Toxicity of two North American Loxosceles (brown recluse spiders) venoms and their neutralization by antivenoms

References

• Buchler W. Spiders. Venomous animals and their Venoms, W Buchler, E Buckley. Academic Press, New York 1971; III: 197–277, Venomous Invertebrates
   Google Scholar
• Isbister GK, White J. Clinical consequences of spider bites: Recent advances in our understanding. Toxicon 2004; 43: 477–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Saúde. Fundacaó Nacional de Saúde. Manual de Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Acidentes por Animais Peçonhentos. Ministerio de Saúde, Fundação Nacional de Saúde, Brasilia 1999; 57–61
   Google Scholar
• Zavaleta Martínez-Vargas A. Loxoscelismo, un problema de salud en el Perú. Bol Of Sanit Panam 1987; 103: 378–386
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White J, Cardoso JL, Fan HW. Clinical Toxicology of spiders' bites. Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. CRS Press, Boca Raton, FL 1995; 261–329
   Google Scholar
• da Silva PH, da Silveira RB, Appel MH, Mangili OC, Gremski W, Veiga SS. Brown spiders and Loxoscelism. Toxicon 2004; 44: 693–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siqueira Franca FO. Accidents by Loxosceles. Mem Inst Butantan 1990; 52: 63–64
   Google Scholar
• Babcock JL, Civello DJ, Geren CR. Purification and characterization of a toxin from brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom gland extracts. Toxicon 1981; 19: 677–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CW, Micks DW. A comparative study of the venom and other components of three species of Loxosceles. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1968; 17: 651–656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siqueira Franca FO, Barbaro KC, Abdulkader RCRM. Rhabdomyolisis in presumed viscerocutaneous loxocelism: report of two cases. Pirenopolis, Brazil: VII Simposio da Sociedade Brasileira de Toxinologia 2002; 130
   Google Scholar
• de Roodt AR, Salomón OD, Lloveras S, Orduna TA. Poisoning by Loxoscelesspiders in Argentina. Medicina (Buenos Aires) 2001; 62: 83–94
   Google Scholar
• Tambourgi DV, Magnoli FC, Von Eickstedt VR, Benedetti ZC, Petricevich VL, da Silva WD. Incorporation of a 35-kilodalton purified protein from Loxosceles, intermediaspider venom transforms human erythrocytes into activators of autologous complement alternative pathway. J Immunol 1995; 155: 4459–4466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tambourgi DV, Magnoli FC, van den Berg CW, Morgan BP, de Araujo PS, Alves EW, Da Silva WD. Sphingomyelinases in the venom of the spider Loxosceles intermediaare responsible for both dermonecrosis and complement-dependent hemolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 251: 366–373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tambourgi DV, Morgan BP, de Andrade MRG, Magnoli FC, van den Berg C. Loxosceles intermediaspider envenomation induces activation of an endogenous metalloproteinase resulting in cleavage of glycophorins from the erythrocyte surface and facilitating complement-mediated lysis. Blood 2000; 95: 683–691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tambourgi DV, Petrievich VL, Magnoli FC, Assaf SL, Jancar S, Dias Da Silva W. Endotoxemic-like shock induced by Loxoscelesspider venoms: Pathological changes and putative cytokine mediators. Toxicon 1998; 36: 391–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbaro KC, Costa Cardoso JL. Mecanismo de Acao do Veneno de Loxoscelese Aspectos Clínicos do Loxoscelismo. Costa Cardoso JL, De Siquiera Franca FO. Animais Peconhentos no Brasil. Biología, Clínica e Terapéutica dos Accidentes, FH Wen, CM Sant´ana Málaque, V Hadad, Jr. Sarvier-FAPESP, Sao Paulo 2003; 160–174
   Google Scholar
• Barbaro KC, von Eickstedt VRD, Mota I. Antigenic cross-reactivity of venoms from medically important Loxosceles(Aranae) species in Brazil. Toxicon 1994; 32: 687–693
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbaro KC, Ferreira ML, Cardoso DF, von Eickstedt VRD, Mota I. Identification and neutralization of biological activities in the venoms of Loxoscelesspiders. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996; 29: 1491–1497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalante-Galindo P, Montoya-Cabrera MA, Terroba-Larios VM, Nava-Juarez AR, Escalante-Flores I. Local dermonecrotic loxoscelism in children bitten by the spider Loxosceles reclusa(the “violin” spider). Gac Med Mex. 1999; 135: 423–426
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sams HH, Hearth SB, Long LL, Wilson DC, Sanders DH, King LE, Jr. Nineteen documented cases of Loxosceles reclusaenvenomation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: 603–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetter RS, Barger DK. An infestation of 2,055 brown recluse spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) and no envenomations in a Kansas home: implications for bite diagnoses in non endemic areas. J Med Entomol 2002; 39: 948–951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson DC, King LE, Jr. Spiders and spider bites. Dermatol Clin 1990; 8: 277–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertsch WJ, Ennik F. The spider Genus Loxoscelesin North America, Central America and the West Indies (Araneae, Loxoscelidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1983; 175: 264–360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Cerrillo B, Olvera A, Odell GV, Zamudio F, Paniagua-Solis J, Alagon A, Stock RP. Genetic and enzymatic characterization of sphingomyelinase D isoforms from the North American fiddleback spiders Loxosceles bonetiand Loxosceles, reclusa. Toxicon 2004; 44: 507–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Villegas M del C, López de Silanes J. Use of a recombinant antivenoms for local loxoscelism. Acta Toxicológica Argentina 2005; 13(suppl)11–12
   Google Scholar
• Isbister GK, Graudins A, White J, Warrell D. Antivenom treatment in arachnidism. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003; 41: 291–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babcok JL, Suber RL, Frith CH, Geren CR. Systemic effect in mice of venom apparatus extract and toxin from the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa). Toxicon 1981; 19: 463–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geren CR, Chan TK, Howell DR, Odell GV. Isolation and characterization of toxins from brown recluse spider venom (Loxosceles reclusa). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1976; 174: 90–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford MM. A rapid sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72: 248–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head bacteriophage T4. Nature 1970; 227: 680–685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comission of Life Sciences. Guía para el Cuidado y Uso de los Animales de Laboratorio. Mexican Academy of Sciences, C Lomelí, Mexico 2002
   Google Scholar
• Barretto Cicarelli RM, Siles Villarroel M, Zelante F. Avalicao da actividade toxica do veneno de Loxosceles gauchoem termos de DL50e titulacáo do antiveneno em camundongos. Mem Inst Butantan 1983/84; 47/48: 45–53
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Progress in the Characterization of Venoms and Standarization of Antivenoms. Offset Publication, WHO, Geneva 1981; 23–24
   Google Scholar
• Theakston RDG, Reid HA. Development of simple standard assay procedures for the characterization of snake venoms. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1983; 61: 949–956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen PA. The preparation and purification of antivenin. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 1966; 22: 245–250
   Google Scholar
• Theakston RDG, Lloyd-Jones MJ, Reid HA. Micro-ELISA for detecting and assaying snake venom and venom-antibody. Lancet 1977; 24: 639–641
   Google Scholar
• Siles Villarroel MS, Zelante F, Furlanetto RS, Rolim Rosa R. Contribucao ao estudo imunoquímico de venenos botrópicos III. Analise dos componentes antigénicos comuns a traves da dupla difusao e imunoelectroforese en gel de agar. Mem Inst Butantan 1976/77; 40/41: 241–250
   Google Scholar
• de Roodt AR, Litwin S, Dokmetjian JC, Vidal JC. A reduced immunization scheme to obtain an experimental anti-Loxosceles laeta(“violinist spider”) venom. J Natural Toxins 2002; 11: 193–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Roodt AR, Gould I, Manzanelli VM. Corporal measures of Loxosceles laetaand Kukulcania(Filistata) sp. from the province of Buenos Aires. Acta Toxicológica Argentina 2005; 13(suppl)117–118
   Google Scholar
• Gómez HF, Miller MJ, Waggener MW, Lankford HA, Warren JS. Antigenic cross-reactivity of venoms from medically important North American Loxoscelesspider species. Toxicon 2001; 39: 817–824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estévez J, Dolab JA, Ramos-Cerrillo B, Olvera A, Paniagua-Solis JF, Magaña P, Litwin S, Salas M, Zavaleta A, Alagón A, de Roodt AR. Toxicity and Immunological Reactivity of Two North American Loxosceles(“Brown Spider”) venoms. VIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Toxinologia / VIII Symposium of the Pan American Section of the International Society on Toxinology, Angras dos Reis 2004; 19–23
   Google Scholar
• Barbaro KC. Biological, immunochemical and biochemical characterization of venoms of spiders of the genus Loxosceles. J Venom Anim Toxins 1997; 3: 53, Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Barbaro KC, Knysak I, Martins R, Hogan C, Winkel K. Enzymatic characterization, antigenic cross reactivity and neutralization of dermonecrotic activity of five Loxoscelesspider venoms of medical importance in the Americas. Toxicon 2005; 45: 489–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tambourgi DV, Pedrosa MM, Van Den Berg CW, Goncalves-De-Andrade RM, Ferracini M, Paixao-Cavalcante D, Morgan BP, Rushmere NK. Molecular cloning, expression, function and immunoreactivities of members of a gene family of sphingomyelinases from Loxoscelesvenom glands. Mol Immunol 2004; 41: 831–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira KC, Goncalvez de Andrade RM, Piazza RM, Ferreira JM, van den Berg CW, Tambourgi DV. Variations in Loxoscelesspider venom composition and toxicity contribute to the severity of envenomation. Toxicon 2005; 45: 421–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Roodt AR, Estevez J, Litwin S, Dokmetjian JC, Paniagua J. Some toxic and immunologic studies on Loxoscelesvenom gland homogenates from spiders of South America and North America. 6th Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins and 11thAnnual Scientific Meeting of the Australasian College of Tropical Medicine, Cairns, 2002; 142
   Google Scholar
• Bravo M, Oviedo I, Farias P, Schenone H. Study of anti-loxosceles serum action on hemolytic and ulcero-necrotic cutaneous effects of Loxosceles laeta venom. Rev Med Chil. 1994; 122: 625–629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenone H, Saavedra T, Rojas A, Villarroel F. Loxoscelismo en Chile. Estudios epidemiológicos, clínicos y experimentales. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1989; 31: 403–415
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martino O, Mathet H, Masini RD, Ibarra Grasso A, Thompson R, Gondell C, Bosch J. Emponzoñamiento humano provocado por venenos de origen animal. Secretaría de Salud de la República Argentina 1979; 19–67
   Google Scholar
• Martino O, Orduna T. Patología cutánea ponzoñosa e infecciosa provocada por agresiones de animales. Centro Municipal de Patologías Regionales Argentinas (CEMPRA). Buenos Aires 1995
   Google Scholar
• Torres JB, Marques M, Nicolella A, Severo Kluwe LH. Loxosceles. Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, A Nicolella, E Barros, JB Torres, M Marques, Porto Alegre 1997; 127–129, Acidentes com Animais Peçonhentos. Consulta rápida
   Google Scholar
• Zavaleta-Martínez Vargas A, Salas-Arruz M. Suero Antiloxoscélico Monovalente Heterólogo (Equino). Zavaleta-Martínez Vargas A, Farmacología de venenos y antivenenos de serpiente. Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Serie de Documentos N° 6, M Salas-Arruz, C Cabezas-Sánchez, J Chang-Neyra, C Carrillo-Parodi, Lima 1998; 117–121
   Google Scholar
• Sanabria H, Zavaleta A. Panorama epidemiológico del Loxoscelismo en el Perú. Revista de Medicina Experimental 1997; 14: 33–40
   Google Scholar
• Gómez HF, Miller MJ, Warren JS. Intradermal anti-LoxoscelesFab fragments attenuate dermonecrotic arachnidism. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6: 107–114
   Google Scholar
• Guilherme P, Fernandes I, Barbaro KC. Neutralization of dermonecrotic and lethal activities and differences among 32–35 kDa toxins of medically important Loxoscelesspider venoms in Brazil revealed by monoclonal antibodies. Toxicon 2001; 39: 1333–1342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braz A, Minozzo J, Abreu JC, Gubert IC, Chávez–Olórtegui C. Development and evaluation of the neutralizing capacity of horse antivenom against the Brazilian spider Loxosceles, intermedia. Toxicon 1999; 37: 1323–1328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grisolía CA, Stanchi NO, Francini F, Castro ES. Actividad de los Centros Antiponzoñosos. Primeros 20 años: 1975–1994. Provincia de Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Salud 1996; 33–37
   Google Scholar
• Ramos-Cerrillo BM. Producción, evaluación y caracterización de los inmunógenos recombinantes de las esfingomielinasas de L. boneti, L. reclusay L. laeta. 2005, Master in Science Degree Thesis, Institute of Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Mexico,
   Google Scholar