REFERENCES
- Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Rodgers GC, Jr, Youniss J, Reid N, Rouse WG, Rembert RS, Borys D. 2003 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2004; 22: 335–404, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Schiodt FV, Rochling FA, Casey DL, Lee WM. Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1112–1117, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Bond GR, Hite LK. Population-based incidence and outcome of acetaminophen poisoning by type of ingestion. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6: 1115–1120, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Daly FF, O'Malley GF, Heard K, Bogan GM, Dart RC. Prospective evaluation of repeated supratherapeutic acetaminophen (paracetamol) ingestion. Ann Emerg Med 2004; 44: 393–398, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Bond GR, Novak JE. The human and economic cost of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Pharmacoeconomics 1995; 8: 177–181, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Benson BE, Smith CA, McKinney PE, Litovitz TL, Tandberg WD. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39: 433–438, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Bond GR, Wiegand CB, Hite LK. The difficulty of risk assessment for hepatic injury associated with supra-therapeutic acetaminophen use. Vet Hum Toxicol 2003; 45: 150–153, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Daly FF, Dart RC, Prescott LF. Accidental paracetamol overdosing and fulminant hepatic failure in children. Med J Aust 2000; 173: 558–560, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- http://www.aapcc.org/annual.htm, Annual Reports of the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS)
- Peterson RG, Rumack BH. Age as a variable in acetaminophen overdose. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 390–393, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rumack BH. Acetaminophen: acute overdose toxicity in children. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1985; 19: 911–912, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lieh-Lai MW, Sarnaik AP, Newton JF, Miceli JN, Fleischmann LE, Hook JB, Kauffman RE. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in a severely poisoned young child. J Pediatr 1984; 105: 125–128, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Kauffman RE. Drug therapeutics in the infant and child. Pediatric Pharmacology: Therapeutic Principles in Practice2nd, SJ Yaffe, JV Arnada. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1992
- Manyike PT, Kharasch ED, Kalhorn TF, Slattery JT. Contribution of CYP2E1 and CYP3A to acetaminophen reactive metabolite formation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 67: 275–282, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Thummel KE, Slattery JT, Ro H, Chien JY, Nelson SD, Lown K, Watkins PB. Ethanol and production of the hepatotoxic metabolite of acetaminophen in healthy adults. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 67: 591–599, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Prescott LF, Park J, Ballantyne A, Adriaenssens P, Proudfoot AT. Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 1977; 2: 432–434, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Smilkstein MJ, Knapp GL, Kulig KW, Rumack BH. Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985). N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1557–1562, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Shaneyfelt TM, Mayo-Smith MF, Rothwangl J. Are guidelines following guidelines? The methodological quality of clinical practice guidelines in the peer-reviewed medical literature. JAMA 1999; 281: 1900–1905, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Poisindex System, RK Klasco. Thomson Micromedex, edition expires March, Greenwood Village (CO) 2003
- 20. Brok J., Buckley N., Gluud C. Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdoses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002:CD003328
- Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning2nd, MJ Ellenhorn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1997
- Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling J, Erickson T. Clinical Toxicology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 2000
- Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies7th, LR Goldfrank, NE Flomenbaum, NA Lewin, MA Howland, RS Hoffman, LS Nelson. McGraw-Hill, New York 2002
- Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose3rd, LM Haddad, MW Shannon, JF Winchester. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1998
- Rose SR, Gorman RL, Oderda GM, Klein-Schwartz W, Watson WA. Simulated acetaminophen overdose: pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of activated charcoal. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 1064–1068, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Vance MV, Selden BS, Clark RF. Optimal patient position for transport and initial management of toxic ingestions. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: 243–246, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Douglas DR, Sholar JB, Smilkstein MJ. A pharmacokinetic comparison of acetaminophen products (Tylenol Extended Relief vs regular Tylenol). Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3: 740–744, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Stork CM, Rees S, Howland MA, Kaplan L, Goldfrank L, Hoffman RS. Pharmacokinetics of extended relief vs regular release Tylenol in simulated human overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996; 34: 157–162, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Green R, Grierson R, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39: 601–605, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rangan C, Nordt SP, Hamilton R, Ingels M, Clark RF. Treatment of acetaminophen ingestion with a superactivated charcoal-cola mixture. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 55–58, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Muller FO, van Achterbergh SM, Hundt HK. Paracetamol overdose: protective effect of concomitantly ingested antimuscarinic drugs and codeine. Hum Toxicol 1983; 2: 473–477, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Brandwene EL, Williams SR, Tunget-Johnson C, Turchen SG, Manoguerra AS, Clark RF. Refining the level for anticipated hepatotoxicity in acetaminophen poisoning. J Emerg Med 1996; 14: 691–695, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Chan TY. Factors responsible for continuing morbidity after paracetamol poisoning in Chinese patients in Hong Kong. Singapore Med J 1996; 37: 275–277, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Emby DJ, Fraser BN. Hepatotoxicity of paracetamol enhanced by ingestion of alcohol: report of two cases. S Afr Med J 1977; 51: 208–209, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Peterson RG, Rumack BH. Treating acute acetaminophen poisoning with acetylcysteine. JAMA 1977; 237: 2406–2407, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Goldfinger R, Ahmed KS, Pitchumoni CS, Weseley SA. Concomitant alcohol and drug abuse enhancing acetaminophen toxicity. Report of a case. Am J Gastroenterol 1978; 70: 385–388, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Canalese J, Gimson AE, Davis M, Williams R. Factors contributing to mortality in paracetamol-induced hepatic failure. Br Med J(Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 199–201, [CSA]
- Bray GP, Harrison PM, O'Grady JG, Tredger JM, Williams R. Long-term anticonvulsant therapy worsens outcome in paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Hum Exp Toxicol 1992; 11: 265–270, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Crippin JS. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: potentiation by isoniazid. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 590–592, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Nolan CM, Sandblom RE, Thummel KE, Slattery JT, Nelson SD. Hepatotoxicity associated with acetaminophen usage in patients receiving multiple drug therapy for tuberculosis. Chest 1994; 105: 408–411, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Whitcomb DC, Block GD. Association of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use. JAMA 1994; 272: 1845–1850, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Makin AJ, Wendon J, Williams R. A 7-year experience of severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (1987–1993). Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1907–1916, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Washio M, Inoue N. The risk factors of death from the acetaminophen poisoning with antipyretic-analgesic drugs in Japan. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 1997; 88: 352–357, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Makin A, Williams R. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity and alcohol consumption in deliberate and accidental overdose. QJM 2000; 93: 341–349, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- McCormick PA, Casey P, Barry P, Laffoy M, Treacy J. Delays in administration of acetylcysteine in paracetamol overdose. Ir Med J 2000; 93: 77–78, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Schiodt FV, Lee WM, Bondesen S, Ott P, Christensen E. Influence of acute and chronic alcohol intake on the clinical course and outcome in acetaminophen overdose. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 707–715, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Schmidt LE, Dalhoff K, Poulsen HE. Acute versus chronic alcohol consumption in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2002; 35: 876–882, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rumack BH. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the first 35 years. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 3–20, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Shnaps Y, Halkin H, Dany S, Tirosh M. Inadequacy of reported intake in assessing the potential hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen overdose. Isr J Med Sci 1980; 16: 752–755, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Read RB, Tredger JM, Williams R. Analysis of factors responsible for continuing mortality after paracetamol overdose. Hum Toxicol 1986; 5: 201–206, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Thomas SH, Horner JE, Chew K, Connolly J, Dorani B, Bevan L, Bhattacharyya S, Bramble MG, Han KH, Rodgers A, Sen B, Tesfayohannes B, Wynne H, Bateman DN. Paracetamol poisoning in the north east of England: presentation, early management and outcome. Hum Exp Toxicol 1997; 16: 495–500, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Schiodt FV, Bondesen S, Tygstrup N, Christensen E. Prediction of hepatic encephalopathy in paracetamol overdose: a prospective and validated study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 723–728, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rumack BH. Acetaminophen overdose in young children. Treatment and effects of alcohol and other additional ingestants in 417 cases. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138: 428–433, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Gee P, Ardagh M. Paediatric exploratory ingestions of paracetamol. N Z Med J 1998; 111: 186–188, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Caravati EM. Unintentional acetaminophen ingestion in children and the potential for hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38: 291–296, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- http://www.tylenol.com/products/adult, (Accessed November 27, 2004) Tylenol product label
- Gelotte C, Auiler J, Lynch J, Temple A., Bowen D. Tolerability and repeat-dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of acetaminophen (APAP) at 4, 6 and 8 g/d in healthy adults. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1)145, [CSA]
- Chalmers TM, Pohl JE, Platt DS. Evaluation in man of fenclozic acid (I.C.I. 54,450: Myalex), a new anti-inflammatory agent. I. Serum concentration studies in healthy individuals and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1969; 28: 590–594, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Grond S, Zech D, Lynch J, Diefenbach C, Schug SA, Lehmann KA. Validation of World Health Organization guidelines for pain relief in head and neck cancer. A prospective study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1993; 102: 342–348, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Schug SA, Sidebotham DA, McGuinnety M, Thomas J, Fox L. Acetaminophen as an adjunct to morphine by patient-controlled analgesia in the management of acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1998; 87: 368–372, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Dippel DW, van Breda EJ, van der Worp HB, van Gemert HM, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, Koudstaal PJ. Timing of the effect of acetaminophen on body temperature in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2003; 61: 677–679, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- McBride AJ, Meredith-Smith P. Compound opioid/paracetamol analgesics: misuse and dependence. Br J Clin Pract 1995; 49: 268–269, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Mathis RD, Walker JS, Kuhns DW. Subacute acetaminophen overdose after incremental dosing. J Emerg Med 1988; 6: 37–40, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kaysen GA, Pond SM, Roper MH, Menke DJ, Marrama MA. Combined hepatic and renal injury in alcoholics during therapeutic use of acetaminophen. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 2019–2023, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Leist MH, Gluskin LE, Payne JA. Enhanced toxicity of acetaminophen in alcoholics: report of three cases. J Clin Gastroenterol 1985; 7: 55–59, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Eriksson LS, Broome U, Kalin M, Lindholm M. Hepatotoxicity due to repeated intake of low doses of paracetamol. J Intern Med 1992; 231: 567–570, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Zimmerman HJ, Maddrey WC. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology 1995; 22: 767–773, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wrights N, Prescott LF. Potentiation by previous drug therapy of hepatotoxicity following paracetamol overdosage. Scott Med J 1973; 18: 56–58, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Smith DW, Isakson G, Frankel LR, Kerner JA, Jr. Hepatic failure following ingestion of multiple doses of acetaminophen in a young child. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1986; 5: 822–825, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- McClements BM, Hyland M, Callender ME, Blair TL. Management of paracetamol poisoning complicated by enzyme induction due to alcohol or drugs. Lancet 1990; 335: 1526, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Murphy R, Swartz R, Watkins PB. Severe acetaminophen toxicity in a patient receiving isoniazid. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 799–800, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Wang K, Huang YS, Deng JF, Yang CC, Ger J, Tsai WJ, Wu JC, Chao Y, Chang FY, Lee SD. Characteristics and risk factors of acetaminophen-induced hepatitis in Taiwan. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1999; 62: 369–375, [CSA]
- Zhao P, Slattery JT. Effects of ethanol dose and ethanol withdrawal on rat liver mitochondrial glutathione: implication of potentiated acetaminophen toxicity in alcoholics. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30: 1413–1417, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kuffner EK, Dart RC, Bogdan GM, Hill RE, Casper E, Darton L. Effect of maximal daily doses of acetaminophen on the liver of alcoholic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2247–2252, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Benson GD. Acetaminophen in chronic liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 33: 95–101, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Dart RC, Kuffner EK, Rumack BH. Treatment of pain or fever with paracetamol (acetaminophen) in the alcoholic patient: a systematic review. Am J Therap 2000; 7: 123–134, [CSA]
- Hartnell GG, Cowan RA, Baird IM. Ethanol in paracetamol poisoning. Lancet 1983; 2: 617–618, [CSA]
- Mitchell MC, Schenker S, Speeg KV, Jr. Selective inhibition of acetaminophen oxidation and toxicity by cimetidine and other histamine H2-receptor antagonists in vivo and in vitro in the rat and in man. J Clin Invest 1984; 73: 383–391, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Bond GR, Krenzelok EP, Normann SA, Tendler JD, Morris-Kukoski CL, McCoy DJ, Thompson MW, McCarthy T, Roblez J, Taylor C, Dolan MA, Requa RK, Curry SC. Acetaminophen ingestion in childhood—cost and relative risk of alternative referral strategies. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1994; 32: 513–525, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Mohler CR, Nordt SP, Williams SR, Manoguerra AS, Clark RF. Prospective evaluation of mild to moderate pediatric acetaminophen exposures. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 35: 239–244, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Anderson BJ, Holford NH, Armishaw JC, Aicken R. Predicting concentrations in children presenting with acetaminophen overdose. J Pediatr 1999; 135: 290–295, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Alander SW, Dowd MD, Bratton SL, Kearns GL. Pediatric acetaminophen overdose: risk factors associated with hepatocellular injury. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000; 154: 346–350, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- James LP, Wells E, Beard RH, Farrar HC. Predictors of outcome after acetaminophen poisoning in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2002; 140: 522–526, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Patel F. Med Sci Law 1992; 32: 303–310, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lorentzen H, Glenthoj J, Olesen T. N-acetylcysteine overdosage after insignificant acetaminophen intake. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91: 984–985, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Blake KV, Bailey D, Zientek GM, Hendeles L. Death of a child associated with multiple overdoses of acetaminophen. Clin Pharm 1988; 7: 391–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Henretig FM, Selbst SM, Forrest C, Kearney TK, Orel H, Werner S, Williams TA. Repeated acetaminophen overdosing. Causing hepatotoxicity in children. Clinical reports and literature review. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1989; 28: 525–528, [CSA]
- Luria JW, Ruddy R, Stephan M. Acute hepatic failure related to chronic acetaminophen intoxication. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996; 12: 291–293, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Heubi JE, Barbacci MB, Zimmerman HJ. Therapeutic misadventures with acetaminophen: hepatoxicity after multiple doses in children. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 22–27, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Miles FK, Kamath R, Dorney SF, Gaskin KJ, O'Loughlin EV. Accidental paracetamol overdosing and fulminant hepatic failure in children. Med J Aust 1999; 171: 472–475, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Alonso EM, Sokol RJ, Hart J, Tyson RW, Narkewicz MR, Whitington PF. Fulminant hepatitis associated with centrilobular hepatic necrosis in young children. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 888–894, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Lesko SM, Mitchell AA. An assessment of the safety of pediatric ibuprofen. A practitioner-based randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1995; 273: 929–933, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Penna AC, Dawson KP, Penna CM. J Paediatr Child Health 1993; 29: 104–106, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Schnaiderman D, Lahat E, Sheefer T, Aladjem M. Antipyretic effectiveness of acetaminophen in febrile seizures: ongoing prophylaxis versus sporadic usage. Eur J Pediatr 1993; 152: 747–749, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Helgadottir HL. Pain management practices in children after surgery. J Pediatr Nurs 2000; 15: 334–340, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kozer E, Barr J, Bulkowstein M, Avgil M, Greenberg R, Matias A, Petrov I, Berkovitch M. A prospective study of multiple supratherapeutic acetaminophen doses in febrile children. Vet Hum Toxicol 2002; 44: 106–109, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Underhill TJ, Greene MK, Dove AF. A comparison of the efficacy of gastric lavage, ipecacuanha and activated charcoal in the emergency management of paracetamol overdose. Arch Emerg Med 1990; 7: 148–154, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Saincher A, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. Efficacy of ipecac during the first hour after drug ingestion in human volunteers. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35: 609–615, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- McNamara RM, Aaron CK, Gemborys M, Davidheiser S. Efficacy of charcoal cathartic versus ipecac in reducing serum acetaminophen in a simulated overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 934–938, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Gazzard BG, Widdop B, Davis M, Hughes RD, Goulding R, Williams R. Early prediction of the outcome of a paracetamol overdose based on an analysis of 163 patients. Postgrad Med J 1977; 53: 243–247, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Amitai Y, Mitchell AA, McGuigan MA, Lovejoy FH, Jr. Ipecac-induced emesis and reduction of plasma concentrations of drugs following accidental overdose in children. Pediatrics 1987; 80: 364–367, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- McNamara RM, Aaron CK, Gemborys M, Davidheiser S. Sorbitol catharsis does not enhance efficacy of charcoal in a simulated acetaminophen overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: 243–246, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yeates PJ, Thomas SH. Effectiveness of delayed activated charcoal administration in simulated paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49: 11–14, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Christophersen AB, Levin D, Hoegberg LC, Angelo HR, Kampmann JP. Activated charcoal alone or after gastric lavage: a simulated large paracetamol intoxication. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53: 312–317, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Chamberlain JM, Gorman RL, Oderda GM, Klein-Schwartz W, Klein BL. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 1398–1402, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Dordoni B, Willson RA, Thompson RP, Williams R. Reduction of absorption of paracetamol by activated charcoal and cholestyramine: a possible therapeutic measure. Br Med J 1973; 3: 86–87, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Levy G, Houston JB. Effect of activated charcoal on acetaminophen absorption. Pediatrics 1976; 58: 432–435, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Spiller HA, Krenzelok EP, Grande GA, Safir EF, Diamond JJ. A prospective evaluation of the effect of activated charcoal before oral N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23: 519–523, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Buckley NA, Whyte IM, O'Connell DL, Dawson AH. Activated charcoal reduces the need for N-acetylcysteine treatment after acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 37: 753–757, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hassig SR, Linscheer WG, Murthy UK, Miller C, Banerjee A, Levine L, Wagner K, Oates RP. Effects of PEG-electrolyte (Colyte) lavage on serum acetaminophen concentrations. A model for treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1395–1401, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Chinouth RW, Czajka PA, Peterson RG. N-Acetylcysteine adsorption by activated charcoal. Vet Hum Toxicol 1980; 22: 392–394, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Ekins BR, Ford DC, Thompson MI, Bridges RR, Rollins DE, Jenkins RD. The effect of activated charcoal on N-acetylcysteine absorption in normal subjects. Am J Emerg Med 1987; 5: 483–487, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Smilkstein MJ. A new loading dose for N-acetylcysteine? The answer is no. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24: 538–539, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Jackson JE. Cimetidine protects against acetaminophen toxicity. Life Sci 1982; 31: 31–35, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kadri AZ, Fisher R, Winterton MC. Cimetidine and paracetamol hepatotoxicity. Hum Toxicol 1988; 7: 205, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Burkhart KK, Janco N, Kulig KW, Rumack BH. Cimetidine as adjunctive treatment for acetaminophen overdose. Hum Exp Toxicol 1995; 14: 299–304, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Rolband GC, Marcuard SP. Cimetidine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13: 79–82, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Hamlyn AN, Lesna M, Record CO, Smith PA, Watson AJ, Meredith T, Volans GN, Crome P. Methionine and cysteamine in paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, prospective controlled trial of early therapy. J Int Med Res 1981; 9: 226–231, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Dean BS, Bricker JD, Krenzelok EP. Vet Hum Toxicol 1996; 38: 222–224, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Gyamlani GG, Parikh CR. Acetaminophen toxicity: suicidal vs.accidental. Critical Care (London) 2002; 6: 155–159, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Gow PJ, Smallwood RA, Angus PW. Paracetamol overdose in a liver transplantation centre: an 8-year experience. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14: 817–821, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Prescott LF, Illingworth RN, Critchley J, Stewart MJ, Adam RD, Proudfoot AT. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine: treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J 1979; 2: 1097–1100, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Bray GP, Mowat C, Muir DF, Tredger JM, Williams R. The effect of chronic alcohol intake on prognosis and outcome in paracetamol overdose. Hum Exp Toxicol 1991; 10: 435–438, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Johnston SC, Pelletier LL, Jr. Enhanced hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in the alcoholic patient. Two case reports and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76: 185–191, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Graudins A, Aaron CK, Linden CH. Overdose of extended-release acetaminophen. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 196, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Bizovi KE, Aks SE, Paloucek F, Gross R, Keys N, Rivas J. Late increase in acetaminophen concentration after overdose of Tylenol Extended Relief. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 28: 549–551, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Vassallo S, Khan AN, Howland MA. Use of the Rumack-Matthew nomogram in cases of extended release acetaminophen toxicity. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 940, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Cetaruk EW, Dart RC, Hurlbut KM, Horowitz RS, Shih R. Tylenol Extended Relief overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30: 104–108, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Ho SY, Arellano M, Zolkowski-Wynne J. Delayed increase in acetaminophen concentration after Tylenol PM overdose. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17: 315–317, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Bond GR. The role of activated charcoal and gastric emptying in gastrointestinal decontamination: a state-of-the-art review. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 39: 273–286, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]