World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders in Primary Care

References

• Adli M, Baethge C, Heinz A, Langlitz N, Bauer M. Is dose escalation of antidepressants a rational strategy after a medium-dose treatment has failed? A systematic review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 255(6)387–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AHCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research). 1993. Depression Guidelines Panel. Depression in Primary Care: Clinical Practice Guideline No. 5. AHCPR pub. No. 93-0550. Rockville, MD.
   Google Scholar
• AHCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research). 1999. Evidence Report on Treatment of Depression: Newer Pharmacotherapies. San Antonio Evidence-Based Practice Center. Washington, DC, AHCPR, Evidence-Based Practice Centers. AHCPR pub. No. 99-E014.
   Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS. Dysthymic and cyclothymic depressions: therapeutic considerations. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55(Suppl 4)46–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akiskal HS, Benazzi F. Psychopathologic correlates of suicidal ideation in major depressive outpatients: is it all due to unrecognized (bipolar) depressive mixed states?. Psychopathology 2005; 38(5)273–280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, et al. Switching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 114–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos GS, Raue P, Arean P. Problem-solving therapy versus supportive therapy in geriatric major depression with executive dysfunction. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 11: 46–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Post RM, Leverich GS, Mikalauskas K, Rosoff A, Ackerman L. Antidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: a controversy revisited. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1130–1138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Cohen L, Szuba MP, Burt VK, Gitlin M, Mintz J. Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness during pregnancy: dilemmas and guidelines. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153(5)592–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Bauer M, Frye MA, et al. Does thyroid supplementation accelerate tricyclic antidepressant response? A review and meta-analysis of the literature. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1617–1622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez W, Pickworth KK. Safety of antidepressant drugs in the patient with cardiac disease: a review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23: 754–771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 1994a. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th revision (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 1994b. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 151((Suppl 12)):1–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry 157((Suppl)):1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Amsterdam JD, editor. 1991. Advances in neuropsychiatry and psychopharmacology. Vol 2. Refractory depression. New York: Raven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Deakin JF. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 1993 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2000; 14: 3–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson IM. Meta-analytical studies on new antidepressants. Br Med Bull 2001; 57: 161–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J. The course of affective disorders. Psychopathology 1986; 19(Suppl 2)47–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J. Major depression in 1998: are we providing optimal therapy?. J Clin Psychiatry 1999a; 60(Suppl 6)5–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J. Suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999b; 60(Suppl 2)57–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J, Preisig M. Course of a clinical cohort of unipolar, bipolar and schizoaffective patients. Results of a prospective study from 1959 to 1985. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1995; 146: 5–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angst J, Stabl M. Efficacy of moclobemide in different patient groups: a meta-analysis of studies. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1992; 106(Suppl)S109–113
   Google Scholar
• Angst J, Stassen HH. 1994. Methodische Aspekte von Studien zur antidepressiven Wirksamkeit. In: Spezielle Aspekte der antidepressiven Therapie. Neuere Ergebnisse zu Moclobemid. München: MMV Medizin Verlag GmbH. p S147–166.
   Google Scholar
• Angst J, Felder W, Frey R, Stassen HH. The course of affective disorders. I. Change of diagnosis ofmonopolar, unipolar, and bipolar illness. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1978; 226: 57–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rossler W. Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. J Affect Disord 2003; 73(1–2)133–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J, Adolfsson R, Benazzi F, et al. The HCL-32: towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients. J Affect Disord 2005; 88(2)217–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L. Suicide in psychiatric patients: risk and prevention. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161: 749–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson R, Offman HJ, Joffe RT, Naylor CD. Triiodothyronine augmentation in the treatment of refractory depression. A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53(9)842–848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backenstrass M, Frank A, Joest K, Hingmann S, Mundt C, Kronmuller KT. A comparative study of nonspecific depressive symptoms and minor depression regarding functional impairment and associated characteristics in primary care. Comp Psychiatry 2006; 47(1)35–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker CB, Tweedie R, Duval S, Woods SW. Evidence that the SSRI dose response in treating major depression should be reassessed: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 2003; 17: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J. Lithium treatment and suicide risk in major affective disorders: update and new findings. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(Suppl 5)44–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin RC, Anderson D, Black S, et al, Faculty of Old Age Psychiatry Working Group, Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2003. Guideline for the management of late-life depression in primary care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 18:829–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbee JG, Conrad EJ, Jamhour NJ. The effectiveness of olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone as augmentation agents in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 975–981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Döpfmer S. Lithium augmentation in treatment-resistant depression – A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19: 427–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Helmchen H. General principles of the treatment of depressive and manic disorders. Contemporary Psychiatry. Vol 3, H Helmchen, F Henn, H Lauter, N Sartorius. Springer, Heidelberg 2000; 305–316
   Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Hellweg R, Gräf KJ, Baumgartner A. Treatment of refractory depression with high-dose thyroxine. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 18: 444–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Bschor T, Kunz D, Berghöfer A, Ströhle S, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the use of lithium to augment antidepressant medication in continuation treatment of unipolar major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1429–1435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Whybrow PC, Angst J, Versiani M, Möller HJ. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders, part 1: acute and continuation treatment of major depressive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2002a; 3: 5–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauer M, Whybrow PC, Angst J, Versiani M, Möller HJ. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders, part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder and treatment of chronic depressive disorders and subthreshold depressions. World J Biol Psychiatry 2002b; 3: 69–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauer M, London ED, Rasgon N, et al. Supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine alter regional cerebral metabolism and improve mood in women with bipolar depression. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10: 456–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Crossley NA, Gerber S, Bschor T. The acute antidepressive effects of lithium: from monotherapy to augmentation. Lithium in neuropsychiatry – The comprehensive guide, M Bauer, P Grof, Müller-Oerlinghausen. Informa Healthcare, Abingdon 2006; 109–128
   Google Scholar
• Baumann P. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996; 31: 444–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley CM, Jr, Dornseif BE, Bosomworth JC, et al. Fluoxetine and suicide: a meta-analysis of controlled trials of treatment for depression. Br Med J 1991; 303(6804)685–692
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bech P. Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trails with mirtazapine using the core items of the Hamilton Depression scale as evidence of a pure antidepressive effect in the short-term treatment of major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 4: 337–345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bech P, Cialdella P, Haugh MC, et al. Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of fluoxetine v. placebo and tricyclic antidepressants in the short-term treatment of major depression. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 176: 421–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford, New York 1979
   Google Scholar
• Bellack AS, Hersen M. A comparison of social-skills training, pharmacotherapy, and psychotherapy for depression. Behav Res Ther 1983; 21: 101–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendz H, Aurell M, Balldin J, Mathe AA, Sjodin I. Kidney damage in long-term lithium patients: a cross-sectional study of patients with 15 years or more on lithium. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: 1250–1254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benkert O, Hippius H. Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie. 5. Überarbeitete Auflage. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2005
   Google Scholar
• Bezchlibnyk-Butler KZ, Jeffries JJ. Clinical handbook of psychotropic drugs. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, Seattle 1996
   Google Scholar
• Birch NJ, Grof P, Hullin RP, Kehoe RF, Schou M, Srinivasan DP. Lithium prophylaxis: proposed guidelines for good clinical practice. Lithium 1993; 4: 225–230
   Google Scholar
• Birmaher B, Brent DA, Benson RS. Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37: 1234–1238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackburn IM, Moore RG. Controlled acute and follow-up trial of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in out-patients with recurrent depression. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171: 328–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal SJ. Youth suicide: risk factors, assessment, and treatment of adolescent and young adult suicidal patients. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1990; 13: 511–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocchetta A, Ardau R, Burrai C, Chillotti C, Quesada G, Del Zompo M. Suicidal behavior on and off lithium prophylaxis in a group of patients with prior suicide attempts. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18: 384–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondareff W, Alpert M, Friedhoff AJ, Richter E, Clary CM, Batzar E. Comparison of sertraline and nortriptyline in the treatment of major depressive disorder in late life. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 729–736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostwick JM, Pankratz VS. Affective disorders and suicide risk: a reexamination. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1925–1932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberger T. A psychosocial understanding of depression in women: for the primary care physician. J Am Med Womens Assoc 2004; 59: 198–206
   Google Scholar
• Brøsen K. Differences in interactions of SSRIs. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 13(Suppl 5)S45–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosse AL, Sheets ES, Lett HS, Blumenthal JA. Exercise and the treatment of clinical depression in adults: recent findings and future directions. Sports Med 2002; 32: 741–760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne G, Steiner M, Roberts J, et al. Sertraline and/or interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with dysthymic disorder in primary care: 6-month comparison with longitudinal 2-year follow-up of effectiveness and costs. J Affect Disord 2002; 68: 317–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunello N, Burrows GD, Jönsson CPB, et al. Critical issues in the treatment of affective disorders. Depression 1995; 3: 187–198
   Google Scholar
• Bschor T, Berghöfer A, Ströhle A, et al. How long should the lithium augmentation strategy be maintained? A 1-year follow up of a placebo-controlled study in unipolar refractory major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22: 427–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bschor T, Lewitzka U, Sasse J, Adli M, Köberle U, Bauer M. Lithium augmentation in treatment resisant depression: clinical evidence, serotonergic and endocrine mechanisms. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003; 36(Suppl 3)S230–234
   Google Scholar
• Burgess S, Geddes J, Hawton K, Townsend E, Jamison K, Goodwin G 2003. Lithium for maintenance treatment of mood disorders (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software.
   Google Scholar
• Burnand Y, Andreoli A, Kolatte E, Venturini A, Rosset N. Psychodynamic psychotherapy and clomipramine in the treatment of major depression. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53: 585–590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt VK, Suri R, Altshuler LL, Stowe ZN, Hendrick V, Muntean E. The use of psychotropic medications during breast-feeding. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1001–1009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Psychiatric Association and the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT). 2000. Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Depressive Disorders. Can J Psychiatry 46((Suppl 1)):1–90S.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanagh J, Smyth R, Goodwin GM. Relapse into mania or depression following lithium discontinuation: a 7-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 109(2)91–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani A, Brambilla P, Furukawa T, et al 2005. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4.
   Google Scholar
• Cole MG, Bellavance F, Asmaâ M. Prognosis of depression in elderly community and primary care populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1182–1189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppen A, Standish-Barry H, Bailey J, Houston G, Silcocks P, Hermon C. Long-term lithium and mortality. Lancet 1990; 335: 1347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppen A. Lithium in unipolar depression and the prevention of suicide. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61(Suppl 9)52–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corya SA, Andersen SW, Detke HC, et al. Long-term antidepressant efficacy of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination: a 76-week open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 1349–1356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corya SA, Williamson D, Sanger TM, Briggs SD, Case M, Tollefson G. A randomized, double-blind comparison of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination, olanzapine, fluoxetine, and venlafaxine in treatment-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety 2006; 23(6)364–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coryell W, Arndt S, Turvey C, et al. Lithium and suicidal behavior in major affective disorder: a case-controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 104: 193–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crismon ML, Trivedi M, Pigott TA, et al. The Texas Medication Algorithm Project: report of the Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 142–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossley NA, Bauer M Acceleration and augmentation of antidepressants with lithium for depressive disorders: two meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry, in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damsa C, Bumb A, Bianchi-Demicheli F, et al. “Dopamine-dependent” side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a clinical review. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 1064–1068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danish University Antidepressant Group. 1986. Citalopram: clinical effect profile in comparison with clomipramine. A controlled multicenter study. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 90:131–138.
   Google Scholar
• Danish University Antidepressant Group. 1990. Paroxetine: a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor showing better tolerance, but weaker antidepressant effect than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study. J Affect Disord 18((4)):289–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JM, Janicak PG, Hogan DM. Mood stabilizers in the prevention of recurrent affective disorders: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999; 100: 406–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson R, Lavori PW, Coryell WH, Endicott J, Keller MB. Maintenance strategies for unipolar depression: an observational study of levels of treatment and recurrence. J Affect Disord 1998; 49: 31–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Battista C, Solvason HB, Poirier J, Kendrick E, Schatzberg AF. A prospective trail of bupropion SR augmentation of partial and non-responders to serotonergic antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23: 27–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lima MS, Moncrieff J. Drugs versus placebo for dysthymia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 2000; 4: CD001130
   Google Scholar
• De Lima MS, Hotopf M. A comparison of active drugs for the treatment of dysthymia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;3 2003; 3: CD00404
   Google Scholar
• De Jonghe F, Kool S, van Aalst G, Dekker J, Peen J. Combining psychotherapy and antidepressants in the treatment of depression. J Affect Disord 2001; 64: 217–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jonghe F, Hendricksen M, van Aalst G, et al. Psychotherapy alone and combined with pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 185: 37–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRubeis RJ, Gelfand LA, Tang TZ, Simons AD. Medications versus cognitive behavior therapy for severely depressed outpatients: mega-analysis of four randomized comparisons. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1007–1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde, DGPPN. 2000. Praxisleitlinien in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. In: Gaebel W, Falkai P, editors. Band 5. Behandlungsleitlinie Affektive Erkrankungen. Darmstadt: Steinkopff
   Google Scholar
• Devanand DP, Juszczak N, Nobler MS, et al. An open treatment trial of venlafaxine for elderly patients with dysthymic disorder. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17(4)219–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devanand DP, Nobler MS, Cheng J, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine treatment for elderly patients with dysthymic disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 13(1)59–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimeo F, Bauer M, Varahram I, Proest G, Halter U. Benefits from aerobic exercise in patients with major depression: a pilot study. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35: 114–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson KS. A metaanalysis of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989; 57: 414–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd S, Horgan D, Malhi GS, Berk M. To combine or not to combine? A literature review of antidepressant combination therapy. J Affect Disord 2005; 89(1–3)1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunner DL. Lithium carbonate: maintenance studies and consequences of withdrawal. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl 6)48–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunner DL. Treatment considerations for depression in the elderly. CNS Spectr 2003; 12(Suppl 3)14–19
   Google Scholar
• Dunner DL, Cohn JB, Walshe T, et al. Two combined, multicenter double-blind studies of paroxetine and doxepine in geriatric patients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53(Suppl)57–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards JG, Anderson I. Systematic review and guide to selection of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Drugs 1999; 57: 507–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einarson TR, Arikian SR, Casciano J, Doyle JJ. Comparison of extended-release venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Ther 1999; 21: 296–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkin I, Shea MT, Watkins JT, et al. NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: general effectiveness of treatments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 971–982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency (EMEA). 2005. [ http://www.emea.eu.int].
   Google Scholar
• Emslie GJ, Rush AJ, Weinberg WA, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 1031–1037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entsuah AR, Huang H, Thase ME. Response and remission rates in different subpopulations with major depressive disorder administered venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or placebo. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 869–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. Antisuicide properties of psychotropic drugs: a critical review. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2004; 12: 14–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava GA, Rafanelli C, Grandi S, Conti S, Belluardo P. Prevention of recurrent depression with cognitive behavioral therapy: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 816–820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava M, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, et al. Background and rationale for the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D) study. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2003a; 26: 457–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava M, McGrath PJ, Sheu WP, Reboxetine Study Group. 2003b. Switching to reboxetine: an efficacy and safety study in patients with major depressive disorder unresponsive to fluoxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23:365–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett J, Barkin RL. A meta-analysis of eight randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials of mirtazapine for the treatment of patients with major depression and symptoms of anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59: 123–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett JA. Lithium combinations in acute and maintenance treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(Suppl 5)32–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferguson JM. The effects of antidepressants on sexual functioning in depressed patients: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62(Suppl 3)22–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedorowicz JG, Swartz KL. The role of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in current psychiatric practice. J Psychiatr Pract 2004; 10: 239–248
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finfgeld DL. Serotonin syndrome and the use of SSRIs. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2004; 42: 16–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisch RZ. Masked depression: its interrelations with somatization, hypochondriasis and conversion. Int J Psychiatry Med 1987; 17: 367–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint AJ. Choosing appropriate antidepressant therapy in the elderly. A risk-benefit assessment of available agents. Drugs Aging 1998; 13: 269–280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkerts HW, Michael N, Tolle R, Schonauer K, Mucke S, Schulze-Monking H. Electroconvulsive therapy vs. paroxetine in treatment-resistant depression – a randomized study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 96(5)334–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franchini L, Gasperini M, Perez J, Smeraldi E, Zanardi R. Dose-response efficacy of paroxetine in preventing depressive recurrences: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59: 229–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, et al. Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder. Remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 851–855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, et al. Comparison of full-dose versus half-dose pharmacotherapy in the maintenance treatment of recurrent depression. J Affect Disord 1993; 27: 139–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank E, Thase ME, Spanier C, Cyranowski JM, Siegel L. Psychotherapy of affective disorders. Contemporary psychiatry. Vol. 3, H Helmchen, F Henn, H Lauter, N Sartorius. Springer, Heidelberg 2000; 348–363
   Google Scholar
• Furukawa T, Streiner DL , Young LT. 2001 Antidepressant and benzodiazepine for major depression (Cochrane Review) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 2001 CD001026
   Google Scholar
• Gaffan EA, Tsaousis I, Kemp-Wheeler SM. Researcher allegiance and meta-analysis: the case of cognitive therapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63: 966–980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes JR, Freemantle N, Mason J, Eccles MP, Boynton J. 2001. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depression (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, Oxford: Update Software.
   Google Scholar
• Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davis C, et al. Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorder: a systematic review. Lancet 2003; 361: 653–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller B, Reising D, Leonard HL, Riddle MA, Walsh BT. Critical review of tricyclic antidepressant use in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 513–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Sackeim HA, Rush AJ, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation: a new tool for brain research and therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 287–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Rush AJ, Marangell LB, et al. A one-year comparison of vagus nerve stimulation with treatment as usual for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58(5)364–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgotas A, McCue RE, Cooper TB. A placebo-controlled comparison of nortriptyline and phenelzine in maintenance therapy of elderly depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46(9)783–786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerson S, Belin TR, Kaufman A, Mintz J, Jarvik L. Pharmacological and psychological treatments for depressed older patients: a meta-analysis and overview of recent findings. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1999; 7: 1–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaemi SN, Ko JY, Goodwin FK. “Cade's disease” and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use, and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47(2)125–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedke H, Schwarzler F. Therapeutic use of sleep deprivation in depression. Sleep Med Rev 2002; 6: 361–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedke H, Klingberg S, Schwarzler F, Schweinsberg M. Direct comparison of total sleep deprivation and late partial sleep deprivation in the treatment of major depression. J Affect Disord 2003; 76: 85–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glogauen V, Cottraux J, Cucherat M, Blackburn IM. A metaanalysis of the effects of cognitive therapy in depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1998; 49: 59–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, et al. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162(4)656–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnick PJ, Jorge CA, Hunter T, Kumar AM. Nefazodone treatment of adolescent depression: an open-label study of response and biochemistry. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2000; 12: 97–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-depressive illness. Oxford University Press, New York 1990
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin FK, Fireman B, Simon GE, Hunkeler EM, Lee J, Revicki D. Suicide risk in bipolar disorder during treatment with lthium and divalproex. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1467–1473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg PE, Kessler RC, Birnbaum HG, et al. The economic burden of depression in the united states: how did it change between 1990 and 2000?. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 1465–1475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Kasper S, Goodwin G, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of bipolar disorders. Part I: Treatment of bipolar depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2002; 3(3)115–124
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grunze H, Kasper S, Goodwin G, et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Biological Treatment of Bipolar Disorders, Part II: Treatment of Mania. World J Biol Psychiatry 2003; 4(1)5–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Kasper S, Goodwin G, Bowden C, Moller HJ. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders, part III: maintenance treatment. World J Biol Psychiatry 2004; 5(3)120–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy D, Whitaker C. Antidepressants and suicide: risk-benefit conundrums. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2003; 28: 331–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960; 23: 56–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautzinger M, Welz S. Cognitive behavioral therapy for depressed older outpatients – a controlled, randomized trial]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2004; 37(6)427–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrick V, Fukuchi A, Altshuler LL, Widawsky M, Wertheimer A, Brunhuber M. Use of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine by nursing women. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179: 163–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiemke C, Härtter S. Pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 85: 11–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld RM, Montgomery SA, Keller MB, et al. Social functioning in depression: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 268–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(11)1873–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld RM. Clinical importance of long-term antidepressant treatment. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) 2001; 42: S4–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirschfeld RM, Vornik LA. Newer antidepressants: review of efficacy and safety of escitalopram and duloxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65(Suppl 4)46–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffbrand S, Howard L, Crawley H 2001. Antidepressant treatment for post-natal depression (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software.
   Google Scholar
• Hollon SD, DeRubeis RJ, Evans MD, et al. Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 774–781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollon SD, Jarrett RB, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Trivedi M, Rush AJ. Psychotherapy and medication in the treatment of adult and geriatric depression: which monotherapy or combined treatment?. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66(4)455–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotopf M, Hardy R, Lewis G. Discontinuation rates of SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis and investigation of heterogeneity. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170: 120–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howland RH, Thase ME. What to do with SSRI nonresonders?. J Psych Pract 1999; 5: 216–223
   Google Scholar
• Ialongo N, McCreary BK, Pearson JL, et al. Major depressive disorder in a population of urban, African-American young adults: prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and unmet mental health service need. J Affect Disord 2004; 79: 127–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iosifescu DV, Bankier B, Fava M. Impact of medical comorbid disease on antidepressant treatment of major depressive disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2004; 6: 193–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Izzo AA. Drug interactions with St John′s wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of clinical evidence. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 42: 139–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett RB, Rush AJ. Short term psychotherapy of depressive disorders: current status and future directions. Psychiatry 1994; 57: 115–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett RB, Kraft D, Doyle J, Foster BM, Eaves GG, Silver PC. Preventing recurrent depression using cognitive therapy with and without a continuation phase: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 381–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick H, Kaye JA, Jick SS. Antidepressants and the risk of suicidal behaviors. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 292(3)338–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jindal RD, Thase ME. Integrating psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy to improve outcomes among patients with mood disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2003; 54: 1484–1490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffe RT, Singer W, Levitt AJ, MacDonald C. A placebo-controlled comparison of lithium and triiodothyronine augmentation of tricyclic antidepressants in unipolar refractory depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 387–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Maser JD, et al. A prospective 12-year study of subsyndromal and syndromal depressive symptoms in unipolar major depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55(8)694–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Zeller PJ, et al. Psychosocial disability during the long-term course of unipolar major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 375–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper S, Wehr TA, Bartko JJ, Gaist PA, Rosenthal NE. Epidemiological findings of seasonal changes in mood and behavior. A telephone survey of Montgomery County, Maryland. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 823–833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper S. Efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of severe depression: the place of mirtazapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17(Suppl 1)19–28
   Google Scholar
• Katona CL. Approaches to the management of depression in old age. Gerontology 1994; 40(Suppl 1)5–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katona CL. Managing depression and anxiety in the elderly patient. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 10(Suppl 4)S427–432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katona CL, Finch EJL. Lithium augmentation for refractory depression in old age. Advances in neuro-psychiatry and psychopharmacology. Vol 2: Refractory Depression, JD Amsterdam. Raven Press, New York 1991; 177–184
   Google Scholar
• Katona CL, Abou-Saleh MT, Harrison DA, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of lithium augmentation of fluoxetine and lofepramine. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166: 80–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katona CL, Bercoff E, Chiu E, Tack P, Versiani M, Woelk H. Reboxetine versus imipramine in the treatment of elderly patients with depressive disorders: a double-blind randomised trial. J Affect Disord 1999; 55: 203–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB. Rationale and options for the long-term treatment of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002; 17((Suppl 1))S43–46
   Google Scholar
• Keller MB, Lavori PW, Rice J, Coryell W, Hirschfeld RMA. The persistent risk of chronicity in recurrent episodes of nonbipolar major depressive disorder: a prospective follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 24–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB, Harrison W, Fawcett JA, et al. Treatment of chronic depression with sertraline or imipramine: preliminary blinded response rates and high rates of undertreatment in the community. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995; 31: 205–212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. New Engl J Med 2000; 342(20)1462–1470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB, Ryan ND, Strober M, et al. Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40: 762–772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent JM. SNaRIs, NaSSAs, and NaRIs: new agents for the treatment of depression. Lancet 2000; 355: 911–918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy SH, Emsley R. Placebo-controlled trial of agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 16: 93–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 8–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan A, Warner HA, Brown WA. Symptom reduction and suicide risk in patients treated with placebo in antidepressant clinical trials: an analysis of the Food and Drug Administration database. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 311–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HL, Streltzer J, Goebert D. St. John's wort for depression: a meta-analysis of well-defined clinical trials. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999; 187: 532–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein DN, Santiago NJ. Dysthymia and chronic depression: introduction, classification, risk factors and course. J Clin Psychol 2003; 59: 807–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein DN, Santiago NJ, Vivian D, et al. Cognitive-behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy as a maintenance treatment for chronic depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004; 72: 681–688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiner J, Altshuler L, Hendrick V, Hershman JM. Lithium-induced subclinical hypothyroidism: review of the literature and guidelines for treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 249–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klerman GL, Weissmann MM, Rounsaville BJ, Chevron ES. Interpersonal psychotherapy of depression. Basic Books, New York 1984
   Google Scholar
• Klerman GL, Weissman MM. The course, morbidity, and costs of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 831–834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klysner R, Bent-Hansen J, Hansen HL, et al. Efficacy of citalopram in the prevention of recurrent depression in elderly patients: placebo-controlled study of maintenance therapy. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181: 29–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knubben K, Reischies F, Adli M, Bauer M, Schlattmann P, Dimeo FC. A randomized, controlled study on the effects of a short-term endurance training programme in patients with major depression. Br J Sports Med 2006; 41(1)29–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocsis JH. Pharmacotherapy for chronic depression. J Clin Psychol 2003; 59: 885–892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhs H, Tölle R. Sleep deprivation therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 29: 1129–1148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer DJ. Long-term treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52(Suppl)28–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer DJ. Managment of recurrent depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54(Suppl 2)29–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Perel JM. The advantage of early treatment intervention in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 771–775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Perel JM, Cornes C, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, McEachran AB, Grochocinski VJ. Five-year outcome for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 769–773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushnir SL. Lithium-antidepressant combinations in the treatment of depressed, physically ill geriatric patients. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 378–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam RW, Gorman CP, Michalon M, et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1765–1770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam RW, Levitt AJ, editors. 1999. Canadian Consensus Guidelines for the Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder. VancouverBC, Canada: Clinical & Academic Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lam RW, Hossie H, Solomons K, Yatham LN. Citalopram and bupropion-SR: combining versus switching in patients with treatment resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 337–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langworth S, Bodlund O, Agren H. Efficacy and tolerability of reboxetine compared with citalopram: a double-blind study in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26(2)121–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawler DA, Hopker SW. The effecitiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trails. Br Med J 2001; 322: 1–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee TM, Chan CC. Dose-response relationship of phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999; 99: 315–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn PM, Clarke G. Group treatment of depressed individuals. The coping with depression course. Adv Behav Res Ther 1984; 6: 99–114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewitt AJ, Lam RW, Levitan R. A comparison of open treatment of seasonal major and minor depression with light therapy. J Affect Disord 2002; 71: 243–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht RW, Qvitzau S. Treatment strategies in patients with major depression not responding to first-line sertraline treatment. A randomized study of extended duration of treatment, dose increase or mianserin augmentation. Psychopharmacology 2002; 161: 143–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde K, Mulrow CD 2001. St. John's wort for depression (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 1. Oxford: Update Software.
   Google Scholar
• Linde K, Mulrow CD Berner M,Egger M. 2005. St. John's wort for depression Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2): CD000448.
   Google Scholar
• Lotufo-Neto F, Trivedi M, Thase ME. Meta-analysis of the reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A moclobemide and brofaromine for the treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 20: 226–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mace S, Taylor D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of efficacy and tolerability in depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2000; 1: 917–933
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacQueen G, Joffe RT. The clinical effects of lithium discontinuation: the debate continues. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 109(2)81–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandoki MW, Tapia MR, Tapia MA, Sumner GS, Parker JL. Venlafaxine in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997; 33: 149–154
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maragnell LB. Augmentation of standard depression therapy. Clin Ther (Suppl A) 2000; 22: A25–38
   Google Scholar
• Marangell LB. Switching antidepressants for treatment-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62(Suppl 18)12–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marangell LB, Rush AJ, George MS, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for major depressive episodes: one year outcomes. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51(4)280–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz JC. Interpersonal psychotherapy for chronic depression. J Clin Psychol 2003; 59: 847–858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin JL, Barbanoj MJ, Schlaepfer TE, Thompson E, Perez V, Kulisevsky J. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182: 480–491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masand PS, Gupta S. Long-term side effects of newer generation antidepressants: SSRIs, venlafaxine, nefazodone, bupropion, and mirtazapine. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2002; 14: 175–182
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masand PS. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of affective symptoms: a review. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2004; 16: 3–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCullough JP. Treatment for chronic depression: Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy. Guilford Press, New York 2000
   Google Scholar
• McCullough JP, Jr. Treatment for chronic depression using cognitive-behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP). J Clin Psychol 2003; 59: 833–846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCusker J, Cole M, Keller E, Bellavance F, Berard A. Effectiveness of treatments of depression in older ambulatory patients. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 705–712
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McIntyre RS, O′Donovan C. The human cost of not achieving full remission in depression. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49(Suppl 1)10–16
   Google Scholar
• Melartin TK, Rytsala HJ, Leskala US, Lestela-Mielonen PS, Sokero TP, Isometsa ET. Severity and comorbidity predict episode duration and recurrence of DSM-IV major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 810–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz J, Mintz LI, Arruda MJ, Hwang SS. Treatments of depression and functional capacity to work. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 761–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittmann N, Herrmann N, Einarson TR, et al. The efficacy, safety and tolerability of antidepressants in late life depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 1997; 46: 191–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller HJ. Suicide, suicidality and suicide prevention in affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand (Suppl) 2003; 418: 73–80
   Google Scholar
• Möller HJ. Is there evidence for negative effects of antidepressants on suicidality in depressive patients?. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256(8)476–496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller HJ, Fuger J, Kasper S. Efficacy of new generation antidepressants: meta-analysis of imipramine-controlled studies. Pharmacopsychiatry 1994; 27: 215–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller HJ, Demyttenaere K, Sacchetti E, Rush AJ, Montgomery SA. Improving the chance of recovery from the short- and long-term consequences of depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 18: 219–225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montejo AL, Llorca G, Izquierdo JA, Rico-Villademoros F. Incidence of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant agents: a prospective multicenter study of 1022 outpatients. Spanish Working Group for the Study of Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62(Suppl 3)10–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA. Dopaminergic deficit and the role of amisulpride in the treatment of mood disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17(Suppl 4)S9–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134: 382–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Baldwin DS, Riley A. Antidepressant medications: a review of the evidence for drug-induced sexual dysfunction. J Affect Disord 2002; 69: 119–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller TI, Leon AC, Keller MB, et al. Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1000–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Ahrens B, Grof E, et al. The effect of long-term lithium treatment on the mortality of patients with manic-depressive and schizoaffective illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 86: 218–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Wolf T, Ahrens B, et al. Mortality during initial and during later lithium treatment: A collaborative study by the International Group for the Study of Lithium-treated Patients (IGSLI). Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 90: 295–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A, Ahrens B. The antisuicidal and mortality-reducing effect of lithium prophylaxis: consequences for guidelines in clinical psychiatry. Can J Psychiatry 2003; 48: 433–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muijsers RB, Plosker GL, Noble S. Spotlight on sertraline in the managment of major depressive disorder in elderly patients. CNS Drugs 2002; 16: 789–794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulsant BH, Pollock BG. Treatment-resistant depression in late life. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1998; 11: 186–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997a; 349: 1436–1442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997b; 349: 1498–1504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mynors-Wallis LM, Gath DH, Day A, Baker F. Randomised controlled trial of problem solving treatment, antidepressant medication, and combined treatment for major depression in primary care. Br Med J 2000; 320: 26–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy JM, Nierenberg AA, Laird NM, Monson RR, Sobol AM, Leighton AH. Incidence of major depression: prediction from subthreshold categories in the Stirling County Study. J Affect Disord. 2002; 68(2–3)251–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson JC. Managing treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(Suppl 1)5–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumeister A, Goessler R, Lucht M, Kapitany T, Bamas C, Kasper S. Bright light therapy stabilizes the antidepressant effect of partial sleep deprivation. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39(1)16–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezu AM. Efficacy of social problem solving therapy for unipolar depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986; 54: 196–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICE. Depression: management of depression in primary and secondary care NICE Guidance. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Consensus Development Conference NIMH. Consensus Development Conference Statement. Mood disorders: pharmacologic prevention of recurrences. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 469–476
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nolen WA, Zohar J, Roose SP, Amsterdam JD, editors. 1994. Refractory depression: Current strategies and future directions. Chichester: J. Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Nordstrom P, Asberg M, Aberg-Wistedt A, Nordin C. Attempted suicide predicts suicide risk in mood disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995a; 92: 345–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordstrom P, Samuelsson M, Asberg M. Survival analysis of suicide risk after attempted suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995b; 91: 336–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nulman I, Koren G. The safety of fluoxetine during pregnancy and lactation. Teratology 1996; 53: 304–308
   Google Scholar
• Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, et al. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. New Engl J Med 1997; 336: 258–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Old Age Depression Interest Group. 1993. How long should the elderly take antidepressants? A double-blind placebo-controlled study of continuation/prophylaxis therapy with dothiepin. Br J Psychiatry 162:175–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostroff R, Nelson JC. Risperidone augmentation of SSRIs in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 256–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB. Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review. J ECT 2004; 20(1)13–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papakostas GI, Petersen T, Mahal Y, Mischoulon D, Nierenberg AA, Fava M. Quality of life assessments in major depressive disorder: a review of the literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004; 26: 13–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker G, Parker K. Which antidepressants flick the switch?. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2003; 37: 464–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paykel ES. Epidemiology of refractory depression. Refractory depression: Current strategies and future directions, WA Nolen, J Zohar, SP Roose, JD Amsterdam. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1994; 3–17
   Google Scholar
• Paykel ES. Continuation and maintenance therapy in depression. Br Med Bull 2001; 57: 145–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paykel ES, Ramana R, Cooper Z, Hayhurst H, Kerr J, Barocka A. Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression. Psychol Med 1995; 25: 1171–1180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paykel ES, Scott J, Teasdale JD, et al. Prevention of relapse in residual depression by cognitive therapy. A controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 829–835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peretti S, Judge R, Hindmarch I. Safety and tolerability considerations: tricyclic antidepressants vs. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 403(Suppl 2000)17–25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen T, Harley R, Papakostas GI, Montoya HD, Fava M, Alpert JE. Continuation cognitive-behavioral therapy maintains attributional style improvement in depressed patients responding acutely to fluoxetine. Psychol Med 2004; 34: 555–561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picinelli M, Gomez Homen F. Gender differences in the epidemiology of affective disorders and schizophrenia. World Health Organization, GenevaSwitzerland 1997
   Google Scholar
• Pjrek E, Winkler D, Kasper S. Pharmacotherapy of seasonal affective disorder. CNS Spectr 2005; 10(8)664–669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preskorn SH. Recent pharmacologic advances in antidepressant therapy for the elderly. Am J Med 1993; 94(Suppl 5A)2–12S
   Google Scholar
• Pridmore S, Turnier-Shea Y. Medication options in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2004; 38: 219–225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prien RF. Efficacy of continuation drug therapy of depression and anxiety: issues and methodologies. J Clin Psychopharmacol :S 1990; 10: 86–90S
   Google Scholar
• Prien RF, Kocsis JH. Long-term treatment of mood disorders. Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress, EB Floyd, DJ Kupfer. Raven Press, New York 1995; 1067–1079
   Google Scholar
• Prien RF, Kupfer DJ. Continuation drug therapy for major depressive episodes: How long should it be maintained?. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 18–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabheru K. Special issues in the management of depression in older patients. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49(Suppl 1)41–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray WA, Meredith S, Thapa PB, Hall K, Murray KT. Cyclic antidepressants and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 75: 234–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS, Manderscheid RW, Locke BZ, Goodwin FK. The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system. Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 85–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm LP. Behavior Therapy for Depression. Academic Press, New York 1979
   Google Scholar
• Reimherr FW, Amsterdam JD, Quitkin FM, et al. Optimal length of continuation therapy in depression: a prospective assessment during long-term fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(9)1247–1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph RL, Entsuah R, Chitra R. A meta-analysis of the effects of venlafaxine on anxiety associated with depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18: 136–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynaert-Dupuis C, Zdanowicz N, , for 600A-GAP-BE Study GroupLeyman S, Mignon A, Seghers S. 2002. Efficacy and tolerance of venlafaxine in depressed patients switched from prior antidepressant treatment. Primary Care Psychiatry 8:63–68.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds CF 3rd, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, et al. Treatment outcome in recurrent major depression: a post hoc comparison of elderly (“young old”) and midlife patients. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153(10)1288–1292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds CF3rd, Alexopoulos GS, Katz IR, Lebowitz BD. Chronic depression in the elderly: approaches for prevention. Drugs Aging 18. 2001; 507–514
   Google Scholar
• Riemann D, Konig A, Hohagen F, et al. How to preserve the antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation: A comparison of sleep phase advance and sleep phase delay. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 249: 231–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocca P, Fonzo V, Ravizza L, Rocca G, Scotta M, Zanalda E, Bogetto F. A comparison of paroxetine and amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymic disorder. J Affect Disord 2002; 70(3)313–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roose SP, Suthers KM. Antidepressant response in late-life depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl 10)4–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roose SP, Laghrissi-Thode F, Kennedy JS, et al. Comparison of paroxetine and nortriptyline in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 279: 287–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roose SP, Sackeim HA, Krishnan KR, et al. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression in the very old: a randomized, placebo-controlled trail. Am J Psychiatry 161:2050–2059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen LN, Targum SD, Terman M, et al. Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder at four latitudes. Psychiatry Res 1990; 31: 131–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum JF, Fava M, Hoog SL, Ascroft RC, Krebs WB. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 77–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, et al. Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 72–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothschild AJ. Challenges in the treatment of depression with psychotic features. Biol. Psychiatry 2003; 53: 680–690
   Google Scholar
• Rothschild AJ, Samson JA, Bessette MP, Carter-Campbell JT. Efficacy of the combination of fluoxetine and perphenazine in the treatment of psychotic depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54: 338–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruhe HG, Huyser J, Swinkels JA, Schene AH. Switching antidepressants after a first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in major depressive disorder: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(12)1836–1855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruhrmann S, Kasper S, Hawellek B, et al. Effects of fluoxetine versus bright light in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychol Med 1998; 28: 923–933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush AJ. Strategies and tactics in the management of maintenance treatment for depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(Suppl 14)21–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rush AJ, Kupfer DJ. Strategies and tactics in the treatment of depression. Treatment of psychiatric disorders3rd edn, GO Gabbard. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc, Washington, DC 2001; 1417–1439
   Google Scholar
• Rush AJ, Thase ME. Psychotherapies for depressive disorders. WPA Series. Evidence and experience in psychiatry Volume 1, M Maj, N Sartorius. John Wiley & Sons, Depressive disorders. Chichester 1999; 161–206
   Google Scholar
• Rush AJ, Beck AT, Kovacs M, Hollon SD. Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Cogn Ther Res 1977; 1: 17–37
   Google Scholar
• Rush AJ, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, et al. Sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D): rationale and design. Control Clin Trials 2004; 25(1)119–142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rush AJ, Marangell LB, Sackeim HA, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, controlled acute phase trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 58(5)347–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, et al. Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2001; 285: 1299–1307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Roose SP, Burt T. Optimal length of antidepressant trials in late-life depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25(4 Suppl 1))S34–37
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer WH, Berlin JA, Kimmel SE. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 104(16)1894–1898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schou M. Lithium prophylaxis: myths and realities. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 573–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schou M. Forty years of lithium treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 9–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schou M. Has the time come to abandon prophylactic lithium treatment? A review for clinicians. Pharmacopsychiatry 1998; 31(6)210–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schou M. Suicidal behavior and prophylactic lithium treatment of major mood disorders: a review of reviews. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2000; 30: 289–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulberg HC, Block MR, Madonia MJ, et al. Treating major depression in primary care practice: eight month clinical outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 913–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott J. Chronic depression. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153: 287–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott J, Gilvarry E, Farrell M. Managing anxiety and depression in alcohol and drug dependence. Addict Behav 1998; 23: 919–931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton RC. The use of antidepressants in novel combination therapies. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(Suppl 2)14–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shelton RC, Keller MB, Gelenberg A, et al. Effectiveness of St. John's Wort in major depression. A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2001a; 285: 1978–1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton RC, Tollefson GD, Tohen M, et al. A novel augmentation strategy for treating resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001b; 158: 131–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton RC, Williamson DJ, Corya SA, et al. Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for treatment-resistant depression: a controlled study of SSRI and nortriptyline resistance. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66(10)1289–1297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shores MM, Pascualy M, Veith RC. Depression and heart disease: Treatment trials. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1998; 3: 87–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simon GE, VonKorff M, Heiligenstein JH, et al. 1996. Initial antidepressant choice in primary care. Effectiveness and cost of fluoxetine versus tricyclic antidepressants. J Am Med Assoc 275:(24): 1897–1902.
   Google Scholar
• Simon GE, Savarino J, Operskalski B, Wang PS. Suicide risk during antidepressant treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163(1)41–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith D, Dempster C, Glanville J, Freemantle N, Anderson I. Efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants: a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 396–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon DA, Bauer MS. Continuation and maintenance pharmacotherapy for unipolar and bipolar mood disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1993; 16: 515–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon DA, Keller MB, Leon AC, et al. Recovery from major depression. A 10-year prospective follow-up across multiple episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 1001–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza FGM, Goodwin GM. Lithium treatment and prophylaxis in unipolar depression: a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 666–675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiker DG, Weiss JC, Dealy RS, Griffin SJ, Hanin I, Neil JF, Perel JM, Rossi AJ, Soloff PH. The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 430–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. J Am Med Assoc 1999; 282(18)1737–1744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sproule BA, Hardy BG, Shulman KI. Differential pharmaco-kinetics of lithium in elderly patients. Drugs Aging 2000; 16: 165–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staab JP, Evans DL. Efficacy of venlafaxine in geriatric depression. Depress Anxiety 2000; 12(Suppl 1)63–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl SM, Entsuah R, Rudolph RL. Comparative efficacy between venlafaxine and SSRIs: a pooled analysis of patients with depression. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52: 1166–1174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stassen HH, Angst J, Delini-Stula A. Delayed onset of action of antidepressant drugs?. Survey of results of Zurich meta-analyses: Pharmacopsychiatry 1996; 29: 87–96
   Google Scholar
• Steffens DC, Skoog I, Norton MC, et al. Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population: the Cache County study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 601–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternbach H. The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 148: 705–713
   Google Scholar
• Storosum JG, Elferink AJ, van Zwieten BJ, et al. Short-term efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants revisited: a meta-analytic study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 11: 173–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowe ZN, Cohen LS, Hostetter A, Ritchie JC, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Paroxetine in human breast milk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 185–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szegedi A, Muller MJ, Anghelescu I, Klawe C, Kohnen R, Benkert O. Early improvement under mirtazapine and paroxetine predicts later stable response and remission with high sensitivity in patients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 413–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor WD, Doraiswamy PM. A systematic review of antidepressant placebo-controlled trials for geriatric depression: limitations of current data and directions for the future. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(12)2285–2299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 615–623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thase ME. Redefining antidepressant efficacy toward long-term recovery. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(Suppl 6)15–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thase ME. The clinical, psychosocial, and pharmacoeconomic ramifications of remission. Am J Manage Care (Suppl) 2001; 11: S377–385
   Google Scholar
• Thase ME. What role do atypical antipsychotic drug have in treatment-resistant depression?. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 95–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thase ME, Howland RH. Refractory depression: relevance of psychosocial factors and therapies. Psychiatr Ann 1994; 24: 232–240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thase ME, Rush AJ. Treatment-resistant depression. Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress, FE Bloom, DJ Kupfer. Raven Press, New York 1995; 1081–1097
   Google Scholar
• Thase ME, Rush AJ. When at first you don't succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58(Suppl 13)23–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thase ME, Howland RH, Friedman ES. Treating antidepressant nonresponders with augmentation strategies: an overview. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl 5)5–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thase ME, Entsuah A, Rudolph R. Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 234–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thase ME, Rush AJ, Howland RH, et al. Double-blind switch study of imipramine or sertraline treatment of antidepressant-resistant chronic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 233–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson C 2002. Light therapy in the treatment of seasonal and non-seasonal affective disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails. J Affect Disord 68 (abstract number S4.4):89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe L, Whitney DK, Kutcher SP, Kennedy SH, Depression Work Group. CANMAT. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. VI. Special populations. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46((Suppl 1))63–76
   Google Scholar
• Tollefson GD, Bosomworth JC, Heiligenstein JH, Potvin JH, Holman S. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of fluoxetine in geriatric patients with major depression. The Fluoxetine Collaborative Study Group. Int Psychogeriatr 1995; 7: 89–104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tondo L, Jamison KR, Baldessarini RJ. Effect of lithium maintenance on suicidal behavior in major mood disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 836: 339–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tondo L, Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ. Lower suicide risk with long-term treatment in major affective illness: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 104: 163–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranter R, O′Donovan C, Chandarana P, Kennedy S. Prevalence and outcome of partial remission in depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2002; 27: 241–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, et al. Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. New Engl J Med 2006; 354(12)1243–1252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuunainen A, Kripke DF, Endo T. 2004. Light therapy for nonseasonal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD 004050.
   Google Scholar
• Uehlinger C, Nil R, Amey B, Baumann P, Dufour H. Citalopram-lithium combination treatment of elderly depressed patients: a pilot study. Int J Ger Psychiatry 1995; 10: 281–287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unützer J, Patrick DL, Diehr P, Simon G, Grembowski D, Katon W. Quality adjusted life years in older adults with depressive symptoms and chronic medical disorders. Int Psychogeriatr 2000a; 12: 15–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unützer J, Simon G, Belin TR, Datt M, Katon W, Patrick D. Care for depression in HMO patients aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000b; 48: 871–878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration FDA. 2005 [ www.fda.gov/cder/drug/antidepressants/default.htm].
   Google Scholar
• üstün TB, Sartorius N. Mental Illness in general health care: an international study. Wiley, Chichester 1995
   Google Scholar
• Valenstein M, Taylor KK, Austin K, Kales HC, McCarthy JF, Blow FC. Benzodiazepine use among depressed patients treated in mental health settings. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 654–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaswani M, Linda FK, Ramesh S. Role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003; 27: 85–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viguera AC, Baldessarini RJ, Friedberg J. Discontinuing antidepressant treatment in major depression. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1998; 5(6)293–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos T, Haby MM, Barendregt JJ, Kruijshaar M, Corry J, Andrews G. The burden of major depression avoidable by longer-term treatment strategies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 1097–1103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J. A longitudinal population-based study of treated and untreated major depression. Med Care 2004; 42: 543–550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waraich P, Goldner EM, Somers JM, Hsu L. Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: a systematic review of literature. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49: 124–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman MM, Leaf PJ, Bruce ML, Florio L. The epidemiology of dysthymia in five communities: rates, risks, comorbidity, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 815–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells KB, Hays RD, Burnam MA, Rogers W, Greenfield S, Ware JE, Jr. Detection of depressive disorder for patients receiving prepaid or fee-for service care. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. J Am Med Assoc 1989a; 262: 3298–3302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD, et al. The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. J Am Med Assoc 1989b; 262: 914–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wernecke U, Horn O, Taylor DM. How effective is St John's wort? The evidence revisited. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 611–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneke U, Northey S, Bhugra D. Antidepressants and sexual dysfunction. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 114(6)384–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte EM, Dew MA, Gildengers A, et al. Time course of response to antidepressants in late-life major depression: therapeutic implications. Drugs Aging 2004; 21: 531–554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegand MH, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W. Patterns of response to repeated total sleep deprivations in depression. J Affect Disord 2001; 64: 257–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijkstra J, Lijmer J, Balk FJ, Geddes JR, Nolen WA. Pharmacological treatment for unipolar psychotic depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188: 410–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens TE, Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, et al. Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic antidepressants in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35: 1491–1501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson D, Holmes C, Woolford J, Stammers S, North J. Prophylactic therapy with lithium in elderly patients with unipolar major depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18(4)353–354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson K, Mottram P. A comparison of side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in older depressed patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 19: 754–762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirz-Justice A, Van den Hoofdakker RH. Sleep deprivation in depression: what do we know, where do we go?. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 445–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirz-Justice A, Graw P, Krauchi K, et al. Natural’ light treatment of seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord 1996; 37: 109–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Perel JM, Findling RL. Antidepressant treatment during breast-feeding. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1132–1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Gelenberg AJ, Leonard H, Zarin D, Frank E. Pharmacologic treatment of depression during pregnancy. J Am Med Assoc 1999; 282: 1264–1269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen HU. Epidemiology of affective disorders. Contemporary psychiatry, H Helmchen, F Henn, H Lauter, N Sartorius. Springer, Heidelberg 2000; 3: 231–241
   Google Scholar
• Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Wunderlich U, Schuster P. Comorbidity in primary care: presentation and consequences. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(Suppl 7)29–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1991. Tenth revision of the international classification of diseases, Chapter V (F): Mental and behavioural disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1992. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders – Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• World Psychiatric Association Dysthymia Working Group. 1995. Dysthymia in clinical practice. Br J Psychiatry 166:174–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington JJ 3rd, Peters PM. Treatment of antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Drugs Today (Barc) 2003; 39: 887–896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington JJ 3rd, Kinrys G, Wygant LE, Pollack MH. Aripiprazole as an augmentor of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depression and anxiety disorder patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 20(1)9–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JC, Bunney WE. The biological basis of an antidepressant response to sleep deprivation and relapse: review and hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 14–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulsin LR, Vaillant GE, Wells VE. A systematic review of the mortality of depression. Psychosom Med 1999; 61: 6–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AS, Klap R, Sherbourne CD, Wells KB. The quality of care for depressive and anxiety disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 55–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajecka J. Strategies for the treatment of antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62(Suppl 3)35–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer B, Rosen J, Thornton JE, Perel JM, Reynolds CF 3rd. Adjunctive lithium carbonate in nortriptyline-resistant elderly depressed patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11: 254–256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zullino D, Baumann P. Lithium augmentation in depressive patients not responding to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001; 34: 119–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar