Effect of partial shading on photovoltaic systems performance and its mitigation techniques-a review

References

• Abdalla, O., H. Rezk, and E. M. Ahmed. 2019. Wind driven optimization algorithm based global MPPT for PV system under non-uniform solar irradiance. Solar Energy 180 (August 2018):429–44. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.056.
   Google Scholar
• Abdulkadir, M., A. H. M. Yatim, and S. T. Yusuf. 2014. An improved PSO-based MPPT control strategy for photovoltaic systems. International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (Ic):1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/818232.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, N., A. Khandakar, A. El-Tayeb, K. Benhmed, A. Iqbal, and F. Touati. 2018. Novel design for thermal management of PV cells in harsh environmental conditions. Energies 11 (11). doi: 10.3390/en11113231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldosary, A., Z. M. Ali, M. M. Alhaider, M. Ghahremani, S. Dadfar, and K. Suzuki. 2021. A modified shuffled frog algorithm to improve MPPT controller in PV system with storage batteries under variable atmospheric conditions. Control Engineering Practice 112 (April):104831. doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2021.104831.
   Google Scholar
• Alyasseri, Z. A. A., O. A. Alomari, M. A. Al-Betar, S. N. Makhadmeh, I. A. Doush, M. A. Awadallah, A. K. Abasi, and A. Elnagar. 2022. Recent advances of bat-inspired algorithm, its versions and applications. Neural Computing & Applications. 34 (19):16387–422. Springer London. doi:10.1007/s00521-022-07662-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreani, L. C., A. Bozzola, P. Kowalczewski, M. Liscidini, and L. Redorici. 2019. Silicon solar cells: Toward the efficiency limits. Advances in Physics 4 (1):1548305. doi:10.1080/23746149.2018.1548305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad, M. M., O. K. Ahmed, O. M. Ali, N. T. Alwan, S. J. Yaqoob, A. Nayyar, M. Abouhawwash, and A. F. Alrasheedi. 2022. Photovoltaic thermal collectors integrated with phase change materials: A comprehensive analysis. Electron 11 (3):337. doi:10.3390/electronics11030337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayache, K., A. Chandra, and A. Chériti. 2020. An embedded reconfiguration for reliability enhancement of photovoltaic shaded panels against hot spots. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 56 (2):1815–26. doi:10.1109/TIA.2019.2956912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal, N., S. P. Jaiswal, and G. Singh. 2021. Comparative investigation of performance evaluation, degradation causes, impact and corrective measures for ground mount and rooftop solar PV plants – a review. Sustain Energy Technol Assessments 47 (August):101526. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101526.
   Google Scholar
• Bauwens, P., and J. Doutreloigne. 2014. Reducing partial shading power loss with an integrated smart bypass. Solar Energy 103:134–42. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2014.01.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhang, B. G., W. Lee, G. G. Kim, J. H. Choi, S. Y. Park, and H. K. Ahn. 2019. Power performance of bifacial c-Si PV modules with different shading ratios. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 9 (5):1413–20. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2928461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhukya, L., N. R. Kedika, and S. R. Salkuti. 2022. Enhanced maximum power point techniques for solar photovoltaic system under uniform insolation and partial shading conditions: A review. Algorithms 15 (10). doi:10.3390/a15100365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouaichi, A., and Ahmed Alami, M. 2019. In-situ evaluation of the early PV module degradation of various technologies under harsh climatic conditions: The case of Morocco. Renewable Energy 143:1500–18. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouselham, L., M. Hajji, B. Hajji, and H. Bouali. 2017. A new MPPT-based ANN for photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. Energy Procedia 111 (September 2016):924–33. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.255.
   Google Scholar
• Boxwell, M. 2017. Solar electricity handbook - a simple, practical guide to solar energy-designing and installimg solar PV systems. 2017th ed. Greenstream Publishing. http://www.solarelectricityhandbook.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Breitenstein, O., J. Bauer, K. Bothe, W. Kwapil, D. Lausch, U. Rau, J. Schmidt, M. Schneemann, M. C. Schubert, J.-M. Wagner, et al. 2011. Understanding junction breakdown in multicrystalline solar cells. Journal of Applied Physics 109 (7). doi: 10.1063/1.3562200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breltenstein, O. et al. 2009. Physical mechanisms of breakdown in multicrystalline silicon solar cells. Conf. Rec. IEEE Photovolt. Spec. Conf. 000181–86. doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411700.
   Google Scholar
• Bremner, S. P., M. Y. Levy, and C. B. Honsberg. May, 2008. Analysis of tandem solar cell efficiencies under AM1.5G spectrum using a rapid flux calculation method. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16(3):225–33. doi: 10.1002/pip.799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bright, R. 2008. Selecting cable strain reliefs. Electronic Production (Garden City, New York) 50 (3):33–51.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. 2021. Shading losses in PV systems, and techniques to mitigate them. https://www.aurorasolar.com/blog/shading-losses-for-pv-systems-and-techniques-to-mitigate-them/.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, M. C., B. Norton, and S. J. McCormack. 2015. Phase change materials for photovoltaic thermal management. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47:762–82. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcabrini, A., M. Muttillo, R. Weegink, P. Manganiello, M. Zeman, and O. Isabella. 2021. A fully reconfigurable series-parallel photovoltaic module for higher energy yields in urban environments. Renewable Energy 179:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, B. 2019. Power optimizers: Everything you need to know. https://www.solaris-shop.com/blog/power-optimizers-everything-you-need-to-know/.
   Google Scholar
• Chandrakant, C. V., and S. Mikkili. 2020. A typical review on static reconfiguration strategies in photovoltaic array under non-uniform shading conditions. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems. doi:10.17775/cseejpes.2020.02520.
   Google Scholar
• Chaves, A., J. G. Azadani, H. Alsalman, D. R. da Costa, R. Frisenda, A. J. Chaves, S. H. Song, Y. D. Kim, D. He, J. Zhou, et al. 2020. Bandgap engineering of two-dimensional semiconductor materials. Npj 2D Materials and Applications 4 (1). doi: 10.1038/s41699-020-00162-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., P. P. Altermatt, D. Chen, X. Zhang, G. Xu, Y. Yang, Y. Wang, Z. Feng, H. Shen, P. J. Verlinden, et al. 2018. From laboratory to production: Learning models of efficiency and manufacturing cost of industrial crystalline silicon and thin-film photovoltaic technologies. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics. 8(6):1531–38. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2871858.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y., and L. Ding. 2021. Perovskite/Si tandem solar cells: Fundamentals, advances, challenges, and novel applications. SusMat 1 (3):324–44. doi:10.1002/sus2.25.
   Google Scholar
• Daliento, S., F. Di Napoli, P. Guerriero, and V. d’Alessandro. 2016. A modified bypass circuit for improved hot spot reliability of solar panels subject to partial shading. Solar Energy 134:211–18. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darussalam, R., R. I. Pramana, and A. Rajani. 2017. Experimental investigation of serial parallel and total-cross-tied configuration photovoltaic under partial shading conditions. Proceeding - ICSEEA 2017 Int. Conf. Sustain. Energy Eng. Appl. Continuous Improv. Sustain. Energy Eco-Mobility 2018-Janua:140–44. doi:10.1109/ICSEEA.2017.8267699.
   Google Scholar
• Deng, S., Zhang, Z., and Ju, C. 2017. Research on hot spot risk for high-efficiency solar module. Energy Procedia 130:77–86. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.399.
   Google Scholar
• Desai, A. A., and S. Mikkili. 2019. Modelling and analysis of PV configurations (alternate TCT-BL, total cross tied, series, series parallel, bridge linked and honey comb) to extract maximum power under partial shading conditions. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems (99). doi:10.17775/CSEEJPES.2020.00900.
   Google Scholar
• Dharmadasa, I. M. 2005. Third generation multi-layer tandem solar cells for achieving high conversion efficiencies. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 85 (2):293–300. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2004.08.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhimish, M. 2019. Assessing MPPT techniques on hot-spotted and partially shaded photovoltaic modules: Comprehensive review based on experimental data. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 66 (3):1132–44. doi:10.1109/TED.2019.2894009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djilali, N., N. Belhaouas, P. Agathoklis, B. Amrouche, B. Amrouche, K. Sedraoui, and N. Djilali. 2017. PV array power output maximization under partial shading using new shifted PV array arrangements. Applied Energy 187:326–37. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPontTM. 2017. Mitigating strategies for hot spots in crystalline silicon solar panels. https://pdf4pro.com/view/mitigating-strategies-for-hot-spots-in-crystalline-silicon-59726e.html.
   Google Scholar
• Dwivedi, P., K. Sudhakar, A. Soni, E. Solomin, and I. Kirpichnikova. 2020. Advanced cooling techniques of P.V. modules: A state of art. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 21 (June):100674. doi:10.1016/j.csite.2020.100674.
   Google Scholar
• Femia, N., G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli. 2005. Optimization of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 20 (4):963–73. doi:10.1109/TPEL.2005.850975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes, C. A. F., J. P. N. Torres, M. Morgado, and J. A. P. Morgado. 2016. Aging of solar PV plants and mitigation of their consequences. Proc. - 2016 IEEE Int. Power Electron. Motion Control Conf. PEMC 2016. 1240–47 doi: 10.1109/EPEPEMC.2016.7752174.
