Treatment of experimental verapamil poisoning with levosimendan utilizing a rodent model of drug toxicity

References

• Buckley CD, Aronson JK. Prolonged half-life of verapamil in a case of overdose: Implications for therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 39(6)680–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley N, Dawson AH, Howarth D, Whyte IM. Slow-release verapamil poisoning. Use of polyethylene glycol whole-bowel lavage and high-dose calcium. Med J Aust 1993; 158(3)202–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrow PM, Houston PL, Wong DT. Overdose of sustained-release verapamil. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72(3)361–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWitt CR, Waksman JC. Pharmacology, pathophysiology and management of calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker toxicity. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23(4)223–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuan TH, Kerns WP, II, Tomaszewski CA, Ford MD, Kline JA. Insulin-glucose as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 37(4)463–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorim S, Dias P, Rocha G, Gama G, de Campos M, Pires S. Poisoning with calcium channel blockers—a case report and review of the literature. Rev Port Cardiol 2001; 20(12)1249–57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luscher TF, Noll G, Sturmer T, Huser B, Wenk M. Calcium gluconate in severe verapamil intoxication. N Engl J Med 1994; 330(10)718–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sztajnkrycer MD, Bond GR, Johnson SB, Weaver AL. Use of vasopressin in a canine model of severe verapamil poisoning: A preliminary descriptive study. Acad Emerg Med 2004; 11(12)1253–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard DC, Jr. Glucagon for reaction to combined calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker use. J Emerg Nurs 1996; 22(3)173–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stone CK, Thomas SH, Koury SI, Low RB. Glucagon and phenylephrine combination vs. glucagon alone in experimental verapamil overdose. Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3(2)120–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf LR, Spadafora MP, Otten EJ. Use of amrinone and glucagon in a case of calcium channel blocker overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22(7)1225–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megarbane B, Karyo S, Baud FJ. The role of insulin and glucose (hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia) therapy in acute calcium channel antagonist and beta-blocker poisoning. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23(4)215–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magdalan J. New treatment methods in verapamil poisoning: experimental studies. Pol J Pharmacol 2003; 55(3)425–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magdalan J, Kochman K, Antonczyk A, Przewlocki M, Smolarek M. Successful treatment by 4--aminopyridine of three cases of severe verapamil poisoning. Przegl Lek 2003; 60(4)271–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehtonen L. Levosimendan: A calcium-sensitizing agent for the treatment of patients with decompensated heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2004; 1(3)136–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehtonen LA, Antila S, Pentikainen PJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous inotropic agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43(3)187–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtonen LA. Levosimendan: a parenteral calcium-sensitising drug with additional vasodilatory properties. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10(5)955–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Weil MH, Sun S, Cammarata G, Cao L, Tang W. Levosimendan improves postresuscitation outcomes in a rat model of CPR. J Lab Clin Med 2005; 146(5)256–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang L, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Wang J. Comparison between dobutamine and levosimendan for management of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2005; 33(3)487–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buelke-Sam J, Holson JF, Bazare JJ, Young JF. Comparative stability of physiological parameters during sustained anesthesia in rats. Lab Animal Sci 1978; 28(2)157–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato T, Isoyama T, Tanaka J, Jones RT, Cowley RA, Trump BF. The pathophysiology of septic shock: Changes in hemodynamics in rats following live E coli injection. An application of the thermodilution method for measurement of cardiac output.. Adv Shock Res 1982; 7: 25–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller B, Mannesmann G. Measurement of cardiac output by the thermodilution method in rats. II. Simultaneous measurement of cardiac output and blood pressure in conscious rats. J Pharmacol Methods 1981; 5(1)29–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill MA, Larkins RG. Alterations in distribution of cardiac output in experimental diabetes in rats. Am J Physiol 1989; 257(2 Part 2)H571–H80
   Google Scholar
• Erhardt L. An emerging role for calcium sensitisation in the treatment of heart failure. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14(6)659–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachibana H, Cheng HJ, Ukai T, Tachibana H, Cheng HJ, Ukai J, Igawa A, Zhang ZS, Little WC, Cheng CD. Levosimendan improves LV systolic and diastolic performance at rest and during exercise after heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288(2)H914–22
   Google Scholar
• Howarth DM, Dawson AH, Smith AJ, Buckley N, Whyte IM. Calcium channel blocking drug overdose: An Australian series. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13(3)161–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pataricza J, Krassoi I, Hohn J, Kun A, Papp JG. Functional role of potassium channels in the vasodilating mechanism of levosimendan in porcine isolated coronary artery. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2003; 17(2)115–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar