91
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Detection of heavy metals using atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy in drinking water of Faisalabad, Pakistan: microbial safety and quality status assessment

, ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 1-17 | Received 19 May 2023, Accepted 10 Oct 2023, Published online: 30 Oct 2023

References

  • Acharjee, A., et al., 2022. Assessment of the ecological risk from heavy metals in the surface sediment of River Surma, Bangladesh: Coupled approach of Monte Carlo simulation and multi-component statistical analysis. Water, 14 (2), 180.
  • Adhikari, S., Yanuar, E., and Ng, D.Q., 2022. Widespread nickel contamination in drinking water supplies of elementary schools in Taichung, Taiwan. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29 (9), 12531–12539.
  • Agbasi, J.C., and Egbueri, J.C., 2022. Assessment of PTEs in water resources by integrating HHRISK code, water quality indices, multivariate statistics, and ANNs. Geocarto international, 37 (25), 10407–10433.
  • Agbasi, J.C., and Egbueri, J.C., 2023. Intelligent soft computational models integrated for the prediction of potentially toxic elements and groundwater quality indicators: a case study. Journal of sedimentary environments, 8 (1), 57–79.
  • Ahmed, J., et al., 2020. Drinking water quality mapping using water quality index and geospatial analysis in primary schools of Pakistan. Water, 12 (12), 3382.
  • Ajiboye, Y., et al., 2022. Pilot groundwater radon mapping and the assessment of health risk from heavy metals in drinking water of southwest, Nigeria. Heliyon, 8 (2), e08840.
  • Al-Qahtani, S.D., et al., 2022. Synthesis and adsorption properties of fibrous-like aerogel from acylhydrazone polyviologen: efficient removal of reactive dyes from wastewater. Journal of materials research and technology, 18, 1822–1833.
  • Altaf, S., 2021. Sustainable urban groundwater governance in Faisalabad, Pakistan: challenges and possibilities. Thesis (PhD). University of Louisville.
  • AOAC. 2019. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists: official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 21st ed. Washington, DC: AOAC.
  • Asfahan, H. M., et al., 2022. Agrovoltaic and Smart Irrigation: Pakistan Perspective. In: Muhammad Sultan and Fiaz Ahmad eds. Irrigation and Drainage-Recent Advances. London: IntechOpen.
  • Asghar, A., et al., 2019. Integrated hydrological modeling for assessment of water demand and supply under socio-economic and IPCC climate change scenarios using WEAP in Central Indus Basin. Journal of water supply, 68 (2), 136–148.
  • Ayejoto, D.A., et al., 2023. Evaluation of oral and dermal health risk exposures of contaminants in groundwater resources for nine age groups in two densely populated districts, Nigeria. Heliyon, 9 (4), e15483.
  • Ayejoto, D.A., et al., 2022. Assessment of oral and dermal health risk exposures associated with contaminated water resources: an update in Ojoto area, southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 10, 1–21.
  • Azizullah, A., Khattak, M.N., Richter, P., and Häder, D.P., 2011. Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health--a review. Environ international, 37 (2), 479–97. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.007
  • Bala, S., et al., 2022. Recent strategies for bioremediation of emerging pollutants: a review for a green and sustainable environment. Toxics, 10 (8), 484.
  • Blundy, J., et al., 2021. The economic potential of metalliferous sub-volcanic brines. Royal society open science, 8 (6), 202192.
  • Buledi, J.A., et al., 2021. A review on detection of heavy metals from aqueous media using nanomaterial-based sensors. Environmental science and pollution research international, 28 (42), 58994–59002.
  • Chen, C.H., et al., 2023. Toxicity, leakage, and recycling of lead in perovskite photovoltaics. Advanced energy materials, 13 (14), 2204144.
  • Chen, H., Zhu, C., and Zhou, X., 2023. Effects of lead and cadmium combined heavy metals on liver function and lipid metabolism in mice. Biological trace element research, 201 (6), 2864–2876.
  • Chen, L., et al., 2022. A global meta-analysis of heavy metal (loid) s pollution in soils near copper mines: Evaluation of pollution level and probabilistic health risks. The science of the total environment, 835, 155441.
  • Covre, W.P., et al., 2022. Impact of copper mining wastes in the Amazon: Properties and risks to environment and human health. Journal of hazardous materials, 421, 126688.
  • Dey, S., et al., 2023. Ecotoxicological consequences of manganese mining pollutants and their biological remediation. Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology, 5, 55–61.
  • Ding, R., et al., 2021. Heavy metals detection with paper-based electrochemical sensors. Analytical chemistry, 93 (4), 1880–1888.
  • Egbueri, J.C., 2023. A multi-model study for understanding the contamination mechanisms, toxicity and health risks of hardness, sulfate, and nitrate in natural water resources. Environmental science and pollution research international, 30 (22), 61626–61658.
  • Egbueri, J.C., and Agbasi, J.C., 2022a. Combining data-intelligent algorithms for the assessment and predictive modeling of groundwater resources quality in parts of southeastern Nigeria. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29 (38), 57147–57171.
  • Egbueri, J.C., and Agbasi, J.C., 2022b. Data-driven soft computing modeling of groundwater quality parameters in southeast Nigeria: comparing the performances of different algorithms. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29 (25), 38346–38373.
  • Egbueri, J.C., Unigwe, C.O., Omeka, M.E., & Ayejoto, D.A., 2021. Urban groundwater quality assessment using pollution indicators and multivariate statistical tools: a case study in southeast Nigeria. International journal of environmental analytical chemistry, 1–27.
  • Egbueri, J.C., et al., 2023. Urban groundwater quality assessment using pollution indicators and multivariate statistical tools: a case study in southeast Nigeria. International journal of environmental analytical chemistry, 103 (14), 3324–3350.
  • El-Naggar, A., et al., 2021. Nickel in soil and water: Sources, biogeochemistry, and remediation using biochar. Journal of hazardous materials, 419, 126421.
  • Fatima, S.U., et al., 2022. Geospatial assessment of water quality using principal components analysis (PCA) and water quality index (WQI) in Basho Valley, Gilgit Baltistan (Northern Areas of Pakistan). Environmental monitoring and assessment, 194 (3), 151.
  • Ghumman, A.R., et al., 2012. Environmental and socio-economic impacts of pipe drainage in Pakistan. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184 (3), 1671–1681.
  • Güngör, K., and Bahçeci, B., 2023. Performance assessment of subsurface drainage systems in the harran plain of the South‐East Anatolian region of Turkey. Irrigation and drainage, 72 (2), 487–502.
  • Hamzah, L.H., et al., 2023. Evaluation of the toxicity of heavy metal salts when adding selenium and zinc in the liver and kidneys and their effect on health. HIV nursing, 23 (1), 397–401.
  • Hassan, G.Z., et al., 2022. Groundwater contamination by wastewater–A threat for human–heath in Punjab Pakistan. MedPress nutrition & food sciences, 1 (1), mpnfs–202207001.
  • Hu, W., Cheng, W.C., and Wen, S., 2023. Investigating the effect of degree of compaction, initial water content, and electric field intensity on electrokinetic remediation of an artificially Cu-and Pb-contaminated loess. Acta geotechnica, 18 (2), 937–949.
  • Imran, M.A., et al., 2021. Free discharge of subsurface drainage effluent: an alternate design of the surface drain system in Pakistan. Sustainability, 13 (7), 4080.
  • Iyer, M., et al., 2023. A review of chromium (Cr) epigenetic toxicity and health hazards. The science of the total environment, 882, 163483.
  • Jamal, S., 2019. Situational analysis of water resources in Faisalabad city: establishing a case for water stewardship. Pakistan: World Wildlife Fund.
  • Javed, N., and Qureshi, N.N., 2019. City profile: Faisalabad, Pakistan. Environment and urbanization ASIA, 10 (2), 233–254.
  • Karahan, F., 2023. Evaluation of trace element and heavy metal levels of some ethnobotanically important medicinal plants used as remedies in Southern Turkey in terms of human health risk. Biological trace element research, 201 (1), 493–513.
  • Khalid, S., and Khanoranga, 2019. An assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around brick kilns in three districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan, through water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches. Journal of geochemical exploration, 197, 14–26.
  • Khaliq, A., et al., 2021. Groundwater pumping modeling for the sustainable management of urban water supply in Faisalabad city, Pakistan. Arabian journal of geosciences, 14 (6), 1–14.
  • Khan, A., and Qureshi, F.R., 2018. Groundwater quality assessment through water quality index (WQI) in New Karachi Town, Karachi, Pakistan. Asian journal of water, environment and pollution, 15 (1), 41–46.
  • Khan, R.U., et al., 2022. Assessment and removal of heavy metals and other ions from the industrial wastewater of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Processes, 10 (11), 2165.
  • Kutralam-Muniasamy, G., et al., 2021. Overview of microplastics pollution with heavy metals: Analytical methods, occurrence, transfer risks and call for standardization. Journal of hazardous materials, 415, 125755.
  • Lee, P.H., et al., 2022. Essential minerals and heavy metals analysis of Penang Assam Laksa using atomic absorption spectrometry, flow injection mercury system, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Malaysian journal of analytical sciences, 26 (2), 429–438.
  • Liu, L., et al., 2022. Occurrence and distribution of groundwater fluoride and manganese in the Weining Plain (China) and their probabilistic health risk quantification. Exposure and Health, 14 (2), 263–279.
  • Liu, X., et al., 2023. Spatiotemporal variations and gradient functions of water turbidity in shallow lakes. Ecological indicators, 147, 109928.
  • Luo, M., et al., 2022. Pollution assessment and sources of dissolved heavy metals in coastal water of a highly urbanized coastal area: The role of groundwater discharge. The science of the total environment, 807 (Pt 3), 151070.
  • Mahfooz, Y., et al., 2019. Investigating the drinking and surface water quality and associated health risks in a semi-arid multi-industrial metropolis (Faisalabad), Pakistan. Environmental science and pollution research international, 26 (20), 20853–20865.
  • Mahmoud, N., et al., 2023. Risk assessment of the impact of heavy metals in urban traffic dust on human health. Atmosphere, 14 (6), 1049.
  • Maurya, P.K., et al., 2019. Bioaccumulation and potential sources of heavy metal contamination in fish species in River Ganga basin: Possible human health risks evaluation. Toxicology reports, 6, 472–481.
  • Mitra, S., et al., 2022. Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 34 (3), 101865.
  • Muhammad, S., and Usman, Q.A., 2022. Heavy metal contamination in water of Indus River and its tributaries, Northern Pakistan: evaluation for potential risk and source apportionment. Toxin reviews, 41 (2), 380–388.
  • Nadikatla, S.K., Mushini, V.S., and Mudumba, P.S.M.K., 2020. Water quality index method in assessing groundwater quality of Palakonda mandal in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Applied water science, 10 (1), 1–14.
  • Natarajan, B., et al., 2023. Recent developments in metal nanoparticles functionalized nanocomposite adsorbents for heavy metals removal from wastewaters. Journal of the Taiwan institute of chemical engineers, 147, 104942.
  • Parchami-Araghi, F., Samipour, F., and Sadeghi-Lari, A., 2020. Distributed application of SWAP model for intra-daily simulation of an agricultural system with subsurface drainage. Iranian journal of irrigation & drainage, 14 (4), 1121–1136.
  • Pohl, P., et al., 2022. Rapid and easy ICP OES determination of selected major, minor and trace elements in Pu-erh tea infusions using the response surface methodology along with the joint desirability function approach. Talanta, 249, 123650.
  • Punia, P., et al., 2022. Recent advances in detection and removal of heavy metals from contaminated water. ChemBioEng reviews, 9 (4), 351–369.
  • Rahman, M.A., et al., 2020. Heavy metal pollution assessment in the groundwater of the Meghna Ghat industrial area, Bangladesh, by using water pollution indices approach. Applied water science, 10 (8), 1–15.
  • Rahman, S.U., et al., 2022. Evaluation of heavy metal phytoremediation potential of six tree species of Faisalabad city of Pakistan during summer and winter seasons. Journal of environmental management, 320, 115801.
  • Raimi, M.O., et al., 2022. Toxicants in water: hydrochemical appraisal of toxic metals concentration and seasonal variation in drinking water quality in oil and gas field area of Rivers State, Nigeria. In: Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan eds. Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals. IntechOpen.
  • Razzaq, A., et al., 2023. Analyzing past and future trends in Pakistan’s groundwater irrigation development: Implications for environmental sustainability and food security. Environmental science and pollution research international, 30 (12), 35413–35429.
  • Reddy, S., and Osborne, W.J., 2020. Heavy metal determination and aquatic toxicity evaluation of textile dyes and effluents using Artemia salina. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 25, 101574.
  • Sadighara, P., et al., 2023. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and heavy metal exposure: a systematic review. Biological trace element research, 16, 1–9.
  • Salam, M., et al., 2021. Assessing the drinking water quality of educational institutions at selected locations of district Swat, Pakistan. Environmental earth sciences, 80 (8), 1–11.
  • Sanseverino, I., et al., 2022. Metagenomics analysis to investigate the microbial communities and their functional profile during cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Varese. Microbial ecology, 83 (4), 850–868.
  • Sarwar, S., et al., 2022. Spatial variations in the biochemical potential of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus L.(Moench)] leaf and fruit under field conditions. PLOS one, 17 (2), e0259520.
  • Schileo, G., and Grancini, G., 2021. Lead or no lead? Availability, toxicity, sustainability and environmental impact of lead-free perovskite solar cells. Journal of materials chemistry C, 9 (1), 67–76.
  • Shabbir, R., and Ahmad, S.S., 2015. Use of geographic information system and water quality index to assess groundwater quality in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Arabian journal for science and engineering, 40 (7), 2033–2047.
  • Shaffer, R.M., et al., 2023. Comparative susceptibility of children and adults to neurological effects of inhaled manganese: a review of the published literature. Environmental research, 221, 115319.
  • Shakoor, A., Zahid, M. K., Farid, H. U., Sultan, M., Aftab, A. K., Ahmad, I., & Azmat, M. (2018). Groundwater vulnerability mapping in Faisalabad district using GIS based drastic model. MATEC web of conferences, 246 (3), 01001.
  • Shakya, A.K., and Singh, S., 2022. State of the art in fiber optics sensors for heavy metals detection. Optics & laser technology, 153, 108246.
  • Sharma, G.K., et al., 2021. Evaluating the geochemistry of groundwater contamination with iron and manganese and probabilistic human health risk assessment in endemic areas of the world’s largest River Island, India. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 87, 103690.
  • Sharma, P., et al., 2022. Health hazards of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) and its microbial reduction. Bioengineered, 13 (3), 4923–4938.
  • Syed, A., et al., 2021. Soil salinity research in 21st century in Pakistan: its impact on availability of plant nutrients, growth and yield of crops. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 52 (3), 183–200.
  • Taha, T.A., Mehaney, A., and Elsayed, H.A., 2022. Detection of heavy metals using one-dimensional gyroidal photonic crystals for effective water treatment. Materials chemistry and physics, 285, 126125.
  • Thakur, A., and Kumar, A., 2022. Recent advances on rapid detection and remediation of environmental pollutants utilizing nanomaterials-based (bio) sensors. The science of the total environment, 834, 155219.
  • Uko, C.A., et al., 2022. Adsorptive properties of MgO/WO3 nanoadsorbent for selected heavy metals removal from indigenous dyeing wastewater. Process safety and environmental protection, 162, 775–794.
  • Ullah, A.S., et al., 2022. A localized assessment of groundwater quality status using GIS-based water quality index in industrial zone of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Water, 14 (20), 3342.
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2023. National primary drinking water regulations. https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations.
  • Vasiraja, N., Prabhahar, R.S.S., and Joshua, A., 2023. Preparation and Physio–Chemical characterisation of activated carbon derived from Prosopis juliflora stem for the removal of methylene blue dye and heavy metal containing textile industry effluent. Journal of cleaner production, 397, 136579.
  • Velusamy, S., et al., 2021. A review on heavy metal ions and containing dyes removal through graphene oxide‐based adsorption strategies for textile wastewater treatment. Chemical record, 21 (7), 1570–1610.
  • Wa, O.G., et al., 2022. Geoelectrical exploration of the coastal plain sands of Okitipupa area, southwestern Nigeria. International journal of environmental science and technology, 20, 1–18.
  • Wessels, I., Fischer, H.J., and Rink, L., 2021. Dietary and physiological effects of zinc on the immune system. Annual review of nutrition, 41 (1), 133–175.
  • WHO, 2021. Manganese in drinking water: background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality (No. WHO/HEP/ECH/WSH/2021.5). Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • WHO, 2022. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. Geneva: World Health Organization
  • World Population, 2023. Population stat world statistical data. Available from: https://populationstat.com. [Accessed 07 February 2023]
  • Zakir-Hassan, G., et al., 2022. Environmental challenges for groundwater-irrigated agriculture and managment opportunities in Punjab province of Pakistan. International Journal of Research in Agronomy, 4, 142–153.
  • Zhu, X., et al., 2022. Effects of different types of anthropogenic disturbances and natural wetlands on water quality and microbial communities in a typical black-odor river. Ecological indicators, 136, 108613.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.