Severe acute kidney injury following Sri Lankan Hypnale spp. envenoming is associated with thrombotic microangiopathy

References

• Kasturiratne A, Pathmeswaran A, Fonseka MMD, et al. Estimates of disease burden due to land-snake bite in Sri Lankan hospitals. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36(3):733–740.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Silva A, Ranasinghe L. Epidemiology of snake-bite in Sri Lanka: a review. Ceylon Med J. 1983;28(3):144–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maduwage K, Silva A, Manamendra-Arachchi K, et al. A taxonomic revision of the South Asian hump-nosed vipers (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae: Hypnale). Zootaxa. 2009;2232(1):1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Maduwage K, Isbister GK, Silva A, et al. Epidemiology and clinical effects of hump-nosed pit viper (Genus: Hypnale) envenoming in Sri Lanka. Toxicon. 2013;61:11–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premawardena AP, Seneviratne SL, Gunatilake SB, et al. Excessive fibrinolysis: the coagulopathy following Merrem’s hump-nosed viper (Hypnale hypnale) bites . Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;58(6):821–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathnayaka R, Ranathunga PEAN, Kularatne SAM. Kidney injury following envenoming by hump-nosed pit viper (Genus: Hypnale) in Sri Lanka: proven and probable cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2019;113(3):131–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Silva NL, Gooneratne L, Wijewickrama E. Acute myocardial infarction associated with thrombotic microangiopathy following a hump-nosed viper bite: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeevagan V, Chang T, Gnanathasan CA. Acute ischemic stroke following hump-nosed viper envenoming; first authenticated case. Thromb J. 2012;10(1):21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joseph JK, Simpson ID, Menon NCS, et al. First authenticated cases of life-threatening envenoming by the hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale) in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101(1):85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariaratnam CA, Thuraisingam V, Kularatne SAM, et al. Frequent and potentially fatal envenoming by hump-nosed pit vipers (Hypnale hypnale and H. nepa) in Sri Lanka: lack of effective antivenom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102(11):1120–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withana M, Rodrigo C, Gnanathasan A, et al. Presumptive thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following a hump-nosed viper (Hypnale hypnale) bite: a case report. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 2014;20:26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namal Rathnayaka RMMK, Ranathunga AN, Kularatne SAM, et al. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia following three different species of hump-nosed pit viper (Genus: Hypnale) envenoming in Sri Lanka. Wilderness Environ Med. 2018;29(1):94–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijewickrama ES, Gooneratne LV, Gnanathasan A, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy and acute kidney injury following Sri Lankan Daboia russelii and Hypnale species envenoming. Clin Toxicol. 2020;0(0):1–7. DOI:10.1080/15563650.2020.1717509
   Google Scholar
• Casamento AJ, Isbister GK. Thrombotic microangiopathy in two tiger snake envenomations. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39(6):1124–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbister GK, Little M, Cull G, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy from Australian brown snake (Pseudonaja) envenoming. Intern Med J. 2007;37(8):523–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kularatne SAM, Wimalasooriya S, Nazar K, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy following Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) envenoming in Sri Lanka: a case report. Ceylon Med J. 2014;59(1):29–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maduwage K, Scorgie FE, Silva A, et al. Hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale) envenoming causes mild coagulopathy with incomplete clotting factor consumption. Clin Toxicol. 2013;51(7):527–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulawickrama S, O’Leary MA, Hodgson WC, et al. Development of a sensitive enzyme immunoassay for measuring taipan venom in serum. Toxicon. 2010;55(8):1510–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbister GK, Jayamanne S, Mohamed F, et al. A randomized controlled trial of fresh frozen plasma for coagulopathy in Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) envenoming. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(4):645–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva A, Maduwage K, Sedgwick M, et al. Neurotoxicity in Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) envenoming in Sri Lanka: a clinical and neurophysiological study. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54(5):411–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellum JA, Lameire N, KDIGO AKI Guideline Work Group. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1). Crit Care. 2013;17(1):204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kularatne SAM, Silva A, Weerakoon K, et al. Revisiting Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) bite in Sri Lanka: is abdominal pain an early feature of systemic envenoming? PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e90198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kularatne SAM. Epidemiology and clinical picture of the Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii Russelii) bite in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka: a prospective study of 336 patients. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003;34(4):855–862.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratnayake I, Mohamed F, Buckley NA, et al. Early identification of acute kidney injury in Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) envenoming using renal biomarkers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(7):e0007486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan G, Guduri PR, Shastry S, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy in hematotoxic snakebites and its impact on the prognosis: an entity often overlooked. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2019;48(3):475–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namal Rathnayaka RMMK, Ranathunga PAN, Kularatne SA. Thrombotic microangiopathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following hump-nosed pit viper (Genus: Hypnale) envenoming in Sri Lanka. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019;30(1):66–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamaki Y, Konishi K, Hayashi K, et al. Renal thrombotic microangiopathy in a patient with septic disseminated intravascular coagulation. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoja C, Buelli S, Morigi M. Shiga toxin triggers endothelial and podocyte injury: the role of complement activation. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019;34(3):379–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips EH, Westwood JP, Brocklebank V, et al. The role of ADAMTS-13 activity and complement mutational analysis in differentiating acute thrombotic microangiopathies. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14(1):175–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herath N, Wazil A, Kularatne S, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy and acute kidney injury in hump-nosed viper (Hypnale species) envenoming: a descriptive study in Sri Lanka. Toxicon. 2012;60(1):61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar