Blood phosphatidyl ethanol levels as a tool to detect alcohol misuse in trauma patients

References

• Sakran JV, Greer SE, Werlin E, et al. Care of the injured worldwide: trauma still the neglected disease of modern society. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20(1):64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florence C, Haegerich T, Simon T, et al. Estimated lifetime medical and work-loss costs of emergency Department-Treated Nonfatal Injuries-United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(38):1078–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor B, Irving HM, Kanteres F, et al. The more you drink, the harder you fall: a systematic review and meta-analysis of how acute alcohol consumption and injury or collision risk increase together. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;110(1–2):108–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeisser C, Stockwell TR, Chikritzhs T, et al. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of alcohol consumption and injury risk as a function of study design and recall period. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:E1–E8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Bond J, et al. Relative risk of injury from acute alcohol consumption: modeling the dose-response relationship in emergency department data from 18 countries. Addiction. 2015;110(2):279–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand SA, Isalberti C, der Linden TV, et al. Alcohol and drugs in seriously injured drivers in six European countries. Drug Test Anal. 2013;5(3):156–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egerton Warburton D, Gosbell A, Moore K, et al. Alcohol‐related harm in emergency departments: a prospective, multi‐centre study. Addiction. 2018;113(4):623–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod JB, Hungerford DW. Alcohol-related injury visits: do we know the true prevalence in U.S. trauma centres? Injury. 2011;42(9):922–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2015. Alcohol-impaired driving. Traffic Safety Facts 2014 Data; [cited 2020 Sep 15]. Available from: https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812231.
   Google Scholar
• Dischinger PC, Mitchell KA, Kufera JA, et al. A longitudinal study of former trauma center patients: the association between toxicology status and subsequent injury mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2001;51(5):877–886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbri A, Marchesini G, Dente M, et al. A positive blood alcohol concentration is the main predictor of recurrent motor vehicle crash. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46(2):161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn J, Erdogan M, Green RS. The prevalence of alcohol-related trauma recidivism: a systematic review. Injury. 2016;47(3):551–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Onofrio G, Degutis LC. Preventive care in the emergency department: screening and brief intervention for alcohol problems in the emergency department: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9(6):627–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford MJ, Patton R, Touquet R, et al. Screening and referral for brief intervention of alcohol-misusing patients in an emergency department: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9442):1334–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderstrom CA, DiClemente CC, Dischinger PC, et al. A controlled trial of brief intervention versus brief advice for at-risk drinking trauma center patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2007;62(5):1102–1112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative AESR. The impact of screening, brief intervention, and referral for treatment on emergency department patients’ alcohol use. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50(6):699–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordovilla-Guardia S, Fernandez-Mondejar E, Vilar-Lopez R, et al. Effect of a brief intervention for alcohol and illicit drug use on trauma recidivism in a cohort of trauma patients. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentilello LM, Ebel BE, Wickizer TM, et al. Alcohol interventions for trauma patients treated in emergency departments and hospitals: a cost benefit analysis. Ann Surg. 2005;241(4):541–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Bond J, et al. Validity of self-reported drinking before injury compared with a physiological measure: cross-national analysis of emergency-department data from 16 countries. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007;68(2):296–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longabaugh R, Woolard RE, Nirenberg TD, et al. Evaluating the effects of a brief motivational intervention for injured drinkers in the emergency department. J Stud Alcohol. 2001;62(6):806–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Saunders J, et al. 2001. The alcohol use disorders identification test: guidelines for use in primary care; [cited 2020 Sep 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/audit-the-alcohol-use-disorders-identification-test-guidelines-for-use-in-primary-health-care.
   Google Scholar
• Vitesnikova J, Dinh M, Leonard E, et al. Use of AUDIT-C as a tool to identify hazardous alcohol consumption in admitted trauma patients. Injury. 2014;45(9):1440–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kip MJ, Spies CD, Neumann T, et al. The usefulness of direct ethanol metabolites in assessing alcohol intake in nonintoxicated male patients in an emergency room setting. Alcohol: Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(7):1284–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröck A, Wurst FM, Thon N, et al. Assessing phosphatidylethanol (PEth) levels reflecting different drinking habits in comparison to the alcohol use disorders identification test – C (AUDIT-C). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:80–86. ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabashi S, Vindenes V, Bryun EA, et al. Harmful alcohol use among acutely ill hospitalized medical patients in Oslo and Moscow: a cross-sectional study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paull P, Haber PS, Chitty K, et al. Evaluation of a novel method for the analysis of alcohol biomarkers: ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate and phosphatidylethanol. Alcohol. 2018;67:7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksson A, Walther L, Hansson T, et al. Phosphatidylethanol in blood (B-PEth): a marker for alcohol use and abuse. Drug Test Anal. 2011;3(4):195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnann H, Weinmann W, Thierauf A. Formation of phosphatidylethanol and its subsequent elimination during an extensive drinking experiment over 5 days. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(9):1507–1511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabarcos P, Álvarez I, Tabernero MJ, et al. Determination of direct alcohol markers: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2015;407(17):4907–4925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aradottir S, Asanovska G, Gjerss S, et al. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) concentrations in blood are correlated to reported alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006;41(4):431–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann S, Aradottir S, Graf M, et al. BIOMARKER: phosphatidylethanol as a sensitive and specific biomarker—comparison with gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase, mean corpuscular volume and carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin. Addict Biol. 2007;12(1):81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart SH, Koch DG, Willner IR, et al. Validation of blood phosphatidylethanol as an alcohol consumption biomarker in patients with chronic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(6):1706–1711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kechagias S, Dernroth DN, Blomgren A, et al. Phosphatidylethanol compared with other blood tests as a biomarker of moderate alcohol consumption in healthy volunteers: a prospective randomized study. Alcohol Alcohol. 2015;50(4):399–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beverland DE, Rutherford WH. An assessment of the validity of the injury severity score when applied to gunshot wounds. Injury. 1983;15(1):19–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisinger MW, Moss M, Clark BJ. Brief versus full alcohol use disorders identification test in national heart, lung, and blood institute acute respiratory distress syndrome network clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(9):e382–e385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnann H, Engelmann C, Skopp G, et al. Identification of 48 homologues of phosphatidylethanol in blood by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;396(7):2415–2423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piano MR, Tiwari S, Nevoral L, et al. Phosphatidylethanol levels are elevated and correlate strongly with AUDIT scores in young adult binge drinkers. Alcohol Alcohol. 2015;50(5):519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart SH, Law TL, Randall PK, et al. Phosphatidylethanol and alcohol consumption in reproductive age women. Alcohol: Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(3):488–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshar M, Burnham EL, Joyce C, et al. Cut-point levels of phosphatidylethanol to identify alcohol misuse in a mixed cohort including critically ill patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017;41(10):1745–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshar M, Burnham EL, Joyce C, et al. Optimal cut-points for phosphatidylethanol vary by clinical setting: response to Nguyen and Seth’s (2018) letter to the editor. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42(10):2064–2065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar