Hemodynamic effects of methadone and dihydrocodeine in overdose

References

• Afshari R. Descriptive epidemiology of intoxication in Mashhad, Iran. Thesis/Dissertation, Health Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2001; 56–111
   Google Scholar
• Afshari R, Majdzadeh R, Balali-Mood M. Pattern of acute poisoning in Mashhad, Iran 1993–2000. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42: 965–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoens S, Matheson C, Inkster K, Ludbrook A, Bond C. The effectiveness of treatment for opiate dependent drug users: An international systematic review of the evidence. Effective Interventions Unit, Substance Misuse Division; Scottish Executive 2002; 17–8
   Google Scholar
• Afshari R. The cardiovascular effects of opioid analgesics: Studies on the role of opioid and non-opioid receptors in man. Thesis/Dissertation, The University of Edinburgh, UK 2005; 1–257
   Google Scholar
• Gomes C, Svensson TH, Trolin G. Effects of morphine on central catecholamine turnover, blood pressure and heart rate in the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1976; 294: 141–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayaalp SO, Kaymakcalan S. A comparative study of the effects of morphine in unanaesthetized and anaesthetized cats. Br J Pharmacol 1966; 26: 196–204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitsen JM, Van Ree JM, De Jong W. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of beta-endorphin in anesthetized and conscious rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1982; 4: 883–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatner SF, Marsh JD, Swain JA. Effects of morphine on coronary and left ventricular dynamics in conscious dogs. J Clin Invest 1975; 55(2)207–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mildh LH, Tuomisto LM, Scheinin M, Kirvela OA. Morphine-induced cardiovascular stimulation: The effects of two doses on healthy subjects. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 51–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahmy NR, Sunder N, Soter NA. Role of histamine in the hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to morphine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 33(5)615–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenstein E, Hallowell P, Levine FH, Daggett WM, Austen WG, Laver MB. Cardiovascular response to large doses of intravenous morphine in man. N Engl J Med 1969; 281: 1389–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio G, Alguacil LF, Alamo C, Lopez-Munoz F, Pascual J, Lopez-Trabada JR. Cardiovascular parameters of heroin-withdrawn addicts treated with guanfacine. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1997; 19: 189–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio G, Alguacil LF, Alamo C, Pascual J, Lopez-Trabada JR. Relapse to opiate use provokes biphasic changes of blood pressure in heroin-withdrawn addicts treated with clonidine. Drug Alcohol Depend 1992; 30: 193–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cathelin M, Vignes R, Malki A, Viars P. Comparison between the side-effects of fentanyl and morphine in conscious man (author's transl). Anesth Analg (Paris) 1980; 37: 265–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosow CE, Moss J, Philbin DM, Savarese JJ. Histamine release during morphine and fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1982; 56: 93–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whipple JK, Quebbeman EJ, Lewis KS, Gottlieb MS, Ausman RK. Difficulties in diagnosing narcotic overdoses in hospitalized patients. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28: 446–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenton SR, Hargreaves KM. Should we conduct a trial of distributing naloxone to heroin users for peer administration to prevent fatal overdose?. Med J Aust 2000; 173: 260–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie IS, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR. Assessment of arterial stiffness in clinical practice. QJM 2002; 95: 67–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el Sharkawy TY, al Shireida MF, Pilcher CW. Vascular effects of some opioid receptor agonists. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991; 69: 846–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patschke D, Eberlein HJ, Hess W, Oser G, Tarnow J, Zimmermann G. Effect of high dosages of morphine and meperidine on haemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption in comparison to fentanyl and piritramide (author's transl). Anaesthesist 1977; 26(5)239–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols WW, O'Rourke MF. McDonald's blood flow in arteries: Theoretical, experimental and clinical principles. Arnold, London 1998
   Google Scholar
• Medley TL, Cole TJ, Gatzka CD, Wang WY, Dart AM, Kingwell BA. Fibrillin-1 genotype is associated with aortic stiffness and disease severity in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2002; 105: 810–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajemi M, Labat C, Gautier S, Lacolley P, Safar M, Asmar R, Cambien F, Benatos A. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-153A/G and 1166A/C gene polymorphisms and increase in aortic stiffness with age in hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 407–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajemi M, Gautier S, Poirier O, Baguet JP, Mimran A, Gosse P, Hanon D, Labat C, Cambien F, Benetos A. Endothelin gene variants and aortic and cardiac structure in never-treated hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 755–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson IB, Franklin SS, Hall IR, Tyrrell S, Cockcroft JR. Pressure amplification explains why pulse pressure is unrelated to risk in young subjects. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1461–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganong WF. Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms. Review of Medical Physiology20th, J Foltin, I Nogueira, J Ransom, LA Sheinis. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York 2001; 574–87
   Google Scholar
• Ishimura N, Kitaguchi K, Tatsumi K, Furuya H. Nitric oxide involvement in hypoxic dilation of pial arteries in the cat. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: 1350–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstead WM. Opioids and nitric oxide contribute to hypoxia-induced pial arterial vasodilation in newborn pigs. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: H226–H232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilderman MJ, Armstead WM. Relationship between nitric oxide and opioids in hypoxia-induced pial artery vasodilation. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: H869–H874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afifi MS, Glass PS, Cohen NA, Shook JE, Camporesi EM. Depression of ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia after pentamorphone. Anesth Analg 1990; 71: 377–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Bickel WK, Huddleston J, Tzanis E, Badger GJ. A comparison of subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of a novel muscarinic analgesic, LY297802 tartrate, and oral morphine in occasional drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998; 50: 129–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey PL, Rhondeau S, Schafer PG, Lu JK, Timmins BS, Foster W, Pace NL, Stanley TH. Dose-response pharmacology of intrathecal morphine in human volunteers. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 49–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leino K, Mildh L, Lertola K, Seppala T, Kirvela O. Time course of changes in breathing pattern in morphine- and oxycodone-induced respiratory depression. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 835–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollery C. Therapeutic drugs. Churchill Livingstone, EdinburghScotland 1991; 1 & 2
   Google Scholar
• Rowell FJ, Seymour RA, Rawlins MD. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral dihydrocodeine and its acid metabolites. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 25: 419–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewanowitsch T, White JM, Irvine RJ. Use of radiotelemetry to evaluate respiratory depression produced by chronic methadone administration. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 484: 303–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell TB, Dyer KR, Newcombe D, Salter A, Somogyi AA, Bochner F, White JM. Subjective and physiological responses among racemic-methadone maintenance patients in relation to relative (S)- vs. (R)-methadone exposure. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 58: 609–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby ET, Bryson GL, Elliott RD, Gverzdys C. Epidural sufentanil does not attenuate the central haemodynamic effects of caesarean section performed under epidural anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41: 192–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murat I, Levron JC, Berg A, Saint-Maurice C. Effects of fentanyl on baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate in newborn infants. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 717–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar