702100108.
  • Hough, D., and M. Koß. 2009. “Populism Personified or Reinvigorated Reformers? The German Left Party in 2009 and Beyond.” German Politics and Society 27 (2):76–91. doi: 10.3167/gps.2009.270206.
  • Huerlimann, G., W. E. Brownlee, and E. Ide. 2018. “The Political Economy of Taxing, Spending, and Redistribution since 1945: An Introduction.” In Worlds of Taxation, 1–16. London: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Intagliata, J., D. Ulrich, and N. Smallwood. 2000. “Leveraging Leadership Competencies to Produce Leadership Brand: Creating Distinctiveness by Focusing on Strategy and Results.” Human Resource Planning 23 (3):12–23.
  • Jackson, T. 2016. “From Paternalistic to Maternalistic Leadership.” International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management 26 (2):1–5.
  • Jain, V., and B. E. Ganesh. 2020. “Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra Modi.” Journal of Political Marketing 19 (1–2):15–33. doi: 10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222.
  • Jakarta Post. 2014. Editorial: Endorsing Jokowi. Jakarta Post. 4 July. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/07/04/editorial-endorsing-jokowi.html.
  • Karandikar, H. 2004. “Leadership Is Branding.” Businessline 1.
  • Keller, K. L. 1993. “Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity.” Journal of Marketing 57 (1):1–22. doi: 10.2307/1252054.
  • Kenney, C. D. 1998. “Outsider and Anti-party Politicians in Power: New Conceptual Strategies and Empirical Evidence from Peru.” Party Politics 4 (1):57–75. doi: 10.1177/1354068898004001003.
  • Kooyman, C., and M. J. Wright. 2017. “Double Jeopardy Benchmarks for Political Polls.” Australasian Marketing Journal 25 (3):180–184. doi: 10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.07.001.
  • Kotler. 1975. “Overview of Political Candidate Marketing.” In NA-Advances in Consumer Research, edited by Mary Jane Schlinger, vol. 02, 761–70. Ann Abor, MI: Association for Consumer Research.
  • Kotler, P., and M. Kotler. 2012. Market Your Way to Growth: 8 Ways to Win, Hoboken NJ: Wiley.
  • Kotler, P., and S. J. Levy. 1969. “Broadening the Concept of Marketing.” Journal of Marketing 33 (1):10–15. doi: 10.1177/002224296903300103.
  • Kroeger, K. A. 2003. “AIDS Rumors, Imaginary Enemies, and the Body Politic in Indonesia.” American Ethnologist 30 (2):243–257. doi: 10.1525/ae.2003.30.2.243.
  • Kuncoro, A. 2018. “Trends in the Manufacturing Sector under the Jokowi Presidency: Legacies of Past Administrations.” Southeast Asian Economies 35 (3):402–424. doi: 10.1355/ae35-3f.
  • Labuschagne, A. 2003. “Qualitative Research-Airy Fairy or Fundamental?” The Qualitative Report 8 (1):100–103.
  • Lederman, L. C. 1990. “Assessing Educational Effectiveness: The Focus Group Interview as a Technique for Data Collection.” Communication Education 39 (2):117–127. doi: 10.1080/03634529009378794.
  • Leximancer. 2011. Leximancer manual version 4. https://www.leximancer.com/site-media/lm/science/Leximancer_Manual_Version_4_0.pdf.
  • Lissitz, R. W., and S. B. Green. 1975. “Effect of the Number of Scale Points on Reliability: A Monte Carlo Approach.” Journal of Applied Psychology 60 (1):10–13. doi: 10.1037/h0076268.
  • Mason, M. 2010. “Sample Size and Saturation in PhD Studies Using Qualitative Interviews.” Forum: Qualitative Social Research 11 (3):1–19.
  • McCargo, D. 2001. “Populism and Reformism in Contemporary Thailand.” South East Asia Research 9 (1):89–107. doi: 10.5367/000000001101297333.
  • McRae, D. 2013. “Indonesian Politics in 2013: The Emergence of New Leadership?” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 49 (3):289–304. doi: 10.1080/00074918.2013.850629.
  • Mietzner, M. 2014. “How Jokowi Won and Democracy Survived.” Journal of Democracy 25 (4):111–125. doi: 10.1353/jod.2014.0073.
  • Miron, L. F. 1992. “Corporate Ideology and the Politics of Entrepreneurship in New Orleans.” Antipode 24 (4):263–288. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.1992.tb00447.x.
  • Mirza, N. 2012. “Leadership Branding.” Training Journal: 20–23.
  • Moulard, J. G., C. P. Garrity, and D. H. Rice. 2015. “What makes a human brand authentic? Identifying the antecedents of celebrity authenticity.” Psychology & Marketing 32 (2):73–186.
  • Mudambi, S. M., P. Doyle, and V. Wong. 1997. “An Exploration of Branding in Industrial Markets.” Industrial Marketing Management 26 (5):433–446. doi: 10.1016/S0019-8501(96)00151-4.
  • Mudde, C. 2004. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39 (4):541–563. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x.
  • Mustafa, M. 2017. “Democratic Decentralisation and Good Governance: The Political Economy of Procurement Reform in Decentralised Indonesia.”
  • Neuman, W. L. 2003. Social Research Methods: qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 5th ed. Boston; London: Allyn and Bacon.
  • O’Cass, A. 1996. “Political Marketing and the Marketing Concept.” European Journal of Marketing 30 (10/11):37–53.
  • O’Shaughnessy, N. 2001. “The Marketing of Political Marketing.” European Journal of Marketing 35 (9/10):1047–1057. doi: 10.1108/03090560110401956.
  • Observatory on Politics and Elections in the Arab and Muslim World. 2016. Electoral System in Indonesia. Observatory on Politics and Elections in the Arab and Muslim World. http://www.opemam.org/node/1244?language=en.
  • Omojola, O. 2008. “Audience Mindset and Influence on Personal Political Branding.” Journal of Social Sciences 16 (2):127–134. doi: 10.1080/09718923.2008.11892609.
  • Owen, G. T. 2014. “Qualitative Methods in Higher Education Policy Analysis: Using Interviews and Document Analysis.” Qualitative Report 19 (26):1–19.
  • Peng, N., and C. Hackley. 2009. “Are Voters, Consumers? A Qualitative Exploration of the Voter-Consumer Analogy in Political Marketing.” Qualitative Market Research 12 (2):171–186. doi: 10.1108/13522750910948770.
  • Perannagari, K. T., and S. Chakrabarti. 2020. “Analysis of the Literature on Political Marketing Using a Bibliometric Approach.” Journal of Public Affairs 20 (1):1–13. doi: 10.1002/pa.2019.
  • Ramdhani, L. E. 1969. “The Phenomenon of Phenomenal Leadership.” Journal Borneo Administrator 11 (3):268–297. doi: 10.24258/jba.v11i3.203.
  • Robinson, O. C. 2014. “Sampling in Interview-Based Qualitative Research: A Theoretical and Practical Guide.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 11 (1):25–41. doi: 10.1080/14780887.2013.801543.
  • Robison, R., and V. R. Hadiz. 2004. Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets. London: Routledge.
  • Santos, J. R. A. 1999. “Cronbach’s Alpha: A Tool for Assessing the Reliability of Scales.” Journal of Extension 37 (2):1–5.
  • Saputra, J. S., and V. A. Adiputra. 2017. “The Art of Governing: Joko Widodo’s Dining Table Diplomacy.” Paper Presented at the 3rd International Conference on Transformation in Communications 2017 (IcoTiC 2017).
  • Schedler, A. 1996. “Anti-Political-Establishment Parties.” Party Politics 2 (3):291–312. doi: 10.1177/1354068896002003001.
  • Schonhardt, S. 2016. In Indonesia, Fears Rise Among Ethnic Chinese Amid Blasphemy Probe. http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-indonesia-fears-rise-among-ethnic-chinese-amid-blasphemy-probe-1480161601.
  • Seidel, J., and U. Kelle. 1995. “Different Functions of Coding in the Analysis of Textual Data.” Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, Methods, and Practice: 52–61.
  • Setijadi, C. 2017. “The Jakarta Election Continues: What Next for Embattled Governor Ahok?” ISEAS Perspective 2017 (18).
  • Shama, A. 1975. “Applications of Marketing Concepts to Candidate Marketing.” NA-Advances in Consumer Research 02:793–802.
  • Singh, B. 2014. “Indonesia’s Next President: Will Jokowi Prevail.” RSIS Commentaries. 2014:1–3.
  • Smith, G., and J. Saunders. 1990. “The Application of Marketing to British Politics.” Journal of Marketing Management 5 (3):295–306. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.1990.9964106.
  • Speed, R., P. Butler, and N. Collins. 2015. “Human Branding in Political Marketing: Applying Contemporary Branding Thought to Political Parties and Their Leaders.” Journal of Political Marketing 14 (1–2):129–151. doi: 10.1080/15377857.2014.990833.
  • Statista. 2020. National per capita income in Indonesia from 2011 to 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/856701/indonesia-national-per-capita-income/.
  • Strömbäck, J. 2007. “Political Marketing and Professionalized Campaigning.” Journal of Political Marketing 6 (2–3):49–67. doi: 10.1300/J199v06n02_04.
  • Thompson, M. R. 2010. “Reformism vs. Populism in the Philippines.” Journal of Democracy 21 (4):154–168.
  • Tilzey, M. 2019. “Authoritarian populism and neoextractivism in Bolivia and Ecuador: the unresolved agrarian question and the prospects for food sovereignty as counterhegemony,” in Critical Agrarian Studies, edited by: Saturnino M., B., 266. London: Routledge.
  • Tomsa, D., and C. Setijadi. 2018. “New Forms of Political Activism in Indonesia: Redefining the Nexus between Electoral and Movement Politics.” Asian Survey 58 (3):557–581. doi: 10.1525/as.2018.58.3.557.
  • Turner, D. W.III. 2010. “Qualitative Interview Design: A Practical Guide for Novice Investigators.” The Qualitative Report 15 (3):754–760.
  • Tyson, A., and B. Purnomo. 2017. “President Jokowi and the 2014 Obor Rakyat Controversy in Indonesia.” Critical Asian Studies 49 (1):117–136. doi: 10.1080/14672715.2016.1258585.
  • Van Steenburg, E., and F. Guzmán. 2019. “The Influence of Political Candidate Brands during the 2012 and 2016 US Presidential Elections.” European Journal of Marketing 53 (12):2629–2656. doi: 10.1108/EJM-06-2018-0399.
  • Wardhana, D. D. K. 2018. Konstruksi Pemberitaan "Pencalonan Tri Risma Harini Sebagai Gubernur DKI Jakarta" di Media Online (Analisis Framing Pada Kompas. com Dan Viva. co. id Edisi 2-10 Mei 2016) [News Development “the Candidature of Tri Risma Harini as Governor of Jakarta” on Online Media (Framing Analysis on Kompas.com and Viva.co.id 2–10 May 2016 Edition]. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
  • Williams, B., A. Onsman, and T. Brown. 2010. “Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Five-Step Guide for Novices.” Australasian Journal of Paramedicine 8 (3):1–13. doi: 10.33151/ajp.8.3.93.
  • Winters, J. A. 2013. “Oligarchy and Democracy in Indonesia.” Indonesia 96 (1):11–33. doi: 10.1353/ind.2013.0017.
  • Winters, J. 2014. Oligarchy Dominates Indonesia’s Elections. Financial Times. Accessed August 28, 2014. http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/03/25/guest-post-oligarchy-dominates-indonesias-elections/.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.