Nicotinic plant poisoning

References

• Cromwell BT. The separation, micro-estimation and distribution of the alkaloids of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Biochem J 1956; 64:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López TA, Cid MS, Bianchini ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review. Toxicon 1999; 37:841–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbairn JW, Challen SB. The alkaloids of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Distribution in relation to the development of the fruit. Biochem J 1959; 72:556–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leete E, Adityach N. Biosynthesis of hemlock alkaloids. 2. Conversion of gamma-coniceine to coniine and psi-conhydrine. Phytochemistry 1967; 6:219–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetter J. Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1373–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Becket G, Beasley DM. Poisoning due to water hemlock. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:270–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows GE, Tyrl RJ. Toxic Plants of North America. Ames, IA: Iowa State Press; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Steenkamp PA, van Heerden FR, van Wyk BE. Accidental fatal poisoning by Nicotiana glauca: identification of anabasine by high performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array/mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2002 127:208–217.
   Google Scholar
• Sims DN, James R, Christensen T. Another death due to ingestion of Nicotiana glauca. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44:447–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehlbach SH, Perry LD, Williams WA, Freeman JI, Langone JJ, Peta LV, Vanvunakis H. Nicotine absorption by workers harvesting green tobacco. Lancet 1975; 1:478–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huxley AJ, Griffiths M. The Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. London: MacMillan Press; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Everist SL. Poisonous Plants of Australia. Sydney: Angus & Robertson Publishers; 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Curwin BD, Hein MJ, Sanderson WT, Nishioka MG, Buhler W. Nicotine exposure and decontamination on tobacco harvesters’ hands. Ann Occup Hyg 2005; 49:407–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohne D, Pfander HJ. Poisonous Plants. 2nd ed. London: Mason Publishing Ltd; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Etter JF. Cytisine for smoking cessation – a literature review and a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:1553–1559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott CC, Chen KK. The pharmacological action of n-methylcytisine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1943; 79:334–339.
   Google Scholar
• Ganzera M, Dharmaratne HRW, Nanayakkara NPD, Khan IA. Determination of saponins and alkaloids in Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh) by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection. Phytochem Anal 2003; 14:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betz JM, Andrzejewski D, Troy A, Casey RE, Obermeyer WR, Page SW, Woldemariam TZ. Gas chromatographic determination of toxic quinolizidine alkaloids in blue cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Phytochem Anal 1998; 9:232–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woldemariam TZ, Betz JM, Houghton PJ. Analysis of aporphine and quinolizidine alkaloids from Caulophyllum thalictroides by densitometry and HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 15:839–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hukkanen J, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:79–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson CK. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nicotine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987; 12:30–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoguerra AS, Freeman D. Acute poisoning from the ingestion of Nicotiana glauca. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1982; 19:861–864.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell RG. Laburnum poisoning in children; report on ten cases. Lancet 1951; 2:57–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frank BS, Michelson WB, Panter KE, Gardner DR. Ingestion of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). West J Med 1995; 163:573–574.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersson G, Hansson E, Schmiter CG. Gastric excretion of C14-nicotine. Experientia 1965; 21:211–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benowitz NL. Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette-smoking and nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1318–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reavill C, Walther B, Stolerman IP, Testa B. Behavioral and pharmacokinetic studies on nicotine, cytisine and lobeline. Neuropharmacology 1990; 29:619–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luck W, Nau H, Hansen R, Steldinger R. Extent of nicotine and cotinine transfer to the human-fetus, placenta and amniotic-fluid of smoking mothers. Dev Pharmacol Ther 1985; 8:384–395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luck W, Nau H. Nicotine and cotinine concentrations in serum and milk of nursing smokers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 18:9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob P, Yu L, Shulgin AT, Benowitz NL. Minor tobacco alkaloids as biomarkers for tobacco use: comparison of users of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars, and pipes. Am J Public Health 1999; 89:731–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett AH, Jenner P, Gorrod JW. Possible relation between Pka1 and lipid solubility and amounts excreted in urine of some tobacco alkaloids given to man. J Pharm Pharmacol 1972; 24:115–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg J, Benowitz NL, Jacob P, Wilson KM. Disposition kinetics and effects of intravenous nicotine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28:517–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benowitz NL. Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 49:57–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zevin S, Gourlay SG, Benowitz NL. Clinical pharmacology of nicotine. Clin Dermatol 1998; 16:557–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlin A. Structure of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1993; 3:299–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clancy C, Klein-Schwartz W. Plants: central nervous system toxicity. In: Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling LJ, Erickson T, eds. Clinical Toxicology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Dani JA, Bertrand D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms of the central nervous system. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 47:699–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGehee DS, Role LW. Physiological diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine-receptors expressed by vertebrate neurons. Annu Rev Physiol 1995; 57:521–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benowitz NL, Gourlay SG. Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: implications for nicotine replacement therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29:1422–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balfour DJK, Fagerstrom KO. Pharmacology of nicotine and its therapeutic use in smoking cessation and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Ther 1996; 72:51–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor P. Agents acting at the neuromuscular junction and autonomic ganglia. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, Ruddon RW, Goodman Gilman A, eds. Goodmand & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996:177–197.
   Google Scholar
• Bayles BP. Herbal and other complementary medicine use by Texas midwives. J Midwifery Womens Health 2007; 52:473–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzi D, Basile C, Dimaggio A, Sebastio A, Introna F, Rizzi R, Scatizzi A, Demarco S, Smialek JE. Clinical spectrum of accidental hemlock poisoning – neurotoxic manifestations, rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular-necrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991; 6:939–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramley A, Goulding R. Laburnum “poisoning”. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 283:1220–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie FW, Harris TM. Fatal nicotine ingestion. J Emerg Med 1991; 9:133–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forrester RM. Have you eaten laburnum?. Lancet 1979; 1:1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellick LB, Makowski T, Mellick GA, Borger R. Neuromuscular blockade after ingestion of tree tobacco Nicotiana glauca. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34:101–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy NG, Albin C, Tai W, Benowitz NL. Anabasine toxicity from a topical folk remedy. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006; 45:669–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Estrada H, Fischman CM. Unusual case of nicotine poisoning. Clin Toxicol 1977; 10:391–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biberci E, Altuntas Y, Çobanoglu A, Alpinar A. Acute respiratory arrest following hemlock (Conium maculatum) intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40:517–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizrachi N, Levy S, Goren Z. Fatal poisoning from Nicotiana glauca leaves: identification of anabasine by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2000; 45:736–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyllensward A, Nordbring F. Tobacco poisoning with sino-auricular block. Acta Paediatr 1953; 42:356–359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rigotti NA, Eagle KA. Atrial-fibrillation while chewing nicotine gum. J Am Med Assoc 1986; 255:1018–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf A, Burkhart K, Caraccio T, Litovitz T. Self-poisoning among adults using multiple transdermal nicotine patches. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996; 34:691–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards HGH, Stephens AA. Fatal case of laburnum seed poisoning. Med Sci Law 1970; 10:260–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castorena JL, Garriott JC, Barnhardt FE, Shaw RF. A fatal poisoning from Nicotiana glauca. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1987; 25:429–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummer OH, Roberts AN, Bedford PJ, Crump KL, Phelan MH. Three deaths from hemlock poisoning. Med J Aust 1995; 162:592–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musshoff F, Madea B. Fatal cytisine intoxication and analysis of biological samples with LC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 186:e1–e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer J, Janz T. Apnea and seizures caused by nicotine ingestion. Pediatr Emerg Care 1990; 6:135–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gehlbach SH, Williams WA, Perry LD, Woodall JS. Green tobacco sickness – illness of tobacco harvesters. J Am Med Assoc 1974; 229:1880–1883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard T, Ehlers J, Freund E, Auslander M, Brandt V, Halperin W. Green tobacco sickness – occupational nicotine poisoning in tobacco workers. Arch Environ Health 1995; 50:384–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Green tobacco sickness in tobacco harvesters–Kentucky, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993; 42:237–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hipke ME. Green tobacco sickness. South Med J 1993; 86:989–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride JS, Altman DG, Klein M, White W. Green tobacco sickness. Tob Control 1998; 7:294–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao RB, Hoffman RS. Nicotinic toxicity from tincture of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) used as an abortifacient. Vet Hum Toxicol 2002; 44:221–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finkel RS, Zarlengo KM. Blue cohosh and perinatal stroke. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:302–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones TK, Lawson BM. Profound neonatal congestive heart failure caused by maternal consumption of blue cohosh herbal medication. J Pediatr 1998; 132:550–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn TR, Wright IM. The use of black and blue cohosh in labour. N Z Med J 1996; 109:410–411.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferguson HC, Edwards LD. A pharmacological study of a crystalline glycoside of Caulophyllum thalictroides. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc (Baltim) 1954; 43:16–21.
   Google Scholar
• Morkovsky O, Kucera J. Mass poisoning of children in a nursery school by the seeds of Laburnum anagyroides [Czech]. Cesk Pediatr 1980; 35:284–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furet Y, Ernouf D, Brechot JF, Autret E, Breteau M. Collective intoxication by Laburnum anagyroides flowers [French]. Presse Med 1986; 15:1103–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen AH. Experimental studies on the pharmacology of activated charcoal. 1. Adsorption power of charcoal in aqueous solutions. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1946; 2:69–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA. American academy of clinical toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper: single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43:61–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seger D, Muelenbelt J. Position paper: ipecac syrup. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42:133–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchez P, Ducasse JL, LapeyreMestre M, Martinet O, Rouge P, Jorda MF, Cathala B. Nicotine poisoning as a cause of cardiac arrest?. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996; 34:475–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers AJ, Denk LD, Wax PM. Catastrophic brain injury after nicotine insecticide ingestion. J Emerg Med 2004; 26:169–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffan RJ, Borison HL. Emetic action of nicotine and lobeline. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1957; 121:468–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvette H, Hoff EC, Larson PS, Haag HB. Actions of nicotine on central nervous system functions. Pharmacol Rev 1962; 14:137–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace KL. Toxin induced seizures. In: Brent J, Wallace KL, Burkhart KK, Phillips SD, Donovan JW, eds. Critical Care Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Critically Poisoned Patient. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:225–239.
   Google Scholar
• Benowitz NL. Clinical-pharmacology of nicotine. Annu Rev Med 1986; 37:21–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benowitz NL, Jacob P. Nicotine renal excretion rate influences nicotine intake during cigarette-smoking. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985; 234:153–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar