References
- Bossi P, Tegnell A, Van Look F, et al. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of botulism and bioterrorism related botulism. Euro Surveill. 2009;9(12):13–14.
- Botulism; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism
- Rasetti-Escargueil C, Lemichez E, Popoff MR. Public health risk associated with botulism as foodborne zoonoses. Toxins. 2019;12(1):17.
- Peck M, Smith T, Anniballi F, et al. Historical perspective and guidelines for botulism neurotoxin subtype nomenclature. Toxins (Basel). 2017;9(1):38.
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Kinds of botulism; 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/definition.html
- Meunier FA, Schiavo G, Molgó J. Botulism neurotoxins: from paralysis to recovery of functional neuromuscular transmission. J Physiol (Paris). 2002;96(1–2):105–113.
- Aminzade Z, Vahdani P, Mirzaei J. A survey on 80 cases of botulism and its clinical presentations as a public health concern. Iran J Clin Infect Dis. 2002;2(2):77–81.
- Witoonpanich R, Vichayanrat E, Tantisiriwit K, et al. Survival analysis for respiratory failure in patients with food-borne botulism. Clin Toxicol. 2010;48(3):177–183.
- Lonati D, Schicchi A, Crevani M, et al. Foodborne botulism: clinical diagnosis and medical treatment. Toxins. 2020;12(8):509.
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Botulism—diagnosis and treatment; 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/testing-treatment.html
- Leclair D, Fung J, Isaac-Renton JL, et al. Foodborne botulism in Canada, 1985–2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(6):961–968.
- Anniballi F, Auricchio B, Fiore A, et al. Botulism in Italy, 1986 to 2015. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(24):30550.
- European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Botulism—annual epidemiological report; 2016; [data2014]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/botulism-annual-epidemiological-report-2016-2014-data
- Fleck-Derderian S, Shankar M, Rao AK, et al. The epidemiology of foodborne botulism outbreaks: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;66(Suppl. 1):73–81.
- National Guideline for Management of Botulism Disease; 2020. Available from: https://phc.mui.ac.ir/sites/phc.mui.ac.ir/files/aein-name/botolism.pdf
- Topakian R, Heibl C, Stieglbauer K, et al. Quantitative autonomic testing in the management of botulism. J Neurol. 2009;256(5):803–809.
- Czerwinski M, Czerwinsk M, Kondej B. Foodborne botulism in Poland in 2013. Prezgel Epidemiol. 2015;67(2):243–245.
- Karsen H, Ceylan M, Bayindir H, et al. Foodborne botulism in Turkey, 1983 to 2017. Infect Dis (Lond). 2019;51(2):91–96.
- Varma JK, Katsitadze G, Moiscrafishvili M, et al. Foodborne botulism in the Republic of Georgia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1601–1605.
- Chatham-Stephens K, Fleck-Derderian S, Sobel J, et al. Clinical features of foodborne and wound botulism: a systematic review of the literature, 1932–2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;66(Suppl. 1):11–16.
- Fortunato F, Martinelli D, Cappelli MG, et al. Food-borne botulism in Apulia region, Italy: an expert witness testimony. Ann Ig. 2019;31(2):181–185.
- Richardson JS, Parrera GS, Astacio H, et al. Safety and clinical outcomes of an equine-derived heptavalent botulinum antitoxin treatment for confirmed or suspected botulism in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(9):1950–1957.
- Dembek ZF, Smith LA, Rusnak JM. Botulism: cause, effects, diagnosis, clinical and laboratory identification, and treatment modalities. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2007;1(2):122–134.
- Sobel J. Botulism. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(8):1167–1173.
- Rao AK, Lin NH, Griese SE, et al. Clinical criteria to trigger suspicion for botulism: an evidence-based tool to facilitate timely recognition of suspected cases during sporadic events and outbreaks. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;66(Suppl. 1):38–42.
- Jackson KA, Mahon BE, Copeland J, et al. Botulism mortality in the USA, 1975–2009. Botulinum J. 2015;3(1):6–17.
- Sobel J, Rao AK. Making the best of the evidence: toward national clinical guidelines for botulism. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;27(Suppl. 1):1–3.
- Anderson D, Kumar V, Arper D, et al. Cost savings associated with timely treatment of botulism with botulism antitoxin heptavalent product. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0224700.
- Sobel J. Diagnosis and treatment of botulism: a century later, clinical suspicion remains the cornerstone. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(12):1674–1675.
- Lain AJ, Botulism SK; 2019. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459273/
- Hatheway CH, Snyder JD, Seals JE, et al. Antitoxin levels in botulism patients treated with trivalent equine botulism antitoxin to toxin types A, B, and E. J Infect Dis. 1984;150(3):407–412.
- Lonati D, Grassi MC, Lindal Baldvinsdottir H, et al. Poison centre data on botulism: results from an EAPCCT survey. Clin Toxicol. 2019;57:453–454.
- BioSolutions. E. BAT®. Botulism antitoxin heptavalent (A, B, C, D, E, F, G)—(equine); 2013. Available from: https://www.emergentbiosolutions.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/LBL040010
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Investigational heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT) to replace licensed botulinum antitoxin AB and investigational botulinum antitoxin E. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly. 2010;59(10):299.
- Yu P, Lin N, Mahson B, et al. Safety and improvement clinical outcomes in patients treated with new equine derived heptavalent antitoxin. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(1):57–66.
- Gottlieb S, Kretsinger K, Tarkhashvili N, et al. Long-term outcomes of 217 botulism cases in Republic of Georgia. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(2):174–180.
- Wilcox P, Andolfatto G, Fairbarn M, et al. Long-term follow-up of symptoms, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and exercise performance after botulism. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;139(1):157–163.