   Google Scholar
• Fishelov, Amir, and Adest, Meir. 2022. “Embedded power optimizers for smart modules.” https://www.solaredge.com/products/power-optimizer/smart-modules#/.
   Google Scholar
• Franke, W. T. 2019. The impact of optimizers for PV modules. SDU Electr. Eng. May. [Online]. Available: https://www.sdu.dk/-/media/files/om_sdu/centre/cie/optimizer+for+pv+modules+ver11_final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gaga, A., F. Errahimi, and N. Es-Sbai. 2014. Design and implementation of MPPT solar system based on the enhanced P&O algorithm using Labview. 2014 International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC). no. 1. 203–08, Oct, doi: 10.1109/IRSEC.2014.7059786.
   Google Scholar
• Gallardo-Saavedra, S., and B. Karlsson. 2018. Simulation, validation and analysis of shading effects on a PV system. Solar Energy 170 (May):828–39. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.035.
   Google Scholar
• Gavhane, P. S., S. Krishnamurthy, R. Dixit, J. P. Ram, and N. Rajasekar. 2017. EL-PSO based MPPT for solar PV under partial shaded condition. Energy Procedia 117:1047–53. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.227.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S., V. K. Yadav, and V. Mukherjee. 2018. Evaluation of cumulative impact of partial shading and aerosols on different PV array topologies through combined Shannon’s entropy and DEA. Energy 144:765–75. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S., V. K. Yadav, and V. Mukherjee. 2019a. Impact of environmental factors on photovoltaic performance and their mitigation strategies–A holistic review. Renewable Energy Focus 28 (March):153–72. doi:10.1016/j.ref.2018.12.005.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S., V. K. Yadav, and V. Mukherjee. 2019b. Improvement of partial shading resilience of PV array though modified bypass arrangement. Renewable energy 143:1079–93. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökmen, N., W. Hu, P. Hou, Z. Chen, D. Sera, and S. Spataru. 2016. Investigation of wind speed cooling effect on PV panels in windy locations. Renewable Energy 90:283–90. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREEN, M., K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, W. Warta, and E. D. Dunlop. 2012. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 40). IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 20 (5):606–14. doi:10.1002/pip.
   Google Scholar
• Guerriero, P., F. Di Napoli, G. Vallone, V. Dalessandro, and S. Daliento. 2016. Monitoring and diagnostics of PV plants by a wireless self-powered sensor for individual panels. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 6 (1):286–94. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2484961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerriero, P., Tricoli, S. Daliento, and P. Tricoli. 2019. A bypass circuit for avoiding the hot spot in PV modules. Solar Energy 181 (November 2018):430–38. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.02.010.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, L., Z. Meng, Y. Sun, and L. Wang. 2018. A modified cat swarm optimization based maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic system under partially shaded condition. Energy 144:501–14. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, V., M. Sharma, R. Pachauri, and K. N. D. Babu. 2019. Impact of hailstorm on the performance of PV module: A review. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects. 1–22. doi:10.1080/15567036.2019.1648597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, V., M. Sharma, R. K. Pachauri, and K. N. Dinesh Babu. Oct 2019. Comprehensive review on effect of dust on solar photovoltaic system and mitigation techniques. Solar Energy 191:596–622. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.08.079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadji, S., J. P. Gaubert, and F. Krim. 2018. Real-time Genetic algorithms-based MPPT: Study and comparison (theoretical an experimental) with conventional methods. Energies 11 (2). doi:10.3390/en11020459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, A. J., C. A. Deline, S. M. Macalpine, J. T. Stauth, C. R. Sullivan, and S. Member. 2014. “Partial-shading Assessment of photovoltaic Installations via module-level monitoring,”. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 4 (6):1618–24. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2351623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honsberg, C. and S. Bowden. Bypass diodes. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules-and-arrays/bypass-diodes.
   Google Scholar
• Honsberg, C. and and S. Bowden. Tandem cells. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/tandem-cells.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, S. A., A. Nasr, and M. A. Enany. 2021. Maximum power point tracking using ANFIS for a reconfigurable PV-Based Battery Charger under non-uniform operating conditions. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Access 9:114457–67. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3103039.
   Google Scholar
• Ishaque, K., and Z. Salam. 2013. A review of maximum power point tracking techniques of PV system for uniform insolation and partial shading condition. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 19:475–88. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, H., S. Mekhilef, N. Shah, T. Soon, M. Seyedmahmousian, B. Horan, and A. Stojcevski. 2018. Performance evaluation of maximum power point tracking approaches and photovoltaic systems. Energies 11 (2):365–69. doi:10.3390/en11020365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeun, K., R. Matheus, P. P. Siva, Y. Hasnain, C. Eun-Chel, and Y. Junsin. Jul, 2021. A review of the degradation of photovoltaic modules for Life Expectancy. Energies 14(4278):1–21. doi: 10.3390/en14144278.
   Google Scholar
• Jahn, U. 2019. Partial shading - an overview. https://www.sciencedirect/topics/engineering/partial-shading.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, G. J. M., M. K. Stodolny, B. B. Van Aken, J. Loffler, M. W. P. E. Lamers, K. J. J. Tool, and I. G. Romijn. 2019. Minimizing the Polarization-type potential-induced degradation in PV modules by Modification of the Dielectric Antireflection and Passivation Stack. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 9 (3):608–14. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2896944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javed, M. Y., A. F. Mirza, A. Hasan, S. T. H. Rizvi, Q. Ling, M. M. Gulzar, M. U. Safder, and M. Mansoor. 2019. A comprehensive review on a PV based system to harvest maximum power. Electron 8 (12):1480. doi:10.3390/electronics8121480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha, V., and U. S. Triar. 2018. Experimental Verification of different photovoltaic array configurations under partial shading condition. WIECON-ECE 2017 -IEEE International Conference on Advanced Computing and Applications 2017 (December):43–46. doi:10.1109/WIECON-ECE.2017.8468929.
   Google Scholar
• Jia, Y., Y. Wang, X. Hu, J. Xu, G. Weng, X. Luo, S. Chen, Z. Zhu, and H. Akiyama. 2021. Diagnosing breakdown mechanisms in monocrystalline silicon solar cells via electroluminescence imaging. Solar Energy 225 (July):463–70. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.052.
   Google Scholar
• John Bosco, M., and M. Carolin Mabel. 2017. A novel cross diagonal view configuration of a PV system under partial shading condition. Solar Energy 158 (October):760–73. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.047.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, D. C., and S. R. Kurtz. 2013. Photovoltaic degradation rates - an Analytical review. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 21 (1):12–29. doi:10.1002/pip.1182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordehi, A. R. Nov 2016. Maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic (PV) systems: A review of different approaches. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 65:1127–38. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal, T., M. Karabacak, S. Z. Hassan, H. Li, and L. M. Fernandez-Ramirez. 2019. A robust online adaptive B-Spline MPPT control of three-phase grid-coupled photovoltaic systems under real partial shading condition. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 34 (1):202–10. doi:10.1109/TEC.2018.2878358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplani, E. 2016. Degradation in field-aged crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules and diagnosis using electroluminescence imaging. 8th Int. Work. Teach. Photovoltaics, no. April. 38–41 [Online]. Available: https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/58215/1/EKaplani_PV_degradation_Electroluminescence_IWTPV2016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplanis, S., and E. Kaplani. 2011. Energy performance and degradation over 20 years performance of BP c-Si PV modules. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 19 (4):1201–11. doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2010.07.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmouni, H., M. Chouiekh, S. Motahhir, H. Qjidaa, M. Ouazzani Jamil, and M. Sayyouri. Aug, 2022. A fast and accurate sine-cosine MPPT algorithm under partial shading with implementation using arduino board. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 9(August):100535. doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2022.100535.
   Google Scholar
• Kaushika, N. D., and N. K. Gautam. 2003. Energy yield simulations of interconnected solar PV arrays. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 18 (1):127–34. doi:10.1109/TEC.2002.805204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehang Cui, S. M., G. Dutta, C. Tan, and P. U. Arumugam. 2016. Carbon Nanotube– silicon solar cells. IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine 10:12–20. doi:10.1109/MNANO.2016.2572243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, K. A. and P. T. Krein. 2013. Hot spotting and second breakdown effects on reverse I-V characteristics for mono-crystalline Si Photovoltaics. 2013 IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. ECCE 2013. 1007–14 doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2013.6646813.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, K. A., and P. T. Krein. 2015. Reexamination of photovoltaic hot spotting to Show Inadequacy of the bypass diode. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 5 (5):1435–41. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2444091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K. A., G. S. Seo, B. H. Cho, and P. T. Krein. 2016. Photovoltaic hot-spot Detection for solar panel Substrings using AC Parameter Characterization. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 31 (2):1121–30. doi:10.1109/TPEL.2015.2417548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjaer, S. B., J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg. Sep 2005. A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 41 (5):1292–306. doi:10.1109/TIA.2005.853371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofinas, P., A. I. Dounis, G. Papadakis, and M. N. Assimakopoulos. 2015. An intelligent MPPT controller based on direct neural control for partially shaded PV system. Energy Buildings 90:51–64. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köntges, M. et al., Performance and reliability of photovoltaic systems subtask 3.2: Review of failures of photovoltaic modules: IEA PVPS task 13: External final report IEA-PVPS. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Köntges, M., Oreski, G., and Jahn, U. 2017. Assessment of photovoltaic module failures in the field. Report IEA-PVPS T13-09:2017, 1–120. Germany (DEU). Accessed May, 2017. https://www.google.com/search?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org.5%E2%80%8B&rlz=1C1GCEB_enIN1054IN1054&oq=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org.5%E2%80%8B&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIJCAEQIRgKGKABMgkIAhAhGAoYoAHSAQgyNDI1ajBqN6gCALACAA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, D., Y. K. Chauhan, A. S. Pandey, A. K. Srivastava, V. Kumar, F. Alsaif, R. M. Elavarasan, M. R. Islam, R. Kannadasan, M. H. Alsharif, et al. 2023. Mar. A novel hybrid MPPT approach for solar PV systems using Particle-Swarm-optimization-Trained machine learning and Flying Squirrel Search optimization. Sustainability 15 (6):5575. doi:10.3390/su15065575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, C. S., C. Puttamadappa, and Y. L. Chandrashekar. 2020. Bacterial Foraging optimization based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic system under partially shaded condition with Interleaved Resonant Fly-back converter. (15776):15776–84. http://www.testmagzine.biz/index.php/testmagzine/article/view/3311
   Google Scholar
• Lappalainen, K., and S. Valkealahti. 2017. Output power variation of different PV array configurations during irradiance transitions caused by moving clouds. Applied Energy 190:902–10. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. H., S. C. Huang, J. W. Huang, and W. C. Liang. 2012. A particle swarm optimization-based maximum power point tracking algorithm for PV systems operating under partially shaded conditions. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 27 (4):1027–35. doi:10.1109/TEC.2012.2219533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., H. Wen, Y. Hu, L. Jiang, and W. Xiao. 2018. Modified Beta algorithm for GMPPT and partial shading Detection in photovoltaic systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 33 (3):2172–86. doi:10.1109/TPEL.2017.2697459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., D. Yang, W. Su, J. Lu, and X. Yu. 2019. An overall distribution Particle Swarm optimization MPPT algorithm for photovoltaic system under partial shading. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66 (1):265–75. doi:10.1109/TIE.2018.2829668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, W., Y. S. Khoo, J. P. Singh, J. K. C. Wong, Y. Wang, A. G. Aberle, and S. Ramakrishna. 2018. Investigation of potential-induced degradation in n-PERT bifacial silicon photovoltaic modules with a glass/glass structure. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 8 (1):16–22. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2762587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maaroof, B. B., and Z. H. Ismail. 2022, Feb. Current studies and Applications of shuffled frog Leaping algorithm: A review. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 1–20. doi:10.1007/s11831-022-09722-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megantoro, P., H. F. A. Kusuma, L. J. Awalin, Y. Afif, D. F. Priambodo, and P. Vigneshwaran. 2022. Comparative analysis of evolutionary-based maximum power point tracking for partial shaded photovoltaic. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 12 (6):5717–29. doi:10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp5717-5729.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra, N., A. S. Yadav, R. Pachauri, Y. K. Chauhan, and V. K. Yadav. 2017. Performance enhancement of PV system using proposed array topologies under various shadow patterns. Solar Energy 157:641–56. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.08.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohanty, S., B. Subudhi, and P. K. Ray. 2016. A new MPPT design using grey Wolf optimization technique for photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7 (1):181–88. doi:10.1109/TSTE.2015.2482120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molin, E., B. Stridh, A. Molin, and E. Wackelgard. 2018. Experimental yield study of bifacial PV modules in nordic conditions. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 8 (6):1457–63. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2865168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorthy, J. G., S. Manual, S. M. P. Raja, and P. Raja. 2020. Performance analysis of solar PV based DC optimizer distributed system with simplified MPPT method. SN Applied Sciences 2 (2):1–8. doi:10.1007/s42452-020-2010-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretón, R., E. Lorenzo, and L. Narvarte. 2015. Experimental observations on hot-spots and derived acceptance/rejection criteria. Solar Energy 118:28–40. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2015.05.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M, R., L. S, R. S, A. H, and D. A. 2019. Experimental investigation on the abasement of operating temperature in solar photovoltaic panel using PCM and aluminium. Solar Energy 188 (February):327–38. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.05.067.
   Google Scholar
• Murayama, M., and T. Mori. 2007. Dye-sensitized solar cell using novel tandem cell structure. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 40 (6):1664–68. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/40/6/014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasiruddin, I., S. Khatoon, M. F. Jalil, and R. C. Bansal. 2019. Shade diffusion of partial shaded PV array by using odd-even structure. Solar Energy 181 (March 2018):519–29. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.076.
   Google Scholar
• Ngoc, T. N., E. R. Sanseverino, N. N. Quang, P. Romano, F. Viola, B. D. Van, H. N. Huy, T. T. Trong, and Q. N. Phung. 2019. A hierarchical architecture for increasing efficiency of large photovoltaic plants under non-homogeneous solar irradiation. Solar Energy 188 (July):1306–19. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.07.033.
   Google Scholar
• Nie, X., and H. Nie. 2017. MPPT control strategy of PV based on Improved shuffled frog Leaping algorithm under complex environments. Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2017:1–11. doi:10.1155/2017/2186420.
   Google Scholar
• Olalla, C., M. N. Hasan, C. Deline, and D. Maksimović. 2018. Mitigation of hot-spots in photovoltaic systems using distributed power electronics. Energies 11 (4):1–16. doi:10.3390/en11040726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orduz, R., J. Solórzano, M. Á. Egido, and E. Román. 2011. Analytical study and evaluation results of power optimizers for distributed power conditioning in photovoltaic arrays. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 21:359–73. doi:10.1002/pip.1188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovidiu Popescu, S. P. S. 2019. Connecting multiple solar panels – series vs. Parallel. https://greentumble.com/connecting-multiple-solar-panels/.
   Google Scholar
• Pachauri, R. K., I. Kansal, T. S. Babu, and H. H. Alhelou. 2021. Power losses reduction of solar PV systems under partial shading conditions using re-allocation of PV module-fixed electrical connections. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Access 9:94789–812. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3093954.
   Google Scholar
• Pachauri, R. K., Mahela, O.P., and Sharma, A. 2020. Impact of partial shading on various PV array configurations and different modeling approaches: A comprehensive review. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Access 8:181375–403. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3028473.
   Google Scholar
• Pachauri, R., R. Singh, A. Gehlot, R. Samakaria, and S. Choudhury. 2019. Experimental analysis to extract maximum power from PV array reconfiguration under partial shading conditions. Engineering Science and Technology an International Journal 22 (1):109–30. doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2017.11.013.
   Google Scholar
• Pachauri, R. K., A. Tanwar, S. R. Tripathi, and D. Kumar. 2020. Experimental study on SP and TCT connections of PV modules under realistic shading conditions. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research 9 (2):6319–28.
   Google Scholar
• Pachauri, R., A. S. Yadav, Y. K. Chauhan, A. Sharma, and V. Kumar. 2018. Shade dispersion-based photovoltaic array configurations for performance enhancement under partial shading conditions. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 28 (7):e2556. doi:10.1002/etep.2556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palpandian, M., and P. W. David. A jigsaw puzzle based recon guration technique for enhancing maximum power in partial shaded hybrid photovoltaic array. Research Square. AccessedMay 18, 2021. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-513975/v1.
   Google Scholar
• Pendem, S. R., and S. Mikkili. 2018. Modeling, simulation, and performance analysis of PV array configurations (series, series-parallel, Bridge-Linked, and Honey-Comb) to harvest maximum power under various partial shading conditions. International Journal of Green Energy 15 (13):795–812. doi:10.1080/15435075.2018.1529577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendem, S. R., S. Mikkili, and V. V. Katru. 2018. Total-cross-tied configuration of MICs for enhancing the performance of PV D-MPPT systems under various PSCs using PO algorithm. INDICON 2018 - 15th IEEE India Counc. Int. Conf. doi: 10.1109/INDICON45594.2018.8987172.
   Google Scholar
• Pervez, I., I. Shams, S. Mekhilef, A. Sarwar, M. Tariq, and B. Alamri. 2021. Most Valuable Player algorithm based maximum power point tracking for a partially shaded PV generation system. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 12 (4):1876–90. doi:10.1109/TSTE.2021.3069262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillai, D. S., N. Rajasekar, J. P. Ram, and V. K. Chinnaiyan. 2018. Design and testing of two phase array reconfiguration procedure for maximizing power in solar PV systems under partial shade conditions (PSC). Energy Conversion and Management 178 (October):92–110. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.10.020.
   Google Scholar
• Rajput, P., V. T. Shyam, G. N. Tiwari, O. S. Sastry, T. S. Bhatti, and T. S. Bhatti. 2018. A thermal model for N series connected glass/cell/polymer sheet and glass/cell/glass crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules with hot solar cells connected in series and its thermal losses in real outdoor condition. Renewable Energy 126:370–86. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rani, B. I., G. S. Ilango, and C. Nagamani. 2013. Enhanced power generation from PV array under partial shading conditions by shade dispersion using Su Do Ku configuration. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 4 (3):594–601. doi:10.1109/TSTE.2012.2230033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, G. S., T. B. Reddy, and M. V. Kumar. 2017. A MATLAB based PV module models analysis under conditions of nonuniform irradiance. Energy Procedia 117:974–83. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.218.
   Google Scholar
• Reinders, A., M. G. Debije, and A. Rosemann. 2017. Measured efficiency of a luminescent solar concentrator PV module called leaf roof. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 7 (6):1663–66. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2751513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Gallegos, C. D., O. Gandhi, J. M. Y. Ali, V. Shanmugam, T. Reindl, and S. K. Panda. 2019. On the grid metallization optimization design for monofacial and bifacial Si-based PV modules for real-world conditions. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 9 (1):112–18. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2882188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarvi, M., I. Soltani, and I. N. Avanaki. 2014. A water cycle algorithm maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic energy conversion system under partial shading. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 2 (1):103–16.
   Google Scholar
• Sarwar, S., M. Y. Javed, M. H. Jaffery, J. Arshad, A. Ur Rehman, M. Shafiq, and J.-G. Choi. 2022. A novel hybrid MPPT technique to maximize power harvesting from pv system under partial and complex partial shading. Applied Science 12 (2):587. doi:10.3390/app12020587.
   Google Scholar
• Saur News Bureau. Power optimizer: Smart module technology. https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-articles/power-optimizer-smart-module-technology.
   Google Scholar
• Schulte-Huxel, H., R. Witteck, H. Holst, M. R. Vogt, S. Blankemeyer, D. Hinken, T. Brendemuhl, T. Dullweber, K. Bothe, M. Kontges, et al. 2017. High-efficiency modules with passivated emitter and rear solar cells—an analysis of electrical and optical losses. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics. 7(1):25–31. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2614121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serna-Garcés, S. I., J. D. Bastidas-Rodríguez, and C. A. Ramos-Paja. 2016. Reconfiguration of urban photovoltaic arrays using commercial devices. Energies 9 (1):1–23. doi:10.3390/en9010002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shams El-Dein, M. Z., M. Kazerani, and M. M. A. Salama. 2013. An optimal total cross tied interconnection for reducing mismatch losses in photovoltaic arrays. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 4 (1):99–107. doi:10.1109/TSTE.2012.2202325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher, H. A., A. F. Murtaza, A. Noman, K. E. Addoweesh, K. Al-Haddad, and M. Chiaberge. Oct, 2015. A new sensorless hybrid MPPT algorithm based on fractional short-circuit current measurement and P&O MPPT. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 6(4):1426–34. doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2015.2438781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher, H. A., A. F. Murtaza, A. Noman, K. E. Addoweesh, and M. Chiaberge. Jan, 2015. An intelligent control strategy of fractional short circuit current maximum power point tracking technique for photovoltaic applications. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 7(1):013114. doi: 10.1063/1.4906982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, M., and E. L. Meyer. 2010. Detection and analysis of hot-spot formation in solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94 (2):106–13. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2009.09.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, N., K. K. Gupta, S. K. Jain, N. K. Dewangan, and P. Bhatnagar. Aug 2021. A flying squirrel search optimization for MPPT under partial shaded photovoltaic system. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 9 (4):4963–78. doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3024719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivashankar, M., C. Selvam, and S. Manikandan. 2021. A review on the selection of phase change materials for photovoltaic thermal management. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science & Engineering 1130 (1):012026. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1130/1/012026.
   Google Scholar
• SolarEdge Solution. Single phase inverters with HD-wave technology. https://www.solaredge.com/products/pv-inverter/single-phase#/.
   Google Scholar
• Solheim, H. J., H. G. Fjær, E. A. Sørheim, and S. E. Foss. 2013. Measurement and simulation of hot spots in solar cells. Energy Procedia 38 (1876):183–89. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.266.
   Google Scholar
• Sridhar, R., S. Jeevananthan, S. S. Dash, and P. Vishnuram. 2017. A new maximum power tracking in PV system during partially shaded conditions based on shuffled frog leap algorithm. Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 29 (3):481–93. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2016.1186750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh Kumar, E., B. Sarkar, and N. K S. 2014. Quality improvement of PV modules by electroluminescence and thermal imaging. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 3 (3):422–27. [Online]. Available. http://www.ijeat.org/attachments/File/v3i3/C2698023314.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, J. D., S. P. Koh, S. K. Tiong, K. Ali, and Y. Y. Koay. 2018. An electromagnetism-like mechanism algorithm approach for photovoltaic system optimization. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12 (1):333–40. doi:10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i1.pp333-340.
   Google Scholar
• Teo, J. C., R. H. G. Tan, V. H. Mok, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, and C. Tan. 2018. Impact of partial shading on the P-V characteristics and the maximum power of a photovoltaic string. Energies 11 (7). doi:10.3390/en11071860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tey, K. S., and S. Mekhilef. 2014. Modified incremental conductance MPPT algorithm to mitigate inaccurate responses under fast-changing solar irradiation level. Solar Energy 101:333–42. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2014.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TIGO. 2019. Maximizing energy harvest the roles of predictive IV and impedance matching in PV array optimization. [Online]. Available: https://assets-global.website-files.com/5fad551d7419c7a0e9e4aba4/600eeff99c91ec4bec971789_Optimization with Impedance Matching and Predictive IV.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tsanakas, J. A., D. Chrysostomou, P. N. Botsaris, and A. Gasteratos. 2015. Fault diagnosis of photovoltaic modules through image processing and Canny edge detection on field thermographic measurements. International Journal of Sustainable Energy 34 (6):351–72. doi:10.1080/14786451.2013.826223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang, K. M., and W. L. Chan. 2015. Maximum power point tracking for PV systems under partial shading conditions using current sweeping. Energy Conversion and Management 93:249–58. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.01.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubniyom, C., W. Jaideaw, R. Chatthaworn, A. Suksri, and T. Wongwuttanasatian. 2018. Effect of partial shading patterns and degrees of shading on total cross-tied (TCT) photovoltaic array configuration. Energy Procedia 153:35–41. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.028.
   Google Scholar
• Venkateswari, R., and S. Sreejith. 2019. Factors influencing the efficiency of photovoltaic system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 101 (November 2018):376–94. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.012.
   Google Scholar
• Vogt, M. R., H. Schulte-Huxel, M. Offer, S. Blankemeyer, R. Witteck, M. Kontges, K. Bothe, and R. Brendel. 2017. Reduced module operating temperature and increased yield of modules with PERC instead of al-BSF solar cells. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 7 (1):44–50. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2616191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. J., and P. C. Hsu. 2011. An investigation on partial shading of PV modules with different connection configurations of PV cells. Energy 36 (5):3069–78. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.02.052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waqar Akram, M., G. Li, Y. Jin, X. Chen, C. Zhu, X. Zhao, M. Aleem, and A. Ahmad. 2019. Improved outdoor thermography and processing of infrared images for defect detection in PV modules. Solar Energy 190 (March):549–60. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.08.061.
   Google Scholar
• Winston, D. P. 2019. Efficient output power enhancement and protection technique for hot spotted solar photovoltaic modules. IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability 19 (4):664–70. doi:10.1109/TDMR.2019.2945194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, A. S., and V. Mukherjee. 2018. Line losses reduction techniques in puzzled PV array configuration under different shading conditions. Solar Energy 171 (June):774–83. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2018.07.007.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, A. S., and V. Mukherjee. 2021. Conventional and advanced PV array configurations to extract maximum power under partial shading conditions: A review. Renewable Energy 178:977–1005. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.06.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, A. S., R. K. Pachauri, and Y. K. Chauhan. 2016. Comprehensive investigation of PV arrays with puzzle shade dispersion for improved performance. Solar Energy 129:256–85. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.01.056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, A. S., R. K. Pachauri, Y. K. Chauhan, S. Choudhury, and R. Singh. 2017. Performance enhancement of partially shaded PV array using novel shade dispersion effect on magic-square puzzle configuration. Solar Energy 144:780–97. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi, M., F. Dimroth, J. F. Geisz, and N. J. Ekins-Daukes. 2021. Multi-junction solar cells paving the way for super high-efficiency. Journal of Applied Physics 129 (24). doi: 10.1063/5.0048653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yerkar, S. A., M. C. Bisane, and D. Waghchore. 2017. Carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. IETE Zonal Seminar “Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology” - 2017 Special Issue of International Journal of Electronics, Communication & Soft Computing Science and Engineering 93–97.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Y. Yu, F. Meng, and Z. Liu. 2020. Experimental investigation of the shading and mismatch effects on the performance of bifacial photovoltaic modules. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 10 (1):296–305. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2949766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, H., S. Li, T. A. Haskew, and Y. Xiao. 2013. Impact of uneven shading and bypass diodes on energy extraction characteristics of solar photovoltaic modules and arrays. International Journal of Sustainable Energy 32 (5):351–65. doi:10.1080/14786451.2012.709857.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y. P., Y. L. He, Y. Qiu, Q. Ren, and T. Xie. 2017. Multi-scale investigation on the absorbed irradiance distribution of the nanostructured front surface of the concentrated PV-TE device by a MC-FDTD coupled method. Applied Energy 207:18–26. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Z. 2018. MPPT control method for photovoltaic system based on particle swarm optimization and bacterial foraging algorithm. International Journal of Electrical Components and Energy Conversion 4 (1):45. doi:10.11648/j.ijecec.20180401.15.
   Google Scholar