190
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Chemical Burn Induced by Cutaneous Exposure to a Concentrated Sodium Hypochlorite and Alkyl Sulfate Solution

, , , , &
Pages 189-194 | Published online: 10 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Chew AL, Maibach HI (eds). Irritant Dermatitis; New York: Springer-Verlag; 2006.
  • Chew AL, Maibach, HI. Occupational issues of irritant contact dermatitis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2003; 76: 339–346.
  • Cartotto RC, Peters WJ, Neligan PC, Douglas LG, Beeston J. Chemical burns. Can J Surg 1996; 39: 205–211.
  • Singer A, Sagi A, Ben Mein P, Rosenberg L. Chemical burns: our 10-year experience. Burns 1992; 18: 250–252.
  • Telmon N, Allery JP, Dorandeu A, Rouge D. Concentrated bleach burns in a child. J Forensic Sci 2003; 47: 1060–1061.
  • Branco N, Lee I, Zhai H, Miabach HI. Long-term repetitive sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation of the skin: an in vivo study. Contact Dermatitis 2005; 53: 278–284.
  • Widmer J, Elsner P, Burg G. Skin irritant reactivity following experimental cumulative irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1994; 30: 35–39.
  • Wilhelm KP, Freitag G, Wolff HH. Surfactant-induced skin irritation and skin repair: evaluation of a cumulative human irritation model by noninvasive techniques. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31: 981–987.
  • Wilhelm KP, Freitag G, Wolff HH. Surfactant-induced skin irritation and skin repair. Evaluation of the acute human irritation model by noninvasive techniques. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30: 944–949.
  • Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI. Susceptibility to irritant dermatitis induced by sodium lauryl sulfate. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23: 122–124.
  • Racioppi F, Daskaleros PA, Besbelli N, et al. Household bleaches based on sodium hypochlorite: review of acute toxicology and poison control center experience. Food Chem Toxicol 1994; 32: 845–861.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2006 June 15. Medical Management Guidelines for calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg184.html. Accessed 2006 Aug16.
  • Hoystynek JJ, Wilhelm KP, Cua AB, Maibach HI. Irritation factors of sodium hypochlorite solutions in human skin. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 23: 316–324.
  • Ross MP, Spiller HA. Fatal ingestion of sodium hypochlorite bleach with associated hypernatremia and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Vet Hum Toxicol 1999; 41: 82–86.
  • Haley EH, Collins MD. Liquid household bleach ingestion in children: a retrospective review. Laryngoscope 1997; 107: 122–125.
  • Bracco D, Dubois MJ, Bouali R. Intoxication by bleach ingestion. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52: 118–119.
  • Cooper ML, Boyce ST, Hansbrough JF, Foreman TJ, Frank DH. Cytotoxicity to cultured human keratinocytes of topical antimicrobial agents. J Surg Res 1990; 48: 190–195.
  • Wigger-Alberti W, Krebs A, Elsner P. Experimental irritant contact dermatitis due to cumulative epicutaneous exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene: single and concurrent application. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143: 551–556.
  • Effendy I, Weltfriend S, Patil S, Maibach HI. Differential irritant skin responses to topical retinoic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate: alone and in crossover design. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134: 424–430.
  • Kartono F, Maibach HI. Irritants in combination with a synergistic or additive effect on the skin response: an overview of tandem irritation studies. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54: 303–312.
  • Horowitz IB, McCall BP. An analysis of occupational burn injuries in Rhode Island: Workers' Compensation Claims, 1998 to 2002. J Burn Care Rehabil 2005; 26: 505–514.
  • Hogan DJ, Dannaker CJ, Maibach HI. The prognosis of contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23: 300–307.
  • Willis CM, Young E, Brandon DR, Wilkinson JD. Immunopathological and ultastructural findings in human allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1986; 115:305–316
  • Kanerva L, Ranki A, Lauharanta J. Lymphocytes and Langerhans cells in patch tests. An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Contact Dermatitis 1984; 11: 150–155.
  • Willis CM, Stephens CJ, Wilkinson JD. Selective expression of immune-associated surface antigens by keratinocytes in irritant contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96: 505–511.
  • Goldner R. Work-related irritant contact dermatitis. Occup Med 1994;9:37–44.
  • Cohen DE, Heidary N. Treatment of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Dermatol Ther 2004; 17: 334–340.
  • Sykes RA, Mani MM, Hiebert JM. Chemical burns: a retrospective review. J Burn Care Rehabil 1986; 7: 343–347.
  • Lee JY, Effendy I, Maibach HI. Acute irritant contact dermatitis: recovery time in man. Contact Dermatitis 1997; 36: 285–290.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.