GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SNAKE VENOM THREE-FINGER PROTEINS AND PHOSPHOLIPASE A₂ ENZYMES

References

• Afifiyan F., Armugam A., Tan C. H., Gopalakrishnakone P., Jeyaseelan K. Postsynaptic α-neurotoxin gene of the spitting cobra, Naja naja sputatrix: structure, organization and phylogenetic analysis. Genome Res. 1999; 9: 259–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aird S. D., Womble G. C., Yates J. R., Griffin P. R. Primary structure of γ-bungarotoxin, a new postsynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus. Toxicon 1999; 37: 609–625
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armugam A., Gong N., Li X., Siew P. Y., Chai S. C., Nair R., Jeyaseelan K. Group IB phospholipase A2 from Pseudonaja textilis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2004; 421: 10–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Chou Y. C., Lin S. R., Wu B. N., Lin J., Hong E., Sun Y. J., Hsiao C. D. A novel neurotoxin, cobrotoxin b, from Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra) venom: purification, characterization and gene organization. J. Biochem. 1997; 122: 1252–1259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Chung C., Lin J., Hong E. Organization and phylogenetic analysis of κ-bungarotoxin genes from Bungarus multicinctus (Taiwan banded krait). Genetica 2002a; 115: 213–221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Chung C., Liou J. C., Chang C. W., Yang C. C. Novel neurotoxins from Taiwan banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus) venom: purification, characterization and gene organization. Toxicon 2003; 42: 323–330
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Chung C., Wu B. N., Yang C. C. Characterization and gene organization of Taiwan banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus) γ-bungarotoxin. J. Protein Chem. 2002b; 21: 223–229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Hong E. SnoRNA from Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra) and Bungarus multicinctus (Taiwan banded krait), formed sequence complementarity to 5S rRNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997; 236: 782–784
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Lin J. cDNA sequence analysis of a novel neurotoxin homology from Taiwan banded krait. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1997; 43: 347–354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Lin J., Chou Y. C., Hong E. Genomic structures of cardiotoxin 4 and cobrotoxin from Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997; 239: 756–762
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Lin J., Wu P. F. cDNA sequence and expression of cardiotoxin V and a new cardiotoxin VII from Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1996; 1295: 1–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Lin J., Wu P. F., Chang C. C., Hung E. cDNA sequence analysis and expression of κ-bungarotoxin from Taiwan banded krait. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997; 230: 192–195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Lin S. K., Chung C. Molecular cloning and evolution of the genes encoding the precursors of Taiwan cobra cardiotoxin and cardiotoxin-like basic protein. Biochem. Genetics 2004; 42: 429–440
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Lin S. K., Huang S. B., Hsiao M. Genetic organization of α-bungarotoxins from Bungarus multicinctus (Taiwan banded krait): Evidence showing that the production of α-bungarotoxin isotoxins is not derived from edited mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999; 27: 3970–3975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang L. S., Lin S. K., Wu P. F. Differentially expressed snoRNAs in Bungarus multicinctus (Taiwan banded krait). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 245: 397–402
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Lin S. R., Wang J. J., Hu W. P., Wu B. N., Huang H. B. Structure-function studies on Taiwan cobra long neurotoxin homolog. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2000; 1480: 293–301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang L. S., Wu P. F., Lin J. cDNA sequence analysis and expression of cardiotoxins from Taiwan cobra. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996; 219: 116–121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiappinelli V. A. κ-Neurotoxins and α-neurotoxins: effects on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Snake Toxins, A. L. Harvey. Pergamon Press, New York, 223–258
   Google Scholar
• Chu Y. P., Chang L. S. The organization of the genes encoding the A chain of β-bungarotoxins: evidence for the skipping of exon. Toxicon 2002; 40: 1437–1443
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chung C., Wu B. N., Yang C. C., Chang L. S. Muscarinic toxin-like proteins from Taiwan banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus) venom: purification, characterization and gene organization. Biol. Chem. 2002; 383: 1397–1406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daltry J. C., Ponnudurai G., Shin C. K., Tan N. H., Thorpe R. S., Wuster W. Electrophoretic profiles and biological activities: intraspecific variation in the venom of the Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma). Toxicon 1996; 34: 67–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daltry J. C., Wuster W., Thorpe R. S. Diet and snake venom evolution. Nature 1996; 379: 537–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danse J. M., Garnier J. M., Kempf J. cDNA deduced amino-acid sequence of a new phospholipase from Bungarus multicinctus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990; 18: 4610
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danse J. M., Gasparini S., Menez A. Molecular biology of snake venom phospholipases A2. Venom Phospholipase A₂ Enzymes: Structure, Function and Mechanism, R. M. Kini. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1997; 29–71
   Google Scholar
• Danse J. M., Toussaint J. L., Kempf J. Nucleotide sequence encoding β-bungarotoxin A2 chain from the venom glands of Bungarus multicinctus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990; 18: 4609
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dewan J. C., Grant G. A., Sacchettini J. C. Crystal structure of kappa-bungarotoxin at 2.3 Å resolution. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 13147–13154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducancel F., Bouchier C., Tamiya T., Boulain J. C., Menez A. Cloning and expression of toxin cDNAs. Snake Toxins, A. L. Harvey. Pergamon Press, New York 1991; 385–414
   Google Scholar
• Ducancel F., Rowan E. G., Cassart E., Harvey A., Menez A., Boulain J. C. Amino acid sequence of a muscarinic toxin deduced from the cDNA sequence. Toxicon 1991; 29: 516–520
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Endo T., Tamiya N. Structure-function relationship of postsynaptic neurotoxins from snake venoms. Snake Toxins, A. L. Harvey. Pergamon Press, New York 1991; 165–222
   Google Scholar
• Fujimi T. J., Nakajyo T., Nishimura E., Ogura E., Tsuchiya T., Tamiya T. Molecular evolution and diversification of snake toxin genes, revealed by analysis of intron sequences. Gene 2003; 313: 111–118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujimi T. J., Tsuchiga T., Tamiya T. A comparative analysis of invaded sequences from group IA phospholipase A2 genes provides evidence about the divergence period of genes groups and snake families. Toxicon 2002; 40: 873–884
   Google Scholar
• Fuse N., Tsuchiya T., Nonomura Y., Menez A., Tamiya T. Structure of the short-chain neurotoxin, erabutoxin c, precursor gene. Eur. J. Biochem. 1990; 629–633
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gong N., Armugam A., Jeyaseelan K. Molecular cloning, characterization and evolution of the gene encoding a new group of short-chain α-neurotoxins in an Australian elapid, Pseudonaja textilis. FEBS Lett. 2000; 473: 303–310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gong N. L., Armugam A., Mirtschin P., Jeyaseelan K. Cloning and characterization of the pseudonajatoxin b precursor. Biochem. J. 2001; 358: 647–656
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guignery-Frelat G., Ducancel F., Menez A., Boulain J. C. Sequence of a cDNA encoding a snake venom phospholipase A2. Nucleic Acid Res. 1987; 15: 5892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris J. B. Phospholipases in snake venoms and their effects on nerve and muscle. Snake Toxins, A. L. Harvey. Pergamon Press, New York 1991; 91–129
   Google Scholar
• Heinrikson R. L., Kruger E., Keim P. S. Amino acid sequence of phospholipase A2-α from the venom of Crotalus adamenteus, a new classification of phospholipase A2 based upon structural determinants. J. Biol. Chem. 1977; 252: 4913–4921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeyaseelan K., Armugam A., Ma D., Tan N. H. Structure and phylogeny of the venom group I phospholipase A2 gene. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2000; 17: 1010–1021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeyaseelan K., Ma D., Armugam A. Real-time detection of gene promoter activity: Quantitation of toxin gene transcription. Nucleic Acids. Res. 2001; 29: E58–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeyaseelan K., Poh S. L., Nair R., Armugam A. Structurally conserved α-neurotoxin genes encode functionally diverse proteins in the venom of Naja sputatrix. FEBS Lett. 2003; 553: 333–341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• John T. R., Smith L. A., Kaiser I. I. Genomic sequences encoding the acidic and basic subunits of mojave toxin: unusually high sequence identity of non-coding regions. Gene 1994; 139: 229–234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kini R. M. Phospholipase A2: a complex multifunctional protein puzzle. Venom Phospholipase A₂ Enzymes: Structure, Function and Mechanism, R. M. Kini. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1997; 1–28
   Google Scholar
• Kordis D., Bdolah A., Gubensek F. Positive Darwinian selection in Vipera palaestinae phospholipase A2 genes is unexpectedly limited to the third exon. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 251: 613–619
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kordis D., Gubensek F. Adaptive evolution of animal toxin multigene families. Gene 2000; 261: 43–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kordis D., Gubensek F. Ammodytoxin C gene helps to elucidate irregular structure of Crotalinae group II phospholipase A2 genes. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996; 83–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kordis D., Gubensek F. Bov-B long interspersed repeated DNA (LINE) sequences are presented in Vipera ammodytes phospholipase A2 genes and in genome of Viperidae snakes. Eur. J. Biochem. 1997; 246: 772–779
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachumanan R., Armugam A., Tan C. H., Jeyaseelan K. Structure and organization of the cardiotoxin genes in Naja naja sputatrix. FEBS Lett. 1998; 433: 119–124
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ma D., Armugam A., Jeyaseelan K. α-Neurotoxin gene expression in Naja sputatrix: identification of a silencer element in the promoter region. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2002; 404: 98–105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ma D., Armugam A., Jeyaseelan K. Expression of cardiotoxin-2 gene. Cloning, characterization and deletion of the promoter. Eur. J. Biochem. 2001; 1844–1850
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moura-da-Silva A. M., Paine M. J., Diniz M. R., Theakston R. D., Crampton J. M. The molecular cloning of a phospholipase A2 from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: evolution of venom group II phospholipase A2's may imply gene duplications. J. Mol. Evol. 1995; 41: 74–179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nobuhisa I., Nakashima K., Deshimaru M., Ogawa T., Shimohigashi Y., Fukumaki Y., Sakaki Y., Hattori S., Kihara H., Ohno M. Accelerated evolution of Trimeresurus okinavensis venom gland phospholipase A2 isozymes genes. Gene 1996; 172: 267–272
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nokashima K., Nobuhisa I., Deshimaru M., Nakai M., Ogawa T., Shimohigashi Y., Fukumaki Y., Hottori M., Sakaki Y., Hattori S., Ohno M. Accelerated evolution in the protein-coding regions is universal in crotalinae snake venom gland phospholipase A2 isozyme genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995; 92: 5605–5609
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohno M., Chijiwa T., Oda-Ueda N., Ogawa T., Hattori S. Molecular evolution of myotoxic phospholipase A2 from snake venom. Toxicon 2002; 42: 841–854
   Google Scholar
• Ohno M., Menez R., Ogawa T., Danse J. M., Shimohigashi Y., Fromen C., Ducancel F., Zinn-Justin S., Le Du M. H., Boulain J. C., Tamiya T., Menez A. Molecular evolution of snake toxins: is the functional diversity of snake toxins associated with a mechanism of accelerated evolution?. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 1998; 59: 307–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patthy L. Protein Evolution. Blackwell Science, Oxford 1999
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg P. Lethal potency of snake venom phospholipase A2 enzymes. Venom Phospholipase A₂ Enzymes: Structure, Function and Mechanism, R. M. Kini. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1997a; 130–154
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg P. Pitfalls to avoid in the study of correlations between enzymatic activity and pharmacological properties of phospholipase A2 enzymes. Venom Phospholipase A₂ Enzymes: Structure, Function and Mechanism, R. M. Kini. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1997b; 155–183
   Google Scholar
• Scott D. L. Phospholipase A2: structure and catalytic properties. Venom Phospholipase A₂ Enzymes: Structure, Function and Mechanism, R. M. Kini. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1997; 97–128
   Google Scholar
• Sivaraman T., Kumar T. K.S., Jayaraman G., Han C. C., Yu C. Characterization of a partially structured state in an all-beta-sheet protein. Biochem. J. 1997; 321: 457–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y. J., Wu W. G., Chiang C. M., Hsin A.Y., Hsiao C. D. Crystal structure of cardiotoxin V from Taiwan cobra venom: pH-dependent conformational change and a novel membrane-binding motif identified in the three-finger loops of P-type cardiotoxin. Biochemistry 1997; 36: 2403–2413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamiya T., Lamouroux A., Julien J. F., Grima B., Mallet J., Fromageot P., Menez A. Cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA encoding a snake neurotoxin precursor. Biochimie 1985; 67: 185–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai I. H., Chen Y. H., Wang Y. M., Liau M. Y., Lu P. J. Differential expression and geographic variation of venom phospholipase A2 of Calloselasma rhodostoma and Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2001; 387: 257–264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsetlin V. I. Snake venom α-neurotoxins and other “three-finger” proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 1999; 264: 281–286
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu P. F., Chang L. S. Genetic organization of A chain and B chain of β-bungarotoxin from Taiwan banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus). A chain genes and B chain genes do not share a common origin. Eur. J. Biochem. 2000; 267: 4668–4675
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang C. C. Structure-function relationship of phospholipase A2 from snake venoms. J. Toxicol. 1994; 13: 125–177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C. C. Chemical modification and functional sites of phospholipases A2. Venom Phospholipase A₂ Enzymes: Structure, Function and Mechanism, R. M. Kini. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1997; 185–204
   Google Scholar
• Yang C. C., Chang L.S. Biochemistry and molecular biology of snake neurotoxin. J. Chinese Chem. Soc. 1999; 46: 319–332
   Google Scholar