142
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Eradicating HIV/AIDS, racism and inequality in the Deep South: An Afrocentric conceptual framework of equality

, &
Pages 194-215 | Received 25 Jul 2022, Accepted 10 Jan 2023, Published online: 23 Jan 2023

References

  • Achour, M., & Alghamdi, H. (2022). Studying history and its effect on students’ political awareness: A case study of Saudi university students. Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Gulf Perspectives, 18(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/LTHE-10-2020-0048
  • Adimora, A. A., Ramirez, C., Schoenbach, V. J., & Cohen, M. S. (2014). Policies and politics that promote HIV infection in the Southern United States. AIDS (London, England), 28(10), 1393–1397. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000225
  • Ahonen, E. Q., Fujishiro, K., Cunningham, T., & Flynn, M. (2018). Work as an inclusive part of population health inequities research and prevention. American journal of Public Health, 108(3), 306–311. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304214
  • Aidala, A. A., Wilson, M. G., Shubert, V., Gogolishvili, D., Globerman, J., Rueda, S., Bozack, A. K., Caban, M., & Rourke, S. B. (2016). Housing status, medical care, and health outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review. American journal of Public Health, 106(1), e1–e23. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302905
  • Arum, B. M. O. (2021). TOWARDS A DEFENSE OF AFRICAN COMMUNALISM. Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Development Studies, 4(2), 242–252.
  • Arya, M., Behforouz, H. L., & Viswanath, K. (2009). African American women and HIV/AIDS: A national call for targeted health communication strategies to address a disparity. The AIDS Reader, 19(2), 79–84.
  • Asante, M. K. (2007). An Afrocentric manifesto: Toward an African renaissance. Polity.
  • Asante, M. K. (2013). The African American people: A global history. Routledge.
  • Batelaan, K. (2021). ‘When whites catch a cold, black folks get pneumonia’: A look at racialized poverty, space and HIV/AIDS. Social Identities, 27(2), 262–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1823827
  • Beer, L., Tie, Y., Dasgupta, S., McManus, T., Chowdhury, P. P., & Weiser, J. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and unemployment, subsistence needs and mental health among adults with HIV in the United States. AIDS (London, England), 36(5), 739–744. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000003142
  • Beyrer, C. (2021). A pandemic anniversary: 40 years of HIV/AIDS. The Lancet, 397(10290), 2142–2143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01167-3
  • Bogart, L. M., Ojikutu, B. O., Tyagi, K., Klein, D. J., Mutchler, M. G., Dong, L., Lawrence, S. J., Thomas, D. R., & Kellman, S. (2021). COVID-19 related medical mistrust, health impacts, and potential vaccine hesitancy among Black Americans living with HIV. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 86(2), 200–207.https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002570
  • Bowleg, L., Malekzadeh, A. N., Mbaba, M., & Boone, C. A. (2022). Ending the HIV epidemic for all, not just some: Structural racism as a fundamental but overlooked social-structural determinant of the US HIV epidemic. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 17(2), 40–45.
  • Boykin, A. W., Jagers, R. J., Ellison, C. M., & Albury, A. (1997). Communalism: Conceptualization and measurement of an Afrocultural social orientation. Journal of Black Studies, 27(3), 409–418.
  • Brewer, R., Daunis, C., Ebaady, S., Wilton, L., Chrestman, S., Mukherjee, S., Moore, M., Corrigan, R., & Schneider, J. (2019). Implementation of a socio-structural demonstration project to improve HIV outcomes among young Black men in the Deep South. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 6(4), 775–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00576-x
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments in nature and design. Harvard University Press.
  • Brown, M. J., Trask, J. S., Kaur, A., & Li, X. (2023). Association between sociodemographic characteristics and HIV disclosure among people living with HIV in South Carolina: A structural equation modeling approach.AIDS Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2022.2163612
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). CDC issue brief: HIV in the Southern United States. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/policies/cdc-hiv-in-the-south-issue-brief.pdf
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017a). More people with HIV have the virus under control. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/2017/2017-HIV-Continuum-Press-Release.html.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017b). HIV among women. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/women/index.html http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/2012/HIV-Infections-2007-2010.pdf.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018). Social determinants of health among adults with diagnosed HIV infection, 2016. Part A: Census tract-level social determinants of health among adults with diagnosed HIV infection—13 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report, 23(6), 1–103. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2016-vol-23-6.pdf
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019). HIV in the United States and dependent areas. CDC.https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/ataglance.html.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d). PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep.html
  • Connell, C. L., Wang, S. C., Crook, L., & Yadrick, K. (2019). Barriers to healthcare seeking and provision among African American adults in the rural Mississippi Delta region: Community and provider perspectives.Journal of Community Health, 44(4), 636–645.
  • Craddock, J. B., Franke, N. D., & Kingori, C. (2022). Associations of social network-and individual-level factors with HIV testing, condom use, and interest in PrEP among young Black women. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02306-7
  • Dale, S. K., Pierre-Louis, C., Bogart, L. M., O'Cleirigh, C., & Safren, S. A. (2018). Still I rise: The need for self-validation and self-care in the midst of adversities faced by Black women with HIV. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000165
  • Darling, N. (2007). Ecological systems theory: The person in the center of the circles. Research in Human Development, 4(3–4), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600701663023
  • Davis, A., Gardner, B. B., & Gardner, M. R. (2009). Deep South: A social anthropological study of caste and class. University of South Carolina Press.
  • Davis, S. K., Williams, A. D., & Akinyela, M. (2010). An Afrocentric approach to building cultural relevance in social work research. Journal of Black Studies, 41(2), 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934709343950
  • Department of Health & Human Services (HHS). (2014). Office on women’s health. Health Disparities Profiles. http://www.healthstatus2020.com/disparities/images/
  • Eisinger, R. W., & Fauci, A. S. (2018). Ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Emerging infectious Diseases, 24(3), 413–416. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2403.171797
  • El-Bassel, N., Caldeira, N. A., Ruglass, L. M., & Gilbert, L. (2009). Intervention strategies for HIV/AIDS prevention. American journal of Public Health, 99(6), 996–1001. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140541
  • El-Bassel, N., Jemmott, J. B., Landis, J. R., Pequegnat, W., Wingood, G. M., Wyatt, G. E., & Bellamy, S. L. (2010). National Institute of mental health multisite Eban HIV/STD prevention intervention for African American HIV Serodiscordant couples: A cluster randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170(17), 1594–1601. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.261
  • Fauci, A. S., Redfield, R. R., Sigounas, G., Weahkee, M. D., & Giroir, B. P. (2019). Ending the HIV epidemic: A plan for the United States. JAMA, 321(9), 844–845. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.1343
  • Ford, C. L., Wallace, S. P., Newman, P. A., Lee, S., & Cunningham, W. E. (2013). Belief in AIDS-related conspiracy theories and mistrust in the government: Relationship with HIV testing among at-risk older adults. The Gerontologist, 53(6), 973–984. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns192
  • Foster, P. P., Thomas, M., & Lewis, D. (2016). Reverse migration, the black church and sexual health: Implications for building HIV/AIDS Prevention capacity in the Deep South. AIMS public Health, 3(2), 242–254. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2016.2.242
  • Gavett, G. (2012). Timeline: 30 years of AIDS in Black America. Frontline, 507–508. https:/www/pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-30-years-of-aids-in-black-america/
  • Gilbert, D., & Goddard, L. (2007). HIV prevention targeting African American women: Theory, objectives, and outcomes from an African-centered behavior change perspective. Family & Community Health, 30(1 Suppl), S109–S111.
  • Gold, R., Michael, Y. L., Whitlock, E. P., Hubbell, F. A., Mason, E. D., Rodriguez, B. L., Safford, M. M., & Sarto, G. E. (2006). Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and lifetime morbidity burden in the women’s health initiative: A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Women’s Health, 15(10), 1161–1173. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2006.15.1161
  • Härkönen, U. (2001). The Bronfenbrenner ecological systems theory of human development. In Scientific Articles of V International Conference (pp. 1–19). Daugavpils University, Saule, Lavia.
  • Health Resources & Services Administration (HRSA) (2017). The Ryan white HIV/AIDS programs: Addressing HIV among African Americans. Health Resources & Services Administration. https://hab.hrsa.gov/livinghistory/issues/aframerican_1.htm
  • Hess, K. L., Hu, X., Lansky, A., Mermin, J., & Hall, H. I. (2017). Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 27(4), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.003
  • HIV.gov (2022). U. S. Statistics. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics#:∼:text=Fast%20Facts,who%20have%20sex%20with%20men
  • Imenda, S. (2014). Is there a conceptual difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks? Journal of Social Sciences, 38(2), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2014.11893249
  • Jones, M., Smith, J. C., Moore, S., Newman, A., Camacho-González, A., Harper, G. W., Del Río, C., & Hussen, S. A. (2022). Passion, commitment, and burnout: Experiences of Black gay men working in HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention in Atlanta, GA. PLoS one, 17(8), e0264680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264680
  • Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF). (2018). The Kaiser commission on Medicaid and the uninsured. Key facts about the uninsured population. https://www.kff.org/uninsured/fact-sheet/key-facts-about-the-uninsured-population/
  • Karenga, M. (1980). Kawaida theory. Kawaida Publications.
  • Karenga, M. (1989). The African American holiday of Kwanzaa: A celebration of family, community, & culture. Kawaida Publications.
  • Kogan, S. M., Yu, T., Brody, G. H., Chen, Y. F., DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., & Corso, P. S. (2012). Integrating condom skills into family-centered prevention: Efficacy of the strong African American families-teen program. The Journal of Adolescent Health : official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 51(2), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.022
  • Kramer, M. R., Black, N. C., Matthews, S. A., & James, S. A. (2017). The legacy of slavery and contemporary declines in heart disease mortality in the US South. SSM - Population Health, 3, 609–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.07.004
  • Krieger, N., Williams, D. R., & Moss, N. E. (1997). Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines.Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 341–378.
  • Laar, A. (2022). Balancing the socio-political and medico-ethical dimensions of HIV: A social public health approach. Springer Nature.
  • Lichtenstein, B. (2005). Domestic violence, sexual ownership, and HIV risk in women in the American Deep South. Social science & Medicine (1982), 60(4), 701–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.021
  • Maslow, A., & Lewis, K. J. (1987). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Salenger Incorporated, 14(17), 987–990.
  • Menefee, A. (2012). The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Deep South. Clocks and Clouds, 1(1), 1–18.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (2013). SAAF–T reduces African American teens’ substance use, conduct problems. NIDA. https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2013/02/saaf-t-reduces-Black-teens-substance-use-conduct-problems
  • National Institute on Mental Health Multisite HIV/STD Prevention Trial for African American Couples Group. (2008). Eban HIV/STD risk reduction intervention: Conceptual basis and procedures. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 49, S15–S27.
  • Nunn, A., Jeffries, W. L., Foster, P., McCoy, K., Sutten-Coats, C., Willie, T. C., Ransome, Y., Lanzi, R. G., Jackson, E., Berkley-Patton, J., Keefer, M., & Coleman, J. D. (2019). Reducing the African American HIV disease burden in the Deep South: Addressing the role of faith and spirituality. AIDS and Behavior, 23(Suppl 3), 319–330.
  • O’Connell, H. A. (2012). The impact of slavery on racial inequality in poverty in the contemporary US South. Social Forces, 90(3), 713–734. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor021
  • Ogunsina, K., Padilla, L. A., Simmons, J. V., & McGwin, G. (2018). Current behavioral, socioeconomic and demographic determinants of lifetime HIV testing among African Americans in the Deep South. Journal of Epidemiological Research, 5(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.5430/jer.v5n1p28
  • Ojikutu, B. O., & Mayer, K. (2021). HIV prevention among Black Women in the US—time for multimodal integrated strategies. JAMA network Open, 4(4), e215356-e215356. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5356
  • Olapegba, P. O., & Ayandele, O. (2022). African identity, morality and well-being. In Values, identity, and sustainable development in Africa (pp. 99–113). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Olofinbiyi, S. A., Mkhize, S., Dlamini, S., Maluleke, W., & Olofinbiyi, O. B. (2019). Social dimension of risk behaviours among adolescent prostitutes: Insight from South-Western Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1), 1565616–1565614. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1565616
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Collins, K. M., & Frels, R. K. (2013). Foreword: Using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory to frame quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 7(1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.5172/mra.2013.7.1.2
  • Oyebade, B. (1990). African studies and the Afrocentric paradigm. Journal of Black Studies, 21(2), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479002100208
  • Parsons, S. (2020). The “Wear and Tear” of African Americans in Louisiana with HIV/AIDs: More than HIV. SunKrist Public Health and Research Journal, 2(2), 1–15.
  • Raj, A., Dasgupta, A., Goldson, I., Lafontant, D., Freeman, E., & Silverman, J. G. (2014). Pilot evaluation of the Making Employment Needs [MEN] Count intervention: Addressing behavioral and structural HIV risks in heterosexual Black men. AIDS care, 26(2), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.804901
  • Ravesteijn, B., van Kippersluis, H., & van Doorslaer, E. (2013). The contribution of occupation to health inequality. Research on Economic Inequality, 21, 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021014
  • Ray, R., & Mahmoudi, H. (Eds.) (2022). Systemic racism in America: Sociological theory, education inequality, and social change. Routledge.
  • Reif, S., Cooper, H., Warren, M., & Wilson, E. (2021). HIV in the US Deep South: Trends from 2008–2019. Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke University. https://southernaidscoalition.org/hiv-trends-report/
  • Reif, S., Geonnotti, K. L., & Whetten, K. (2006). HIV infection and AIDS in the Deep South. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 970–973. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063149
  • Reif, S., Pence, B. W., Hall, I., Hu, X., Whetten, K., & Wilson, E. (2015). HIV diagnoses, prevalence and outcomes in nine southern states. Journal of Community Health, 40(4), 642–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9979-7
  • Reif, S., Safley, D., McAllaster, C., Wilson, E., & Whetten, K. (2017). State of HIV in the US Deep South. Journal of Community Health, 42(5), 844–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0325-8
  • Reif, S. S., Whetten, K., Wilson, E. R., McAllaster, C., Pence, B. W., Legrand, S., & Gong, W. (2014). HIV/AIDS in the Southern USA: A disproportionate epidemic. AIDS care, 26(3), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.824535
  • Reif, S., Wilson, E., & McAllaster, C. (2018). Perceptions and impact of HIV stigma among high risk populations in the US Deep South. J HIV AIDS, 4(2), 1–7.
  • Reif, S., Wilson, E., McAllaster, C., & Pence, B. (2019). The relationship of HIV-related stigma and health care outcomes in the US Deep South. AIDS and Behavior, 23(S3), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02595-5
  • Robinson, T. L., & Howard-Hamilton, M. (1994). An Afrocentric paradigm: Foundation for a healthy self-image and healthy interpersonal relationships. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 16(3), 327–339.
  • Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2011). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research. SAGE.
  • Schiele, J. H. (1996). Afrocentricity: An emerging paradigm in social work practice. Social work, 41(3), 284–294.
  • Scott, A. J., & Wilson, R. F. (2011). Social determinants of health among African Americans in a rural community in the Deep South: An ecological exploration. Rural and Remote Health, 11(1), 1634–1634.
  • Sherr, M. F. (2006). The Afrocentric paradigm: A pragmatic discourse about social work practice with African Americans. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 13(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v13n03_01
  • Singh, G. K., Daus, G. P., Allender, M., Ramey, C. T., Martin, E. K., Perry, C., Reyes, A., & Vedamuthu, I. P. (2017). Social determinants of health in the United States: Addressing major health inequality trends for the nation, 1935-2016. International journal of MCH and AIDS, 6(2), 139–164.
  • Solar, O., & Irwin, A. A. (2010). World Health Organization. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Discussion Paper. WHO Document Production Services.
  • Sutton, M. Y., Gray, S. C., Elmore, K., & Gaul, Z. (2017). Social determinants of HIV disparities in the southern United States and in counties with historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), 2013–2014. Plos One, 12(1), e0170714–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170714
  • Walcott, M., Kempf, M. C., Merlin, J. S., & Turan, J. M. (2016). Structural community factors and sub-optimal engagement in HIV care among low-income women in the Deep South of the USA. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 18(6), 682–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1110255
  • Walker-DeVose, D. C., Dawson, A., Schueths, A. M., Brimeyer, T., & Freeman, J. Y. (2019). Southern assumptions: Normalizing racialized structures at a university in the Deep South. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3), 355–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1417256
  • Wani, M. A. (2018). Quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jammu & Kashmir, India. Journal of HIV/AIDS Research and Antiviral Therapy, 1(1), 1–5.
  • Watson, M., Johnson, S. D., Zhang, T., & Oster, A. M. (2019). Characteristics of and trends in HIV diagnoses in the Deep South region of the United States, 2012–2017. AIDS and Behavior, 23(Suppl 3), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02659-6
  • Wijdicks, E. F. (2022). It was 40 years ago today: AIDS and the brain. Neurocritical care, 36(2), 682–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-022-01455-w
  • Wilkins, E. J., Whiting, J. B., Watson, M. F., Russon, J., & Moncrief, A. (2022). Residual effects of slavery: A Delphi study. Contemporary Family Therapy, 44, 234–243.
  • Williams, M. S., Poteat, T., Bender, M., Ugwu, P., & Burns, P. A. (2022). Revitalizing HIV Prevention programs: Recommendations from those most impacted by HIV in the Deep South. American journal of Health Promotion: AJHP, 36(1), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211041097
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Fact sheet: HIV/AIDS. WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/
  • Zeglin, R. J., & Stein, J. P. (2015). Social determinants of health predict state incidence of HIV and AIDS: A short report.AIDS Care, 27(2), 255–259.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.