Motivations to pursue surrogacy for gay fathers in Canada: a qualitative investigation

References

• Andreasson, J., & Johansson, T. (2017). It all starts now! Gay men and fatherhood in Sweden. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 13(5), 478–497. doi:10.1080/1550428X/2017.1308847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armesto, J., & Shapiro, E. (2011). Adoptive gay fathers: transformations of the masculine homosexual self. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 7(1-2), 72-92. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2011.537202
   Google Scholar
• Bauermeister, J. A. (2014). How statewide LGB policies go from “under our skin” to “into our hearts”: Fatherhood aspirations and psychological well-being among emerging adult sexual minority men. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(8), 1295–1305. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0059-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, K., Rubio, R., Green, R. J., & Padron, E. (2010). Gay men who become fathers via surrogacy: the transition to parenthood. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6(2), 111–141. doi:10.1080/15504281003704942
   Google Scholar
• Bergstrom-Lynch, C. (2016). Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals becoming parents or remaining childfree: Confronting social inequalities. London: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, D. (2007). A sociohistorical analysis of gay men’s procreative consciousness. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 3(2-3), 157–190. doi:10.1300/J461v03n02_07
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, D., & Marsiglio, W. (2007). Gay men: negotiating procreative, father, and family identities. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(2), 366–381. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00371.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biblarz, T., & Stacey, J. (2010). How does the gender of parents matter? Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(1), 3–22. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blyth, E. (1994). “I wanted to be interesting. I wanted to be able to say I’ve done something interesting with my life;”: interviews with surrogate mothers in Britain. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 12(3), 189–198. doi:10.1080/02646839408408885
   Google Scholar
• Braverman, A., Casey, P., & Jadva, V. (2012). Reproduction through surrogacy: the UK and US experience. In M. Richards, G. Pennings, & Appleby, J. (eds.), Reproductive Donation: Practice, Policy and Bioethics. (pp. 289–308). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bromfield, N. F. (2016). “Surrogacy has been one of the most rewarding experiences in my life”: A content analysis of blogs by U.S. commercial gestational surrogates. International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 9(1), 192–217. doi:10.3138/ijfab.9.1.192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S., Smalling, S., Groza, V., & Ryan, S. (2009). The experiences of gay men and lesbians in becoming and being adoptive parents. Adoption Quarterly, 12(3-4-4), 229. doi:10.1080/10926750903313294
   Google Scholar
• Busby, K., & Vun, D. (2010). Revisiting the Handmaid’s Tale: Feminist theory meets empirical research on surrogate mothers. Canadian Journal of Family Law, 26(1), 13–93.
   Google Scholar
• Carneiro, F. A., Tasker, F., Salinas-Quiroz, F., Leal, I., & Costa, P. A. (2017). Are the fathers alright? A systematic and critical review of studies on gay and bisexual fatherhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1636. doi: 10.3389/spsyg.2017.01636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccarelli, J. C., & Beckman, L. J. (2005). Navigating rough waters: an overview of psychological aspects of surrogacy. Journal of Social Issues, 61(1), 21–43. doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2005.00392.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington, S., & Patrizio, P. (2013). Gestational carriers and surrogacy. In M.V. Sauer (ed.) Principles of Oocyte and Embryo Donation (pp. 277–288). London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Dempsey, D. (2013). Surrogacy, gay male couples and the significance of biogenetic paternity. New Genetics and Society, 32(1), 37–53. doi:10.1080/14636778.2012.735859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelmann, R. J. (2004). Surrogacy: the psychological issues. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 22(2), 123–136. doi:10.1080/0264683042000205981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folgerø, T. (2008). Queer nuclear families? Reproducing and transgressing heteronormativity. Journal of Homosexuality, 54(1/2), 124–149. doi: 10.1080/00918360801952028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesler, M. (2012). Gay fathers’ negotiation of gender role strain: A qualitative inquiry. Fathering, 10(2), 119–139. doi:10.3149/fth.1002.119
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, A., Downing, J. B., & Moyer, A. M. (2012). Why parenthood, and why now? Gay men’s motivations for pursuing parenthood. Family Relations, 61(1), 157–174. doi:10.111/j.1741-3729-2011.00687.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfeld, D., & Seli, E. (2011). Gay men choosing parenthood through assisted reproduction: medical and psychosocial considerations. Fertility and Sterility, 95(1), 225–229. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.05.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, J. J., Sorensen, A., & Taylor, V. (2013). Same-sex couples, families, and marriage: embracing and resisting heteronormativity. Sociology Compass, 7(2), 97–110. doi: 10.1111/soc4.12016
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, S. (2008). Gender role models…who needs ‘em?!. Qualitative Social Work, 7(1), 43–59. doi:10.1177/1473325007086415
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, H. (2016). Labor of Love: Gestational surrogacy and the work of making babies. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kanefield, L. (1999). The reparative motive of surrogate mothers. Adoption Quarterly, 2(4), 5–19. doi:10.1300/J145v02n04_02
   Google Scholar
• Kazyak, E., & Woodell, B. (2016). Law and LGBTQ-Parent Families. Sexuality & Culture, 20(3), 749–768. doi:10.1007/s12119-016-9335-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, F. (2014). One of these families is not like the other: the legal response to non-normative queer parenting in Canada. Alberta Law Review, 1, 51.
   Google Scholar
• Logie, C. H. (2015). (Where) do queer women belong? Theorizing intersectional and compulsory heterosexism in HIV research. Critical Public Health, 25(5), 527–538. doi:10.1080/09581596.2014.938612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, K., & Willis, D. (2004). Descriptive versus interpretive phenomenology: their contributions to nursing knowledge. Qualitative Health Research, 14(5), 726–735. doi:10.1177/1049732304263638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamo, L., & Alston-Stepnitz, E. (2015). Queer intimacies and structural inequalities: New directions in stratified reproduction. Journal of Family Issues, 36(4), 519–540. doi:10.1177/0192513X14563796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, W., Fettro, M., & Lamidi, E. (2014). Child well-being in same-sex parent families: Review of research prepared for American Sociological Association Amicus Brief. Population Research and Policy Review, 33(4), 485–502. doi:10.1007/s11113-014-9329-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsiglio, W. (1991). Male procreative consciousness and responsibility: a conceptual analysis and research agenda. Journal of Family Issues, 12(3), 268–290. doi:10.1177/019251391012003002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsiglio, W., Lohan, M., & Culley, L. (2013). Framing men’s experience in the procreative realm. Journal of Family Issues, 34(8), 1011–1036. doi:10.1177/0192513X13484260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, A., & Tenzek, K. (2016). “A gift we are unable to create ourselves:” Uncertainty reduction in online classified ads posted by gay men pursuing surrogacy. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 5(1), 430–450. doi:10.108/1550428X.2015.1128860
   Google Scholar
• Mezey, N. J. (2013). How lesbians and gay men decide to become parents or remain childfree. In A.E. Goldberg & K.R. Allen (eds.), LGBT-Parent Families: Innovations in Research and Implications for Practice. (pp. 59–70). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, D. A. (2013). The desire for parenthood: gay men choosing to become parents through surrogacy. Journal of Family Issues, 34(8), 1104–1124. doi:10.1177/0192513X13484272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordqvist, P. (2008). Feminist heterosexual imaginaries of reproduction. Feminist Theory, 9(3), 273–292. doi:10.1177/1464700108095851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill, S., & Blackmer, J. (2015). A Canadian Medical Association White Paper: Assisted re production in Canada: An overview of ethical and legal issues and recommendations for the development of national standards. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Medical Association.
   Google Scholar
• Park, N. K., Kazyak, E., & Slauson-Blevins, K. (2016). How law shapes experiences of parenthood for same-sex couples. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 12(2), 115–137. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2015.1011818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennings, G., Vayena, E., & Ahuja, K. (2012). Balancing ethical criteria for the recruitment of gamete donors. In M. Richards, G. Pennings, & J. Appleby (eds.) Reproductive donation: policy, practice and bioethics (pp. 150–167). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ragoné, H. (1994). Surrogate motherhood: conception in the heart. Boulder. CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ragoné, H. (1996). Chasing the blood ties: surrogate mothers, adoptive mothers and fathers. American Ethnologist, 23(2),352–365. doi:10.1525/ae.1996.23.2.02a00090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, J. A. (1987). Procreative liberty, embryos, and collaborative reproduction: A legal perspective. Women’s Health, 13, 179–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich, A. (1980). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5(4), 631–660. doi:10.1086/493756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruparelia, R. (2007). Giving away the “gift of life”: Surrogacy and the Canadian Assisted Human Reproduction Act. Canadian Journal of Family Law, 23(11), 1–54.
   Google Scholar
• Sistare, C. T. (1988). Reproductive freedom and women’s freedom: surrogacy and autonomy. Philosophical Forum, 19(4), 227–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretive phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1(1), 39–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacey, J. (2006). Gay parenthood and the decline of paternity as we knew it. Sexualities, 9(1), 27–55. doi:10.1177/1363460706060687
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada (2017). 08.02). Same-sex couples in Canada in 2016. Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016007/98-200-x2016007-eng.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Tsfati, M., & Ben-Ari, A. (2018). Between the social and the personal: Israeli male gay parents, surrogacy, and socio-political concepts of parenthood and gender. Journal of GLBT Family Studies,1–16. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2017.1413475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuazon-McCheyne, J. (2010). Two dads: male parenting and its politicization- a cooperative inquiry action research study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 31(4), 311–323. doi:10.1375/anft.31.4.311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Akker, O. (2003). Genetic and gestational surrogate mothers’ experience of surrogacy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 21(2), 145–161. doi:10.1080/0264683031000124091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Akker, O. (2007). Psychosocial aspects of surrogate motherhood. Human Reproduction Update, 13(1), 53–62. doi:10.1093/humupd/dm1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, R., & van Zyl, L. (2016). Contemporary issues in applied and professional ethics: Altruism and generosity in surrogate motherhood. Research in Ethical Issues in Organizations, 15, 121–133. doi:10.1108/S1529-209620160000015007
   Google Scholar
• Warner, M. (2000). The Trouble with Normal: Sex, politics, and the ethics of queer life. Cambridge, Massachusetts: First Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• White, P. (2016). Hidden from view: Canadian gestational surrogacy practices and outcomes, 2001–2012. Reproductive Health Matters, 24(47), 205–217. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar