DMTS is an effective treatment in both inhalation and injection models for cyanide poisoning using unanesthetized mice

References

• Sykes A. Early studies on the toxicology of cyanide. In: Vennesland B, Conn EE, Knowles, CJ, et al. editors. Cyanide and biology. London (UK): Academic Press; 1981. p. 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Way JL. Cyanide intoxication and its mechanism of antagonism. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1984;24:451–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce LL, Bominaar EL, Hill BC, et al. Reversal of cyanide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by the auxiliary substrate nitric oxide: an endogenous antidote to cyanide poisoning? J Biol Chem. 2003;278:52139–52145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings TF. The treatment of cyanide poisoning. Occup Med (Lond). 2004;54:82–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel SN, Sultan TR, Ten Eyck RP. Cyanide poisoning. Clin Toxicol. 1981;18:367–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentiss AM. Chemicals in war. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 1937.
   Google Scholar
• Brophy LP, Fisher GB. The chemical warfare service: organizing for war. Washington (DC): Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army; 1959.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman K. A history of chemical warfare. New York (NY): Palgrave Macmillan; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Simon J. Terrorists and the potential use of biological weapons: a discussion of possibilities. Santa Monica (CA): RAND Corporation; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Hall AH, Rumack BH. Clinical toxicology of cyanide. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:1067–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varnell RM, Stimac GK, Fligner CL. CT diagnosis of toxic brain injury in cyanide poisoning: considerations for forensic medicine. Am J Neuroradiol. 1987;8:1063–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew C, Oleg G. KGB: the inside story of its foreign operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. London (NY): Harper Collins Publishers; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Melton H. Ultimate spy. 2nd ed. New York (NY): DK Publishing; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Birstein VJ. The perversion of knowledge: the true story of soviet science. Cambridge (MA): Westview Press; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Karasik T. Toxic warfare. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Carus W. Bioterrorism and biocrimes: the illicit use of biological agent since 1900. Amsterdam: Fredonia Books; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkening DA. BCW attack scenarios. In: Drell SD, Sofaer AD, Wilson GD, editors. The new terror: facing the threat of biological and chemical weapons. Stanford (CA): Hoover Institution Press; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Pita R. Armas quimicas: la ciencia en manos del mal. Madrid: Plaza y Valdés Editores; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Stern J. The covenant, the sword, and the arm of the lord (1985). In Tucker J, editor. Toxic terror: assessing terrorist use of chemical and biological weapons. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 2000. p. 139–157.
   Google Scholar
• Kosal M. [Internet]. Near term threats of chemical weapons terrorism. Strategic insights. [Internet]. 2006. [cited 2013 Nov 13]. Available from: www.nps.edu/Academics/centers/ccc/publications/Online
   Google Scholar
• Thompson RL, Manders WW, Cowan WR. Postmortem findings of the victims of the jonestown tragedy. J Forensic Sci. 1987;32:433–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pita R. Assessing al-Qaeda's chemical threat. Int J Intell CounterIntell. 2007;20:480–511.
   Google Scholar
• Nasiri O. Inside the Jihad: my life with Al Qaeda. New York (NY): Basic Books; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Levitt MSJ. Zarqawi's Jordanian agenda. Terrorism Monitor. Washington (DC): The Washington Institute for Near East Policy; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Hall AH, Isom GE, Rockwood GA, editors. Toxicology of cyanides and cyanogens: experimental, applied, and clinical aspects. West Sussex (UK): Wiley Blackwell; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Leavesley HB, Li L, Prabhakaran K, et al. Interaction of cyanide and nitric oxide with cytochrome c oxidase: implications for acute cyanide toxicity. Toxicol Sci. 2008;101:101–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambal LK, Weitz AC, Li HH, et al. Comparison of the relative propensities of isoamyl nitrite and sodium nitrite to ameliorate acute cyanide poisoning in mice and a novel antidotal effect arising from anesthetics. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013;26:828–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall AH, Saiers J, Baud F. Which cyanide antidote? Crit Rev Toxicol. 2009;39:541–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bebarta VS, Pitotti RL, Boudreau S, et al. Intraosseous versus intravenous infusion of hydroxocobalamin for the treatment of acute severe cyanide toxicity in a swine model. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21:1203–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs K, Duke AC, Shifflet M, et al. Parenteral dosage form development and testing of dimethyl trisulfide, as an antidote candidate to combat cyanide intoxication. Pharm Dev Technol. 2016;1–6. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1125923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczesny G, Veihelmann A, Massberg S, et al. Long-term anaesthesia using inhalatory isoflurane in different strains of mice-the haemodynamic effects. Lab Anim. 2004;38:64–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano Y, Ito S, Yoneda M, et al. Effects of various types of anesthesia on hemodynamics, cardiac function, and glucose and lipid metabolism in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;311:H1360–H1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockwood GA, Thompson DE, Petrikovics I. Dimethyl trisulfide: a novel cyanide countermeasure. Toxicol Ind Health. 2016;32:2009–2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon WJ. Staircase bioassay: the up-and-down method. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1991;15:47–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder PI, Hobson DW, Olson CT, et al. Stagewise, adaptive dose allocation for quantal response dose-response studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1991;15:109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritz C, Baty F, Streibig JC, et al. Dose-response analysis using R. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0146021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehy M, Way JL. Effect of oxygen on cyanide intoxication. 3. Mithridate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1968;161:163–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isom G, Way JL. Cyanide intoxication: protection with cobaltous chloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1973;24:449–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, editors. Clinical and experimental toxicology of cyanides. Bristol: Wright; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Borowitz J, Isom GE, Baskin SI. Acute and chronic cyanide toxicity. In: Somani S, Romano J, editors. Chemical warfare agents: toxicity at low levels. Florida: CRC Press; 2001. p. 301–19.
   Google Scholar
• Chan A, Crankshaw DL, Monteil A, et al. The combination of cobinamide and sulfanegen is highly effective in mouse models of cyanide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011;49:366–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar