794
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research

Is kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use associated with ECG abnormalities? Electrocardiogram comparisons between regular kratom users and controls

ORCID Icon, , , , , , & show all
Pages 400-408 | Received 24 Jun 2020, Accepted 14 Aug 2020, Published online: 01 Sep 2020

References

  • Grundmann O. Patterns of Kratom use and health impact in the US-Results from an online survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;176:63–70.
  • Prozialeck W, Avery B, Boyer E, et al. Kratom policy: the challenge of balancing therapeutic potential with public safety. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;70:70–77.
  • Singh D, Narayanan S, Vicknasingam B. Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (kratom): a survey of the literature. Brain Res Bull. 2016;126(1):41–46.
  • Kruegel AC, Gassaway MM, Kapoor A, et al. Synthetic and receptor signaling explorations of the mitragyna alkaloids: mitragynine as an atypical molecular framework for opioid receptor modulators. J Am Chem Soc. 2016;138(21):6754–6764.
  • Váradi A, Marrone GF, Palmer TC, et al. Mitragynine/corynantheidine pseudoindoxyls as opioid analgesics with Mu agonism and delta antagonism, which do not recruit β-Arrestin-2. J Med Chem. 2016;59(18):8381–8397.
  • Anwar M, Law R, Schier J. Notes from the field: kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) exposures reported to poison centers - United States, 2010-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(29):748–749.
  • Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Wang DW. The abuse potential of kratom according the 8 factors of the controlled substances act: implications for regulation and research. Psychopharmacology. 2018;235(2):573–589.
  • Corkery JM, Streete P, Claridge H, et al. Characteristics of deaths associated with kratom use. J Psychopharmacol. 2019;33(9):1102–1123.
  • Post S, Spiller HA, Chounthirath T, et al. Kratom exposures reported to United States poison control centers: 2011-2017. Clin Toxicol. 2019;57(10):847–854.
  • Singh D, Muller CP, Balasingam V. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;139:132–137.
  • Singh D, Muller CP, Vicknasingam BK, et al. Social functioning of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) users in Malaysia. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015;47(2):125–131.
  • Singh D, Müller CP, Murugaiyah V, et al. Evaluating the hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) users in Malaysia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;214:197–206.
  • Lu J, Wei H, Wu J, et al. Evaluation of the cardiotoxicity of mitragynine and its analogues using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e115648.
  • Tay YL, Teah YF, Chong YM, et al. Mitragynine and its potential blocking effects on specific cardiac potassium channels. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2016;305:22–39.
  • Raffa RB. Kratom and other mitragynines: the chemistry and pharmacology of opioids from a non-opium source. 1st ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2014.
  • Wang H, Chow S-C. Sample size calculation for comparing proportions. In Wiley encyclopedia of clinical trials. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2007.
  • Wallner C, Stollberger C, Hlavin A, et al. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in opiate addicts. Addiction. 2008;103(12):1987–1993.
  • van der Ende MY, Siland JE, Snieder H, et al. Population-based values and abnormalities of the electrocardiogram in the general Dutch population: the LifeLines cohort study. Clin Cardiol. 2017;40(10):865–872.
  • United States National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): NHLBI; Managing overweight and obesity in adults: systematic evidence review from the obesity expert panel. Internet NIH Publication No. 98-4083. 2013 [cited 2019 October 26]. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/managing-overweight-obesity-in-adults
  • John AD, Fleisher LA. Electrocardiography: the ECG. Anesthesiol Clin. 2006;24(4):697–715.
  • Barold SS, Ilercil A, Leonelli F, et al. First-degree atrioventricular block. Clinical manifestations, indications for pacing, pacemaker management & consequences during cardiac resynchronization. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2006;17(2):139–152.
  • Crawford MH. Current diagnosis & treatment cardiology. 5th ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill Education; 2017.
  • Kadish AH, Buxton AE, Kennedy HL, et al. ACC/AHA clinical competence statement on electrocardiography and ambulatory electrocardiography. A report of the ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM Task Force on Clinical Competence (ACC/AHA Committee to Develop a Clinical Competence Statement on Electrocardiography and Ambulatory Electrocardiography). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(7):2091–2100.
  • Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:982–991.
  • Surawicz B, Childers R, Deal BJ, et al. American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology. American College of Cardiology Foundation. Heart Rhythm Society. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:976–981.
  • Surawicz B, Childers R, Deal BM, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2009;119(10):e235–e240.
  • Okin PM, Hille DA, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Combining ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy improves risk prediction in patients with hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e007564.
  • Straus SM, Kors JA, De Bruin ML, et al. Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(2):362–367.
  • Henningfield JE, Grundmann O, Babin JK, et al. Risk of death associated with kratom use compared to opioids. Prev Med. 2019;128:105851.
  • Hanapi NA, Ismail S, Mansor SM. Inhibitory effect of mitragynine on human cytochrome P450 enzyme activities. Phcog Res. 2013;5(4):241–246.
  • Hassan Z, Muzaimi M, Navaratnam V, et al. From kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(2):138–151.
  • Kruegel AC, Grundmann O. The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: a preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse. Neuropharmacology. 2018;134(A):108–120.
  • Trakulsrichai S, Sathirakul K, Auparakkitanon S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:2421–2429.
  • Avery BA, Boddu SP, Sharma A, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of mitragynine after oral administration of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) leaf extracts in rats. Planta Med. 2019;85(4):340–346.
  • Prozialeck WC, Jivan JK, Andurkar SV. Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic and opioid-like effects. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2012;112(12):792–799.
  • Tay YL, Amanah A, Adenan MI, et al. Mitragynine, an euphoric compound inhibits hERG1a/1b channel current and upregulates the complexation of hERG1a-Hsp90 in HEK293-hERG1a/1b cells. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):19757.
  • Suhaimi FW, Yusoff NHM, Hassan R, et al. Neurobiology of kratom and its main alkaloid mitragynine. Brain Res Bull. 2016;126(1):29–40.
  • Ya K, Tangamornsuksan W, Scholfield N, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine, a major analgesic alkaloid in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): a systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019;43:73–82.
  • Assanangkornchai S, Muekthong A, Sam-Angsri N, et al. The use of Mitragynine speciosa (“krathom”), an addictive plant, in Thailand. Subst Use Misuse. 2007;42(14):2145–2157.
  • Indik JH, Pearson EC, Fried K, et al. Bazett and Fridericia QT correction formulas interfere with measurement of drug-induced changes in QT interval. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3(9):1003–1007.
  • Chan A, Isbister GK, Kirkpatrick CMJ, et al. Drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes: evaluation of a QT nomogram. QJM. 2007;100(10):609–615.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.