Congenital Spinal Lipomatous Malformations. Part 1. Spinal Lipomas, Lipomyeloceles, and Lipomyelomeningoceles

References

• Lemire RJ, Loeser JD, Leech RW, Alvord EC Jr. Normal and abnormal development of the human nervous system. Hagerstown (MD): Harper and Row; 1975. 71–83, 313.
   Google Scholar
• Naidich TP, McLone DG, Mutluer S. A new understanding of dorsal dysraphism with lipoma (lipomyeloschisis): radiologic evaluation and surgical correction. Am J Roentgenol. 1983;140:1065–1078. Cited in PubMed; PMID:6344595. doi:10.2214/ajr.140.6.1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catala M. Embryogenesis. Why do we need a new explanation for the emergence of spina bifida with lipoma? Childs Nerv Syst. 1997;13:336–340. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9272286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthukumar N. Congenital spinal lipomatous malformations: part I–Classification. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2009;151:179–188. Cited in PubMed; PMID:19240974. doi:10.1007/s00701-009-0208-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muthukumar N. Congenital spinal lipomatous malformations: part II–Clinical presentation, operative findings, and outcome. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2009;151:189–197. Cited in PubMed; PMID:19240973. doi:10.1007/s00701-009-0209-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oi S, Nomura S, Nagasaka M, Arai H, Shirane R, Yamanouchi Y, Nishimoto H, Date H. Embryopathogenetic surgicoanatomical classification of dysraphism and surgical outcome of spinal lipoma: a nationwide multicenter cooperative study in Japan. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;3:412–419. Cited in PubMed; PMID:19409021. doi:10.3171/2009.1.PEDS08168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes RH. Congenital spinal lipomatous malformations. Part 2. Differentiation from selected closed spinal malformations. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2020. doi:10.1080/15513815.2019.1651799.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson A. Fatty tumour from the sacrum of a child, connected with the spinal membranes. Trans Pathol Soc Lond. 1857;8:16–18.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson A. Fatty tumour connected with the interior of the spinal canal of the sacrum. Trans Pathol Soc Lond. 1857;8:28–29.
   Google Scholar
• Virchow R. Ein Fall von bösartigen, zum Theil in der Form des Neuroms auftretenden Fettgeschwülsten. Archiv f Pathol Anat. 1857;11:281–288. doi:10.1007/BF01995372.
   Google Scholar
• Virchow R. Ein Fall von Hypertrichosis circumscripta mediana, kombniert mit Spina bifida. Z Ethnol. 1875;7:279–281.
   Google Scholar
• Browder J. The surgical treatment of the congenital malformations implicating the distal spinal cord. Ann Surg. 1943;117:118–132. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17858161. doi:10.1097/00000658-194301000-00010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schut L, Bruce DA, Sutton LN. The management of the child with a lipomyelomeningocele. Clin Neurosurg. 1983;30:464–476. Cited in PubMed; PMID:6667587. doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/30.CN_suppl_1.464.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanev PM, Lemire RJ, Loeser JD, Berger MS. Management and long-term follow-up review of children with lipomyelomeningocele, 1952–1987. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:48–52. Cited in PubMed; PMID:2352021. doi:10.3171/jns.1990.73.1.0048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajpai M, Kataria R, Gupta DK, Agarwala S. Occult spinal dysraphism. Indian J Pediatr. 1997;64:62–67. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11129883.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tu A, Hengel R, Cochrane DD. The natural history and management of patients with congenital deficits associated with lumbosacral lipomas. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32:667–673. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26753902. doi:10.1007/s00381-015-3008-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bale PM. Sacrococcygeal developmental abnormalities and tumors in children. Perspect Pediatr Pathol. 1984;8:9–56. Cited in PubMed; PMID:6366733.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jindal A, Mahapatra AK. Spinal lipomatous malformations. Indian J Pediatr. 2000;67:342–346. Cited in PubMed; PMID:10885206. doi:10.1007/BF02820684.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tortori-Donati P, Rossi A, Cama A. Spinal dysraphism: a review of neuroradiological features with embryological correlations and proposal for a new classification. Neuroradiology. 2000;42:471–491. Cited in PubMed; PMID:10952179. doi:10.1007/s002340000325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YC, Shin S-H, Cho B-K, Lee M-S, Lee Y-J, Hong S-K, Wang K-C. Pathogenesis of lumbosacral lipoma: a test of the ‘premature dysjunction’ theory. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2001;34:124–130. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11359100. doi:10.1159/000056007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi A, Biancheri R, Cama A, Piatelli G, Ravegnani M, Tortori-Donati P. Imaging in spine and spinal cord malformations. Eur J Radiol. 2004;50:177–200. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15081131. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2003.10.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes RH. A light microscopic study of the developing human neural retina. Am J Anat. 1979 ;154:195–209. Cited in PubMed; PMID:760492. doi:10.1002/aja.1001540206.
   Google Scholar
• Tavafoghi V, Ghandchi A, Hambrick GW, Jr, Udverhelyi GB. Cutaneous signs of spinal dysraphism. Report of a patient with a tail-like lipoma and review of 200 cases in the literature. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114:573–577. Cited in PubMed; PMID:348114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shashank RR, Shubhi D, Vishal K. Multiple neural tube defects: a rare combination of limited dorsal myeloschisis, diplomyelia with dorsal bony spur, sacral meningocele, syringohydromyelia, and tethered cord. Childs Nerv Syst. 2017;33:699–701. Cited in PubMed; PMID:27942921. doi:10.1007/s00381-016-3310-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dao AH, Netsky MG. Human tails and pseudotails. Hum Pathol. 1984;15:449–453. Cited in PubMed; PMID:6373560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujas M, Sichez JP, Lalam TF, Poirier J. Intradural spinal lipoma of the conus medullaris without spinal dysraphism. Clin Neuropathol. 2000;19:30–33. Cited in PubMed; PMID:10774949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coumbaras M, Duval A, Le Hir P, Jomaah N, Arrivé L, Tubiana JM. Fibrolipoma du filum terminale. J Radiol. 2003;84:721–722. Cited in PubMed; PMID:12910182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morota N, Ihara S, Ogiwara H. New classification of spinal lipomas based on embryonic stage. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2017;19:428–439. Cited in PubMed; PMID:28128702. doi:10.3171/2016.10.PEDS16247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warder DE. Tethered cord syndrome and occult spinal dysraphism. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;10:1. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16749753. doi:10.3171/foc.2001.10.1.2.
   Google Scholar
• Hertzler DA, 2nd, DePowell JJ, Stevenson CB, Mangano FT. Tethered cord syndrome: a review of the literature from embryology to adult presentation. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;29:E1. Cited in PubMed; PMID:20593997. doi:10.3171/2010.3.FOCUS1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French BN. The embryology of spinal dysraphism. Clin Neurosurg. 1983;30:295–340. Cited in PubMed; PMID:6365396. doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/30.CN_suppl_1.295.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rauzzino MJ, Tubbs RS, Alexander III E, Grabb PA, Oakes WJ. Spinal neurenteric cysts and their relation to more common aspects of occult spinal dysraphism. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;10(1):e2. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16749754. doi:10.3171/foc.2001.10.1.3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bassett RC. The neurologic deficit associated with lipomas of the cauda equina. Ann Surg. 1950;131:109–116. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15399387. doi:10.1097/00000658-195001000-00012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz HG. Congenital tumors of the spinal cord in infants. Ann Surg. 1952;136:183–192. Cited in PubMed; PMID:14934031. doi:10.1097/00000658-195207000-00018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yashon D, Beatty RA. Tethering of the conus medullaris within the sacrum. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1966;29:244–250. Cited in PubMed; PMID:5937639. doi:10.1136/jnnp.29.3.244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassman LP, James CCM. Lumbosacral lipomas: critical survey of 26 cases submitted to laminectomy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1967;30:174–181. Cited in PubMed; PMID:5340537. doi:10.1136/jnnp.30.2.174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Till K. Spinal dysraphism. A study of congenital malformations of the lower back. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1969;51:415–422. Cited in PubMed; PMID:4897964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruce DA, Schut L. Spinal lipomas in infancy and childhood. Childs Brain. 1979;5:192–203. Cited in PubMed; PMID:378579.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fromm H, von Wild K. Clinical aspects, operative treatment and rehabilitation of paraplegia caused by lipomas of the spinal cord–with particular emphasis of the “intramedullary” lipomas. Paraplegia. 1974;12:15–20. Cited in PubMed; PMID:4601250. doi:10.1038/sc.1974.4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Copp AJ, Stanier P, Greene NDE. Neural tube defects–recent advances, unsolved questions and controversies. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:799–810. Cited in PubMed; PMID:23790957. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70110-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newgreen DF, Kerr RS, Minichiello J, Warren N. Changes in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules in spontaneous spinal neural tube defects in avian embryos. Teratology. 1997;55:195–207. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9181673. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199703).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamilton WJ, Mossman HW. Hamilton, Boyd and Mossman’s human embryology. Prenatal development of form and function. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD): Williams and Wilkins; 1972. 646 p.
   Google Scholar
• Nievelstein RAJ, Hartwig NG, Vermeij-Keers C, Valk J. Embryonic development of the mammalian caudal neural tube. Teratology. 1993;48:21–31. Cited in PubMed; PMID:8351645. doi:10.1002/tera.1420480106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLone DG. Congenital malformations of the central nervous system. Clin Neurosurg. 2000;47:346–377. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11197711.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patten BM. Embryological stages in the establishing of myeloschisis with spina bifida. Am J Anat. 1953;93:365–395. Cited in PubMed; PMID:13104337. doi:10.1002/aja.1000930304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morioka T, Hashiguchi K, Mukae N, Sayama T, Sasaki T. Neurosurgical management of patients with lumbosacral myeloschisis. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2010;50:870–876. Cited in PubMed; PMID:20885122. doi:10.2176/nmc.50.870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura T, Morioka T, Nishio S, Mihara F, Fukui M. Cerebral abnormalities in lumbosacral neural tube closure defect: MR imaging evaluation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2001;17:405–410. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11465794. doi:10.1007/s003810000439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatelet-Cheront C, Houze de l'Aulnoit D, Ferrant L, Dhellemmes P, Delcroix M. Diagnostic prénatal d’un lipome intra-rachidien. A propos d’un cas. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 1997;26:85–89. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9091549.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azzoni R, Gerevini S, Cabitza P. Spinal cord sonography in newborns: anatomy and diseases. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005;14:185–188. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15812289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeg KH, Lode HM, Gassner I. Spinal sonography in newborns and infants - part II: spinal dysraphism and tethered cord. Ultraschall Med. 2008;29:77–88. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17610176. doi:10.1055/s-2007-963212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimassi K, Hammemi A, Azzebi O, Dali N, Selmi I, Triki A, Ben Farhat L, Gara MF. Unusual association of occult spinal dysraphisms. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;36:421–423. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26471410. doi:10.3109/01443615.2015.1086985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris HW, Miller OF. Midline cutaneous and spinal defects: midline cutaneous abnormalities associated with occult spinal disorders. Arch Dermatol. 1976;112:1724–1728. Cited in PubMed; PMID:795378. doi:10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370012003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schropp C, Sörensen N, Collmann H, Krauß J. Cutaneous lesions in occult spinal dysraphism–correlation with intraspinal findings. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:125–131. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15875199. doi:10.1007/s00381-005-1150-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeyama J, Hayashi T, Saito M, Shimanuki Y, Watanabe M, Sasano H, Shirane R. Spinal hamartoma associated with spinal dysraphism. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:1098–1102. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16328392. doi:10.1007/s00381-005-0016-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şahin F, Selçuki M, Ecin N, Zenciroğlu A, Ünlü A, Yilmaz F, Maviş N, Saribaş S. Level of conus medullaris in term and preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997;77:F67–F69. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9279188. doi:10.1136/fn.77.1.F67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh JW, Markesbery WR. Histological features of congenital lipomas of the lower spinal canal. J Neurosurg. 1980;52:564–569. Cited in PubMed; PMID:6989963. doi:10.3171/jns.1980.52.4.0564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall DE, Udvarhelyi GB, Altman J. Lumbosacral skin lesions as markers of occult spinal dysraphism. JAMA. 1981;246:2606–2608. Cited in PubMed; PMID:7029022. doi:10.1001/jama.1981.03320220056026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guggisberg D, Hadj-Rabia S, Viney C, Bodemer C, Brunelle F, Zerah M, Pierre-Kahn A, de Prost Y, Hamel-Teillac D. Skin markers of occult spinal dysraphism in children: a review of 54 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:1109–1115. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15381552. doi:10.1001/archderm.140.9.1109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spiegelmann R, Schinder E, Mintz M, Blakstein A. The human tail: a benign stigma. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1985;63:461–462. Cited in PubMed; PMID:3894599. doi:10.3171/jns.1985.63.3.0461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyanagi I, Iwasaki Y, Hida K, Abe H, Isu T, Akino M. Surgical treatment supposed natural history of the tethered cord with occult spinal dysraphism. Childs Nerv Syst. 1997;13:268–274. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9224916. doi:10.1007/s003810050081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MJ, Yoon SH, Cho KH, Won GS. Tethered spinal cord with double spinal lipomas. J Korean Med Sci. 2006;21:1133–1135. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17179703. doi:10.3346/jkms.2006.21.6.1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramdurg SR. Noncontiguous double spinal lipoma with tethered cord and polydactyly: two different embryological events in one patient. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2017;12:43–45. Cited in PubMed; PMID:28553379. doi:10.4103/1817-1745.205644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leveuf J. Spina bifida avec tumeur. Paris (FR): Masson; 1937. p. 75–88.
   Google Scholar
• Pierre-Kahn A, Zerah M, Renier D, Cinalli G, Sainte-Rose C, Lellouch-Tubiana A, Brunelle F, Le Merrer M, Giudicelli Y, Pichon J, et al. Congenital lumbosacral lipomas. Childs Nerv Syst. 1997;13:298–334. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9272285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones V, Wykes V, Cohen N, Thompson D, Jacques TS. The pathology of lumbosacral lipomas: macroscopic and microscopic disparity have implications for embryogenesis and mode of clinical deterioration. Histopathology. 2018;72:1136–1144. Cited in PubMed; PMID:29350777. doi:10.1111/his.13469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blount JP, Elton S. Spinal lipomas. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;10:e3. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16749755.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pang D, Zovickian J, Oviedo A. Long-term outcome of total and near-total resection of spinal cord lipomas and radical reconstruction of the neural placode: part I–surgical technique. Neurosurgery. 2009;65:511–529. Cited in PubMed; PMID:19687697. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000350879.02128.80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemire RJ, Beckwith JB. Pathogenesis of congenital tumors and malformations of the sacrococcygeal region. Teratology. 1982;25:201–213. Cited in PubMed; PMID:7101198. doi:10.1002/tera.1420250209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eibach S, Moes G, Zovickian J, Pang D. Limited dorsal myeloschisis associated with dermoid elements. Childs Nerv Syst. 2017;33:55–67. Cited in PubMed; PMID:27541864. doi:10.1007/s00381-016-3207-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S-H, Huh JS, Cho KH, Shin YS, Kim SH, Ahn YH, Cho KG, Yoon SH. Teratoma in human tail lipoma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2005;41:158–161. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15995336. doi:10.1159/000085876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveria SF, Thompson EM, Selden NR. Lumbar lipomyelomeningocele and sacrococcygeal teratoma in siblings: support for an alternative theory of spinal teratoma formation. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;5:626–629. Cited in PubMed; PMID:20515338. doi:10.3171/2010.2.PEDS09502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishiguro S, Nagashima T, Yamamoto K, Kanekawa K, Yoshida M, Kondoh T. An infantile large and extensive intramedullary mature spinal teratoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2011;51:393–396. Cited in PubMed; PMID:21613770. doi:10.2176/nmc.51.393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usami K, Lallemant P, Roujeau T, James S, Beccaria K, Levy R, Di Rocco F, Sainte-Rose C, Zerah M. Spinal lipoma of the filum terminale: review of 174 consecutive patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32:1265–1272. Cited in PubMed; PMID:27060067. doi:10.1007/s00381-016-3072-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu FL, Wang P-J, Teng R-J, Yau K-IT. The human tail. Pediatr Neurol. 1998;19:230–233. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9806144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell NE, Chalouhi GE, Dirocco F, Zerah M, Ville Y. Not all large neural tube defects have a poor prognosis: a case of prenatally diagnosed limited dorsal myeloschisis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42:238–239. Cited in PubMed; PMID:23576463. doi:10.1002/uog.12477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morioka T, Suzuki SO, Murakami N, Shimogawa T, Mukae N, Inoha S, Sasaguri T, Iihara K. Neurosurgical pathology of limited dorsal myeloschisis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34:293–303. Cited in PubMed; PMID:29063264. doi:10.1007/s00381-017-3625-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catala M. Genetic control of caudal development. Clin Genet. 2002;61:89–96. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11940082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alston SR, Fuller GN, Boyko OB, Goscin SA, DiSclafani A. Ectopic immature renal tissue in a lumbosacral lipoma: pathologic and radiologic findings. Pediatr Neurosci. 1989;15:100–103. Cited in PubMed; PMID:2635297. doi:10.1159/000120451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molleston MC, Roth KA, Wippold II FJ, Grubb RL Jr. Tethered cord syndrome from a choristoma of müllerian origin. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1991;74:497–500. Mar Cited in PubMed; PMID:1993915. doi:10.3171/jns.1991.74.3.0497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillman J, Bynke O. Description of two informative cases of occult spinal dysraphism with remarks on possible traits in the embryogenesis. Child's Nerv Syst. 1992;8:211–214. Cited in PubMed; PMID:1394253. doi:10.1007/BF00262848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rougier A, Vital C, Caillaud P. Uterus-like mass of the conus medullaris with associated tethered cord. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:328–331. Cited in PubMed; PMID:8367059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catala M, Teillet MA, De Robertis EM, Le Douarin NM. A spinal cord fate map in the avian embryo: while regressing, Hensen’s node lays down the notochord and floor plate thus joining the spinal cord lateral walls. Development. 1996;122:2599–2610. Cited in PubMed; PMID:8787735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lellouch-Tubiana A, Zerah M, Catala M, Brousse N, Kahn AP. Congenital intraspinal lipomas: histological analysis of 234 cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1999;2:346–352. Cited in PubMed; PMID:10347278. doi:10.1007/s100249900133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma MC, Arora R, Sharma P, Mehta VS, Sarkar C. Diastematomyelia associated with ectopic dysplastic renal tissue–report of a rare case. Child's Nerv Syst. 2001;17:689–692. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11734990. doi:10.1007/s003810100448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma MC, Sarkar C, Jain D, Suri V, Garg A, Vaishya S. Uterus-like mass of müllerian origin in the lumbosacral region causing cord tethering. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;6:73–76. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17233296. doi:10.3171/spi.2007.6.1.73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubbs RS, Kelly DR, Mroczek-Musulman EC, Oakes WJ. Occult spinal dysraphism and Pacinian hamartomas. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:343–344. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15657785. doi:10.1007/s00381-004-1122-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojc N, Koršič M, Popović M. Pacinioma of the cauda equina. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48:994–996. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17109790. doi:10.1017/S0012162206002180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitsu H, Shiota K. Involvement of the axially condensed tail bud mesenchyme in normal and abnormal human posterior neural tube development. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 2008;48:1–6. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18230116. doi:10.1111/j.1741-4520.2007.00178.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hettige S, Smart C, Bridges LR, Martin AJ. Paciniolipoma in congenital spinal dysraphism. Case report. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;9:280–282. Cited in PubMed; PMID:22380956. doi:10.3171/2011.12.PEDS11104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui LL, Cao JB, Fan GG, Lin XY, Xu K. Development of intraspinal ectopic endometrial tissue in connection with tethered cord syndrome. Intern Med. 2014;53:2741–2743. Cited in PubMed; PMID:25447661. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.53.2266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwatra KS, Paul PAM, Calton N, George S. Mullerian choristoma in a case of spinal dysraphism. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2015;58:229–231. Cited in PubMed; PMID:25888142. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.155326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra S, Singla N, Sandhu GS, Bal A. Ectopic immature renal tissue associated with lipomeningomyelocele and enteric duplication cyst: a report of two cases. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2016;35:98–103. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26882480. doi:10.3109/15513815.2015.1135495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang D, Zovickian J, Moes GS. Retained medullary cord in humans: late arrest of secondary neurulation. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:1500–1519. Cited in PubMed; PMID:21336222. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820ee282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala F, Barone G, Tramontano V, Gallo P, Ghimenton C. Retained medullary cord confirmed by intraoperative neurophysiological mapping. Childs Nerv Syst. 2014;30:1287–1291. Cited in PubMed; PMID:24562472. doi:10.1007/s00381-014-2372-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrist TJ, Gang DL, Kleinman GM, Mihm MC, Jr, Hendren WH. Unusual sacrococcygeal embryologic malformations with cutaneous manifestations. Arch Dermatol. 1982;118:643–648. Cited in PubMed; PMID:7114865. doi:10.1001/archderm.1982.01650210023011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito F, Watanabe Y, Harada T, Ando H, Seo T, Ito T. Cystic coccygeal medullary vestige presenting as a sacrococcygeal mass: a case report and MRI findings. Pediatr Radiol. 1997;27:257–259. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9126586. doi:10.1007/s002470050117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLone DG, Naidich TP. Terminal myelocystocele. Neurosurgery. 1985;16:36–43. Cited in PubMed; PMID:3883218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang D. Sacral agenesis and caudal spinal cord malformations. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:755–779. Cited in PubMed; PMID:8492851. doi:10.1227/00006123-199305000-00009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthukumar N. Terminal and nonterminal myelocystoceles. J Neurosurg. 2007;107:87–97. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18459879. doi:10.3171/PED-07/08/087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokunaga S, Morioka T, Hashiguchi K, Samura K, Yoshida F, Miyagi Y, Yoshiura T, Yamanouchi T, Sasaki T. Double lumbosacral lipomas of the dorsal and filar types associated with OEIS complex–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2009;49:487–490. Cited in PubMed; PMID:19855150. doi:10.2176/nmc.49.487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza B, Mahmood N, Ijaz L, Khawaja T, Aslam I, Sheikh A. Isolated terminal myelocystocele: a rare spinal dysraphism. APSP J Case Rep. 2011;2:3. Cited in PubMed; PMID:22953270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pang D, Zovickian J, Lee JY, Moes GS, Wang KC. Terminal myelocystocele: surgical observations and theory of embryogenesis. Neurosurgery. 2012;70:1383–1405. Cited in PubMed; PMID:22270234. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e31824c02c0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi A, Piatelli G, Gandolfo C, Pavanello M, Hoffmann C, Van Goethem JW, Cama A, Tortori-Donati P. Spectrum of nonterminal myelocystoceles. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:509–515. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16528191. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000197122.92954.82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denaro L, Padoan A, Manara R, Gardiman M, Ciccarino P, d'Avella D. Cervical myelomeningocele in adulthood: case report. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:E1169–1171. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18580788. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000315894.37671.CD
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosemani T, Crain BJ, Huisman TAGM, Northington FJ, Tekes A. Dorsolumbosacral agenesis, nonterminal myelocystocele and secondary tonsillar herniation: prenatal and postnatal MRI evaluation and pathological correlation. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2013;49:38–42. Cited in PubMed; PMID:24080601. doi:10.1159/000355120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang D, Zovickian J, Wong ST, Hou YJ, Moes GS. Limited dorsal myeloschesis: a not-so-rare form of primary neurulation defect. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29:1459–1484. Cited in PubMed; PMID:24013319. doi:10.1007/s00381-013-2189-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison RG. On the occurrence of tails in man, with a description of the case reported by Dr. Watson. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull. 1901;12:96–101.
   Google Scholar
• Singh DK, Kumar B, Sinha VD, Bagaria HR. The human tail: rare lesion with occult spinal dysraphism–a case report. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:e41–e43. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18778987. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.04.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standfast AL. The human tail. N Y State J Med. 1992;92:116. Cited in PubMed; PMID:1557201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumoto S, Yamamoto T, Okura K. Human tail associated with lipomeningocele–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1994;34:44–47. Cited in PubMed; PMID:7514754. doi:10.2176/nmc.34.44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilkinson CC, Boylan AJ. Proposed caudal appendage classification system; spinal cord tethering associated with sacrococcygeal eversion. Childs Nerv Syst. 2017;33:69–89. Cited in PubMed; PMID:27497702. doi:10.1007/s00381-016-3208-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ein SH, Adeyemi SD, Mancer K. Benign sacrococcygeal teratomas in infants and children: a 25 year review. Ann Surg. 1980;191:382–384. Cited in PubMed; PMID:7362303. doi:10.1097/00000658-198003000-00020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Heuzen EP, Kaiser MC, de Slegte RGM. Neurocutaneous melanosis associated with intraspinal lipoma. Neuroradiology. 1989;31:349–351. Cited in PubMed; PMID:2677828. doi:10.1007/BF00344181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SK, Chung YS, Wang KC, Cho BK, Choi KS, Han DH. Diastematomyelia–clinical manifestation and treatment outcome. J Korean Med Sci. 1994;9:135–144. Cited in PubMed; PMID:7986388. doi:10.3346/jkms.1994.9.2.135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsutsumi S, Wachi A, Uto A, Koike J, Arai H, Sato K. Infantile arachnoid cyst compressing the sacral nerve root associated with spina bifida and lipoma–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2000;40:435–438. Cited in PubMed; PMID:10979269. doi:10.2176/nmc.40.435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenos C, Sgouros S, Walsh R, Hockley A. Spinal lipomas in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000;32:295–307. Cited in PubMed; PMID:10971191. doi:10.1159/000028958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasubramaniam C, Balasubramaniam V, Santosh V. Intramedullary glioependymal cyst and tethered cord in an infant. Childs Nerv Syst. 2004;20:496–498. Cited in PubMed; PMID:14997330. doi:10.1007/s00381-003-0902-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Incesu L, Karaismailoglu TN, Selcuk MB. Neurologically normal complete asymmetric lumbar spine duplication. Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:895–896. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15140743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan KM, Spivak JM, Bendo JA. Embryology of the spine and associated congenital abnormalities. Spine J. 2005;5:564–576. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16153587. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2004.10.044.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finn MA, Walker ML. Spinal lipomas: clinical spectrum, embryology, and treatment. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23(2):E10. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17961016. doi:10.3171/FOC-07/08/E10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wykes V, Desai D, Thompson DNP. Asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas–a natural history study. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28:1731–1739. Cited in PubMed; PMID:22562193. doi:10.1007/s00381-012-1775-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Frías ML, Frías JL, Opitz JM. Errors of morphogenesis and developmental field theory. Am J Med Genet. 1998;76:291–296. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9545092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snelling CMH, Ellis PM, Smith RML, Rossiter JP. Lipomatous lumbar mass with an attached digit and associated split cord malformation. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008;35:250–254. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18574944. doi:10.1017/S0317167100008738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubowitz V, Lorber J, Zachary RB. Lipoma of the cauda equina. Arch Dis Child. 1965;40:207–213. Cited in PubMed; PMID:14288045. doi:10.1136/adc.40.210.207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toktaş ZO, Yılmaz B, Ekşi MŞ, Değer E, Konya D, Demir MK. Lumbar spinal intradural extramedullary lipoma associated with spina bifida and tethered cord. Spine J. 2016;16:e611–612. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26911414. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2016.02.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zevgaridis D, Nanassis K, Zaramboukas T. Lumbar nerve root compression due to extradural, intraforaminal lipoma. An underdiagnosed entity? J Neurosurg Spine. 2008;9:408–410. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18976170. doi:10.3171/SPI.2008.9.11.408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori H, Higuchi Y, Tashiro Y. Dorsal dermal sinus and dermoid cysts in occult spinal dysraphism. J Pediatr. 1999;134:793. Cited in PubMed; PMID:10356156. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70303-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radmanesh F, Nejat F, El Khashab M. Dermal sinus tract of the spine. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26:349–357. Cited in PubMed; PMID:19662426. doi:10.1007/s00381-009-0962-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrester MB, Merz RD. Descriptive epidemiology of lipomyelomeningocele, Hawaii, 1986-2001. Birth Defect Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004;70:953–956. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15570609. doi:10.1002/bdra.20092.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Aalst J, Beuls EAM, Cornips EMJ, van Straaten HWM, Boselie AFM, Rijkers K, Weber JW, Vles JSH. The spinal dermal-sinus-like stalk. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009;25:191–197. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18618125. doi:10.1007/s00381-008-0669-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J-K, Kim J-H, Kim J-S, Kim T-S, Jung S, Kim S-H, Kang S-S, Lee J-H. Cervical dermal sinus associated with dermoid cyst. Child's Nerv Syst. 2001;17:491–493. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11508540. doi:10.1007/s003810000433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra PS, Gupta A, Mishra NK, Mehta VS. Association of craniovertebral and upper cervical anomalies with dermoid and epidermoid cysts: report of four cases. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:E1155. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15854265. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000157962.24771.85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalkan E, Karabagli P, Karabagli H, Baysefer A. Congenital cranial and spinal dermal sinuses: a report of 3 cases. Adv Ther. 2006;23:543–548. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17050497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra SS, Panigrahi S. Thoracic congenital dermal sinus associated with intramedullary spinal dermoid cyst. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2014;9:30–32. Cited in PubMed; PMID:24891899. doi:10.4103/1817-1745.131478.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valeur NS, Iyer RS, Ishak GE. Cervicothoracic cystic dysraphism. Pediatr Radiol. 2016;46:1471–1481. Cited in PubMed; PMID:27147079. doi:10.1007/s00247-016-3632-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recklinghausen F. Untersuchungen über die Spina bifida. I. Spina bifida occulta mit sacrolumbaler Hypertrichose, Klumpfuss und neurotischem Geschwür in Folge eines Myofibrolipom am Rückenmark. Die Gewebstransposition bei den Gehirn- und Rückenmarkshernien. Archiv f Pathol Anat. 1886;105:243–296. doi:10.1007/BF01940365.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz C, Aydemir F. Thoracic intramedullary lipoma in a 3-year-old child: spontaneous decrease in the size following incomplete resection. Asian J Neurosurg. 2018;13:188–190. Cited in PubMed; PMID:29492158. doi:10.4103/1793-5482.180965.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giuffrè R, Gambacorta D. Lipoma of the spinal cord. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1971;35:335–337. Cited in PubMed; PMID:22046648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drapkin AJ. High cervical intradural lipoma. J Neurosurg. 1974;41:699–704. Cited in PubMed; PMID:4417026. doi:10.3171/jns.1974.41.6.0699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaskis C, Michotte A, Geffray F, Vangeneugden J, Desprechins B, D'haens J. Cervical intramedullary lipoma with intracranial extension in an infant. Case illustration. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:472. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9285619. doi:10.3171/jns.1997.87.3.0472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falavigna A, Segatto AC, Salgado K. A rare case of intramedullary lipoma associated with cyst. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2001;59:112–115. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11299443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chagla AS, Balasubramaniam S, Goel AH. A massive cervicomedullary intramedullary spinal cord lipoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15:817–820. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18439829. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2006.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severino R, Severino P. Cervical intramedullary spinal cord lipoma. Surg Neurol Int. 2017;8:255. Cited in PubMed; PMID:29184706. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_257_17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haberland C, Perou M. Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. A new example of ectomesodermal dysgenesis. Arch Neurol. 1970;22:144–155. Cited in PubMed; PMID:4902772. doi:10.1001/archneur.1970.00480200050005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiymaz N, Cirak B. Central nervous system lipomas. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2002;198:203–206. Cited in PubMed; PMID:12597248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramaniam P, Behari S, Singh S, Jain VK, Chhabra DK. Multiple subpial lipomas with dumb-bell extradural extension through the intervertebral foramen without spinal dysraphism. Surg Neurol. 2002;58:338–343. Cited in PubMed; PMID:12504304. doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(02)00878-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh A, Gupta V, Singh H, Chand K. Nondysraphic intradural spinal lipoma. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2009;4:55–56. Cited in PubMed; PMID:21887183. doi:10.4103/1817-1745.49116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muthusubramanian V, Pande A, Vasudevan MC, Ramamurthi R. Concomitant cervical and lumbar intradural intramedullary lipoma. Surg Neurol. 2008;69:314–317. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17765954. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2007.01.062.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papastefan ST, Bhimani AD, Denyer S, Khan SR, Esfahani DR, Nikas DC, Mehta AI. Management of idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis: a case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34:757–763. Cited in PubMed; PMID:29273822. doi:10.1007/s00381-017-3706-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detrait ER, George TM, Etchevers HC, Gilbert JR, Vekemans M, Speer MC. Human neural tube defects: developmental biology, epidemiology, and genetics. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2005;27:515–524. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15939212. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2004.12.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassuk AG, Kibar Z. Genetic basis of neural tube defects. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009;16:101–110. Cited in PubMed; PMID:19778707. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2009.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Marco P, Merello E, Mascelli S, Capra V. Current perspectives on the genetic causes of neural tube defects. Neurogenetics. 2006;7:201–221. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16941185. doi:10.1007/s10048-006-0052-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry RB, Yong SL. Cleft lip and palate, sensorineural deafness, and sacral lipoma in two brothers: a possible example of the disorganisation mutant. J Med Genet. 1991;28:135–137. Cited in PubMed; PMID:2002486. doi:10.1136/jmg.28.2.135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colobran R, Pujol-Borrell R, Armengol MP, Juan M. The chemokine network. II. On how polymorphisms and alternative slicing increase the number of molecular species and configure intricate patterns of disease susceptibility. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;150:1–12. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17848170. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03489.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes RH, Lehman RM, Wu BY, Roychowdhury S. Focal chronic inflammatory epileptic encephalopathy in a patient with malformations of cortical development, with a review of the spectrum of chronic inflammatory epileptic encephalopathy. Epilepsia. 2007;48:1184–1202. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01034.x.
   Google Scholar
• Saitsu H, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Ishibashi M, Shiota K. Development of the posterior neural tube in human embryos. Anat Embryol. 2004;209:107–117. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15597189. doi:10.1007/s00429-004-0421-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sapunar D, Vilović K, England M, Saraga-Babić M. Morphological diversity of dying cells during regression of the human tail. Ann Anat. 2001;183:217–222. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11396790. doi:10.1016/S0940-9602(01)80220-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilović K, Ilijić E, Glamočlija V, Kolić K, Bočina I, Sapunar D, Saraga-Babić M. Cell death in developing human spinal cord. Anat Embryol. 2006;211:1–9. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16315061. doi:10.1007/s00429-005-0044-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alonso MI, Gato A, Moro JA, Barbosa E. Disruption of proteoglycans in neural tube fluid by β-D-xyloside alters brain enlargement in chick embryos. Anat Rec. 1998;252:499–508. Cited in PubMed; PMI. D:9845201. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199812)252:4 < 499::AID-AR1 > 3.0.CO;2-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffith CM, Wiley MJ, Sanders EJ. The vertebrate tail bud: three germ layers from one tissue. Anat. Embryol. 1992;185:101–113. Cited in PubMed; PMID:1536443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catala M, Teillet MA, Le Douarin NM. Organization and development of the tail bud analyzed with the quail-chick chimaera system. Mech Dev. 1995;51:51–65. Cited in PubMed; PMID:7669693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitsu H, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Ishibashi M, Shiota K. Aberrant differentiation of the axially condensed tail bud mesenchyme in human embryos with lumbosacral myeloschisis. Anat Rec. 2007;290:251–258. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17525941. doi:10.1002/ar.20426.
   Google Scholar
• Harmeier JW. The normal histology of the intradural filum terminale. Arch Neurpsych. 1933;29:308–316. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1933.02240080098008.
   Google Scholar
• Pang D. Total resection of complex spinal cord lipomas: how, why, and when to operate? Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2015;55:695–721. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26345666. doi:10.2176/nmc.ra.2014-0442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman HJ, Taecholarn C, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP. Management of lipomyelomeningoceles. Experience at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. J Neurosurg. 1985;62:1–8. doi:10.3171/jns.1985.62.1.00011. Cited in PubMed; PMID:3964839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatli MM, Kumral A, Duman N, Ozkan S, Ozkan H. An unusual cutaneous lesion as the presenting sign of spinal dysraphism in a preterm infant. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21:664–666. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15575853. doi:10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21611.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanev PM, Bierbrauer KS. Reflections on the natural history of lipomyelomeningocele. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1995;22:137–140. Cited in PubMed; PMID:2352021. doi:10.1159/000120891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telfeian AE, Punsoni M, Hofstetter CP. Minimally invasive endoscopic spinal cord untethering: case report. J Spine Surg. 2017;3:278–282. Cited in PubMed; PMID:28744513. doi:10.21037/jss.2017.06.10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kyrklund K, Pakarinen MP, Taskinen S, Kivisaari R, Rintala RJ. Spinal cord anomalies in patients with anorectal malformations without severe sacral abnormalities or meningomyelocele: outcomes after expectant, conservative management. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;25:782–789. Cited in PubMed; PMID:27448173. doi:10.3171/2016.4.SPINE1641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner KM, Raskin JS, Hansen D, Reddy GD, Jea A, Lam S. Surgical management of lipomyelomeningocele in children: challenges and considerations. Surg Neurol Int. 2017;8:63. Cited in PubMed; PMID:28540129. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.205268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourque PR, D'Alton JG, Russell NA, Gerridzen RG, Benoit BG. Congenital lumbosacral lipoma causing primary enuresis in an adult. CMAJ. 1986;135:1007–1008. Cited in PubMed; PMID:3756729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiuri F, Corriero G, Gallicchio B, Donati P, Gambardella A. Late neurological dysfunction in adult lumbosacral lipoma. J Neurosurg Sci. 1987;31:7–11. Cited in PubMed; PMID:3625290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marushima A, Matsumura A, Fujita K, Enomoto T, Nose T. Adult tethered cord syndrome presenting with refractory diarrhoea. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:1596–1597. Cited in PubMed; PMID:14617732. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.11.1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takci E, Sengul G, Keles M. Spinal intramedullary ependymal cyst and tethered cord in an adult. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2006;4:506–508. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16776364. doi:10.3171/spi.2006.4.6.506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donmez FY, Basaran C, Ulu EMK, Guvenc Z, Tarhan NC. Unusual association of tethered cord, filum terminale lipoma, and myxopapillary ependymoma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33:E849–E851. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18923308. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318187ff55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh CT, Sun JM, Liu MY. Lipoma of conus medullaris without spinal dysraphism in an adult. Neurol India. 2009;57:825–826. Cited in PubMed; PMID:20139530. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.59497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Keyser J, Ebinger G, Calliauw L. The role of childbirth on the natural history of occult spinal dysraphism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:721–722. Cited in PubMed; PMID:3897459. doi:10.1136/jnnp.48.7.721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokol GM, Schwartz MW. Urinary complications of lipomyelomeningocele. Arch Dis Child. 1973;48:560–562. Cited in PubMed; PMID:4578202. doi:10.1136/adc.48.7.560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James HE, Williams J, Brock W, Kaplan GW, U HS. Radical removal of lipomas of the conus and cauda equina with laser microneurosurgery. Neurosurgery. 1984;15:340–343. Cited in PubMed; PMID:6483148. doi:10.3171/ped.2005.103.5.0443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardwidge C, Palsingh J, Williams B. Pyomyelia: an intramedullary spinal abscess complicating lumbar lipoma with spina bifida. Br J Neurosurg. 1993;74:419–422. Cited in PubMed; PMID:8216914. doi:10.3109/02688699309103498.
   Google Scholar
• Barrero-Hernández FJ, Salazar-Graván S, Ortega-Molina MJ, Morales-Gordo B. Meningitis recurrente como manifestación de un disrafismo espinal en un adulto joven. Rev Neurol. 2002;35:827–831. Cited in PubMed; PMID:12436380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samuels R, McGirt MJ, Attenello FJ, Garcés Ambrossi GL, Singh N, Solakoglu C, Weingart JD, Carson BS, Jallo GI. Incidence of symptomatic retethering after surgical management of pediatric tethered cord syndrome with or without duraplasty. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009;25:1085–1089. Cited in PubMed; PMID:19418057. doi:10.1007/s00381-009-0895-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao J, Kong X, Yang Y, Ma W, Wang R, Li Y. Massive lumbosacral subcutaneous exudate after surgical treatment of a large lipomyelocele: case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e1676. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26426667. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaisora KS, Godbole C, Das KK, Mehrotra A, Jayesh S, Sahu RN, Behari S, Srivastava AK, Jaiswal AK. Delayed intramedullary abscess in operated case of spinal lipoma. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2016;11:234–236. Cited in PubMed; PMID:27857795. doi:10.4103/1817-1745.193380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalemci O, Ozer E, Yucesoy K, Arda MN, Erkin Y. Transient allodynia following caudal lipoma excision: a case report. Asian Spine J. 2011;5:250–252. Cited in PubMed; PMID:22164320. doi:10.4184/asj.2011.5.4.250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chadduck WM, Roloson GJ. Dermoid in the filum terminale of a newborn with myelomeningocele. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1993;19:81–83. Cited in PubMed; PMID:8443101. doi:10.1159/000120705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthukumar N. Split cord malformation and cystic teratoma masquerading as lipomeningomyelocele. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19:46–49. Cited in PubMed; PMID:12541086. doi:10.1007/s00381-002-0669-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivrikoz TS, Has R, Esmer AC, Kalelioglu I, Yuksel A, Taskin OC. Prenatal diagnosis of tethered spinal cord associated with sacrococcygeal teratoma. J Clin Ultrasound. 2016;44:506–509. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26892808. doi:10.1002/jcu.22344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguz KK, Cila A, Söylemezoglu F, Yakupoglu H, Firat MM, Akalan N. Lumbar rhabdomyosarcoma in a patient with spina bifida. Pediatr Radiol. 2001;31:895. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11727032. doi:10.1007/s002470100018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner W, Koch D. Spinal rhabdomyosarcoma in a child with lipomyelomeningocele. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2004;40:293–296. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15821360. doi:10.1159/000083742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell AM, Allcutt D, Brett F, Ryan S. Malignant transformation of a lipomyelocele into a rhabdomyosarcoma? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:434–435. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18184836. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love JG. Delayed malignant development of a congenital teratoma with spina bifida. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1968;29:532–534. doi:10.3171/jns.1968.29.5.0532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickle JP, McLennan JE. Malignant teratoma arising within a lipomeningocele. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1975;43:761–763. Cited in PubMed; PMID:1194945. doi:10.3171/jns.1975.43.6.0761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igbaseimokumo U, Cartwright C, Lewing K, Hutchison L, Habeebu S. The rare association of spina bifida and extrarenal Wilms tumor: a case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2017;104:1046.e1–1046.e5. Cited in PubMed; PMID:28478249. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.03.115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner JL, Taybi H. Presacral masses in childhood. Am J Reontgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1970;109:403–410. Cited in PubMed; PMID:4316033. doi:10.2214/ajr.109.2.403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearnside MR, Adams CBT. Tumours of the cauda equina. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1978;41:24–31. Cited in PubMed; PMID:146075. doi:10.1136/jnnp.41.1.24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallia GL, Burger PC, Suk I, Bagley CA, Wolinsky J-P, Garonzik IM, Gokaslan ZL. Concomitant conus medullaris ependymoma and filum terminale lipoma: case report. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:E1214. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16723873. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000215992.26176.94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi SW, Song SH. Intrapelvic lipoblastoma with massive spinal canal invasion. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:581–585. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17143644. doi:10.1007/s00381-006-0242-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valeur NS, Iyer RS, Ishak GE. Mind the gap: an unusual case of a cervical lipomyelocele. Radiol Case Rep. 2016;11:266–270. Cited in PubMed; PMID:27594964. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2016.04.008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rathi AA, Nagendra TR, Naidu RC, Gudipati AR. Lipomyelocele with osseous dysraphic hamartoma: a rare case report. Br J Neurosurg. 2015;29:879–880. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26098604. doi:10.3109/02688697.2015.1054353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misago N, Abe M, Kohda H. Intradermal dermoid cyst associated with occult spinal dysraphism. J Dermatol. 1996;23:275–278. Cited in PubMed; PMID:8935344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyagi Y, Morioka T, Yoshida F, Hashiguchi K, Inoue D, Mizoguchi M, Shono T, Nagata S, Sasaki T. Unusual MR presentation of occult spinal dysraphism with lumbosacral lipoma and dermoid cyst. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:109–112. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16937140. doi:10.1007/s00381-006-0165-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freund M, Thale A, Hutzelmann A. Radiologic and histopathologic findings in a rare case of complex occult spinal dysraphism with association of a lumbar fibrolipoma, neurenteric cyst and tethered cord syndrome. Eur Radiol. 1998;8:624–627. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9569336. doi:10.1007/s003300050448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson DP, Kirkpatrick JB, Harper RL, Mawad ME. Spinal intramedullary ependymal cyst. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:312–316. Cited in PubMed; PMID:2072172. doi:10.3171/jns.1991.75.2.0312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi WC, Lee SH, Kim DY. Spinal intramedullary ependymal cyst. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2003;34:265–267.
   Google Scholar
• Saito K, Morita A, Shibahara J, Kirino T. Spinal intramedullary ependymal cyst: a case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2005;147:443–446. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15666187. doi:10.1007/s00701-004-0477-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leech RW, Olafson RA. Epithelial cysts of the neuraxis: presentation of three cases and a review of the origins and classification. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1977;101:196–202. Cited in PubMed; PMID:576787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weon YC, Chung JI, Roh HG, Eoh W, Byun HS. Combined spinal intramedullary arteriovenous malformation and lipomyelomeningocele. Neuroradiology. 2005;47:774–779. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16136266. doi:10.1007/s00234-005-1336-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubbs RS, Oakes WJ. Lipomyelomeningocele and arteriovenous malformation: case reports and a review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:628–631. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16555082 doi:10.1007/s00381-005-0039-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talenti G, Vitale G, Cester G, Della Puppa A, Faggin R, Causin F. Rare association between spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas and dysraphisms: report of two cases and review of the literature with a focus on pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23:458–464. Cited in PubMed; PMID:28675347. doi:10.1177/1591019917714636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islak C, Kandemirli SG, Kizilkilic O, Kocer N, Tuzgen S, Hanci MM. Combined spinal arteriovenous malformation and spinal dysraphism. World Neurosurg. 2018;110:407–413. Cited in PubMed; PMID:29223517. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordan E, Bortolotti C, Lanzino G, Brinjikji W. Spinal arteriovenous vascular malformations in patients with neural tube defects. AJNR Am Neuroradiol. 2018;39:597–603. Cited in PubMed; PMID:29284599. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogan C, Hakyemez B, Arat A, Bekar A, Parlak M. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula in a case with lipomyelodysplasia. BJR. 2007;80:e98–e100. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17638840. doi:10.1259/bjr/61517865.
   Google Scholar
• Sato M, Takigawa T, Shiigai M, Tamura G, Masumoto T, Nakai Y, Zaboronok A, Tsurushima H, Matsumura A. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with lipomyelodysplasia–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2013;53:107–109. Cited in PubMed; PMID:23438662. doi:10.2176/nmc.53.107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavani SB, Nadkarni TD. Tethered cord due to caudal lipomeningocele associated with a lumbar dural arteriovenous fistula. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21:489–493. Cited in PubMed; PMID:24971477. doi:10.3171/2014.5.SPINE13670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horiuchi Y, Iwanami A, Akiyama T, Hikata T, Watanabe K, Yagi M, Fujita N, Okada E, Nagoshi N, Tsuji O, et al. Spinal arteriovenous fistula coexisting within a spinal lipoma: report of two cases. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2017;3:17079. Cited in PubMed; PMID:29423285. doi:10.1038/s41394-017-0011-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaiswal AK, Garg A, Mahapatra AK. Spinal ossifying lipoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2005;12:714–717. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16098751. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2004.08.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuppani HB, Guedes B de VS, da Silva CJ, da Rocha AJ. Lipomyelocele with osseous dysraphic hamartoma in a child: a case report. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2010;19:382–384. Cited in PubMed; PMID:20375914. doi:10.1097/BPB.0b013e3283345ddb.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accogli A, Pavanello M, Accorsi P, De Marco P, Merello E, Pacetti M, Nozza P, Fiorillo C, Pinelli L, Cama A, et al. Spinal lipoma as a dysembryogenetic anomaly: four unusual cases of ectopic iliac rib within the spinal lipoma. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2016;106:530–535. Cited in PubMed; PMID:27087621. doi:10.1002/bdra.23489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishnan P, Saha M. Osseous dysraphic hamartoma - a completely formed, aberrantly located, supralaminar rib in a lumbar lipomyelocele. Neurol India. 2016;64:182–184. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26755020. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.173626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirumani SB, Prasad R, Mudunoor VK, Aemjal SC, Tirumani H, Rohatgi S. Ossified dysraphic hamartoma with lipomyelocoele/lipomyelomeningocoele–a rare radiological entity. Clin Imaging. 2017;43:60–63. Cited in PubMed; PMID:28214395. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2017.01.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsi P, Hassan F, Scoones D, Bradey N, Tizzard S. An unusual case of ectopic prostate tissue in an intradural lipoma of the conus medullaris. Br J Neurosurg. 2011;25:757–758. Cited in PubMed; PMID:21344973. doi:10.3109/02688697.2010.544792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Harter J, Iskandar BJ, Salamat MS. Growing mammary choristoma masquerading as a lumbosacral lipomyelomeningocele in a pubertal girl. Case report. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;8:321–324. Cited in PubMed; PMID:21882926. doi:10.3171/2011.6.PEDS10480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YK, Cho J, Moon CT, Chang SK. Intradural spinal fibrolipomatous hamartoma: a case report. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 1998;27:1455–1457. doi:10.3340/jkns.2008.44.6.392.
   Google Scholar
• Tokyol C, Aslan A, Hastürk GS, Kacar E, Boyaci MG. Spinal neural fibrolipoma: a case report and review of the literature. Asian J Neurosurg. 2015;10:341–343. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26425172. doi:10.4103/1793-5482.162727.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belmadani A, Tran PB, Ren D, Assimacopoulos S, Grove EA, Miller RJ. The chemokine stromal cell-dervived factor-1 regulates the migration of sensory neuron progenitors. J Neurosci. 2005;25:3995–4003. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15843601. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4631-04.2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht E. Ueber Hamartome. Verh Dtsch Pathol Ges. 1904;7:153–157.
   Google Scholar
• Dhar S, Yoon ES, Kachgal S, Evans GRD. Long-term maintenance of neuronally differentiated human adipose tissue–derived stem cells. Tissue Eng. 2007;13:2625–2632. Cited in PubMed; PMID:17914923. doi:10.1089/ten.2007.0017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu Y, Liu T, Song K, Fan X, Ma X, Cui Z. Adipose-derived stem cell: a better stem cell than BMSC. Cell Biochem Funct. 2008;26:664–675. Cited in PubMed; PMID:18636461. doi:10.1002/cbf.1488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita K, Madura T, Sakai Y, Yano K, Terenghi G, Hosokawa K. Glial differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells: implications for cell-based transplantation therapy. Neuroscience. 2013;236:55–65. Cited in PubMed; PMID:23370324. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriques JG de B, Pianetti G, Henriques KS, Costa P, Gusmão S. Minor skin lesions as markers of occult spinal dysraphisms–prospective study. Surg Neurol. 2005;63:S8–S12. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15629346. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2004.09.017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones DJ. ABC of colorectal diseases. Pilonidal sinus. BMJ. 1992;305:410–412. Cited in PubMed; PMID: 1392926.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benedetto AV, Lewis AT. Pilonidal sinus disease treated by depilation using an 800 nm diode laser and review of the literature. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:587–591. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15962749. doi:10.1097/00042728-200505000-00020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhaddar A, el Hassani MY, Ghadouane M, Hommadi A, Chakir N, Jiddane M, Boukhrissi N. Kyste dermoïde du cône médullaire révelé par une rétention chronique d’urine. J Neuroradiol. 1999;26:132–136. Cited in PubMed; PMID:10444937. doi:10.1097/JNR-07-1999-26-2-0150-9861-101019-ART16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishna KK, Agarwal PA, Agarwal SI, Jain MM. Dermoid of the conus medullaris. J Clin Neurosci. 2004;11:796–797. Cited in PubMed; PMID:15337156. doi:10.116/j.jocn.2003.08.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Zhang JN, Zhu T. Microsurgical treatment of spinal epidermoid and dermoid cysts in the lumbosacral region. J Clin Neurosci. 2012;19:712–717. Cited in PubMed; PMID:22436108. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2011.07.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andiran N, Coşkun T, Ozaydin E, Seçmeer G. Recurrent meningitis associated with congenital paravertebral dermal sinus tract. Turk J Pediatr. 1998;40:121–125. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9673538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzai S, Yamaguchi T, Takasaki S, Kurata S, Takayasu S. Tethered cord associated with intraspinal lipoma and a subcutaneous abscess secondary to a dermal sinus. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:77–78. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9522249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raqbi F, Zérah M, Bodemer C, Lenoir G. Kystes dermoïdes révélés par une méningite avec compression médullaire. Arch Pédiatr. 2001;8:499–503. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11396110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lallemant P, Forin V. Sinus dermique: une urgence neurochirurgicale. Arch Pédiatr. 2015;22:272–275. Cited in PubMed; PMID:25656457. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2014.11.022.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang KC, Yang HJ, Oh CW, Kim HJ, Cho BK. Spinal congenital dermal sinus–experience of 5 cases over a period of 10 years. J Korean Med Sci. 1993;8:341–347. Cited in PubMed; PMID:8305142. doi:10.3346/jkms.1993.8.5.341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen CY, Lin KL, Wang HS, Lui TN. Dermoid cyst with dermal sinus tract complicated with spinal subdural abscess. Pediatr Neurol. 1999;20:157–160. Cited in PubMed; PMID:10082349. doi:10.1016/S0887-8994(98)00126-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf NI, Harting I, Hartmann M, Aschoff A, Sommer C, Rating D, Ebinger F. Combination of caudal myxopapillary ependymoma and dermal sinus: a single shared embryologic lesion? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;45:568–570. Cited in PubMed; PMID:12882537. doi:10.1017/S0012162203001038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruff P, Sgouros S. Lumbar dermoid cyst causing pyomyelia in a child. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2002;36:162–163. Cited in PubMed; PMID:11919453. doi:10.1159/000048374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris GF, Murphy K, Rorke LB, James HE. Spinal hamartomas: a distinct clinical entity. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:954–957. Cited in PubMed; PMID:9609287. doi:10.3171/jns.1998.88.6.0954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirjamshidi A, Abbassioun K, Shirani Bidabadi M. Skin-covered midline spinal anomalies: a report of four rare cases with a discussion on their genesis and milestones in surgical management. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:460–465. Cited in PubMed; PMID:16450132. doi:10.1007/s00381-005-0014-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Duan H, Zhang Y, Yi Z, Bao S. Parasitic rachipagus conjoined twins with spina bifida, diplomyelia, scoliosis, tethered cord syndrome, and ventricular septal defect–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2011;51:736–739. Cited in PubMed; PMID:22027254. doi:10.2176/nmc.51.736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin M. Endogenous bioelectrical networks store non-genetic patterning information during development and regeneration. J Physiol. 2014;592:2295–2305. Cited by PubMed; PMID:24882814. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin M. Molecular bioelectricity: how endogenous voltage potentials control cell behavior and instruct pattern regulation in vivo. Mol Biol Cell. 2014;25:3835–3850. Cited in PubMed; PMID:25425556. doi:10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar