Does catatonic schizophrenia improve faster with electroconvulsive therapy than other subtypes of schizophrenia?

References

• Abrams R, Taylor MA. Anterior bifrontal ECT: a clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry 1973; 122: 587–590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, Dowling F, Francis A., Catatonia I. Rating scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996a; 93: 129–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, Dowling F, Francis A., Catatonia II. Treatment with lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996b; 93: 137–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerletti U. Old and new information about electroshock. Am J Psychiatry 1950; 107: 87–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanpattana W, Kunigiri G, Kramer BA, Gangadhar BN. Survey of the practice of electroconvulsive therapy in teaching hospitals in India. J ECT 2005; 21: 100–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esel E, Kose K, Hacimusalar Y, Ozsoy S, Kula M, Candan Z, et al. The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on GABAergic function in major depressive patients. J ECT 2008; 24: 224–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy W. “Clinical Global Impression”. DHEW Publication, ECDEU Assessment manual for Psychophamacology. Rockville, MD 1976
   Google Scholar
• Hatta K, Miyakawa K, Ota T, Usui C, Nakamura H, Arai H. Maximal response to electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of catatonic symptoms. J ECT 2007; 23: 233–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins JM, Archer KJ, Strakowski SM, Keck PE. Somatic treatment of catatonia. Int J Psychiatry Med 1995; 25: 345–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hietala J, Syvälahti E, Vuorio K, Räkköläinen V, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, et al. Presynaptic dopamine function in striatum of neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Lancet 1995; 346: 1130–1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honigfeld G, Klett CJ. The Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation: A New scale for measuring improvement in chronic schizophrenia. J Clin Psychol 1965; 21: 65–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honigfeld G, Gillis RD, Klett CJ. NOSIE-30: a treatment-sensitive ward behavior scale. Psychol Rep 1966; 19: 180–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue T, Kitaichi Y, Koyama T. Treatment strategy of refractory depression and its presynaptic mechanism of action. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 2003; 23: 11–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janakiramaiah N, Channabasavanna SM, Murthy NS. ECT/chlorpromazine combination versus chlorpromazine alone in acutely schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982; 45: 789–796
   Google Scholar
• Kunigiri G, Gill NS. Electroconvulsive therapy in lorazepam non-responsive catatonia. Ind J Psychiatry 2003; 45: 21–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, McGlashan TH, Miller AL, Perkins DO, et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 1–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meduna LJ. Uber experimentelle Campherepilepsie. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1934; 102: 333–339
   Google Scholar
• Nolen WA, Zwaan WA. Treatment of lethal catatonia with electroconvulsive therapy and dantrolene sodium: a case report. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990; 82: 90–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northoff G, Steinke R, Czcervenka C, Krause R, Ulrich S, Danos P, et al. Decreased density of GABA-A receptors in the left sensorimotor cortex in akinetic catatonia: investigation of in vivo benzodiazepine receptor binding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67: 445–450
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychol Rep 1962; 10: 799–812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phutane VH, Thirthalli J, Harish T, Gangadhar BN. Why do Psychiatrists prescribe ECT to schizophrenia patients?. Ind J Psychiatry 2007; 49: S33
   Google Scholar
• Robins E, Guze SB. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1970; 126: 983–987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohland BM, Carroll BT, Jacoby RG. ECT in the treatment of the catatonic syndrome. J Affect Disord 1993; 29: 255–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmider J, Standhart H, Deuschle M, Drancoli J, Heuser I. A double-blind comparison of lorazepam and oxazepam in psychomotor retardation and mutism. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 437–441
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuklenk U. Helsinki Declaration revisions. Issues Med Ethics 2001; 9: 29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl 20)22–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott AI. ECT seizure threshold. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167: 117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stromgren LS. Electroconvulsive therapy in the Nordic countries, 1977–1987. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991; 84: 428–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharyan P, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 18: D000076
   Google Scholar
• Ungvari GS, Leung CM, Wong MK, Lau J. Benzodiazepines in the treatment of catatonic syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89: 285–288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ungvari GS, Kau LS, Wai-Kwong T, Shing NF. The pharmacological treatment of catatonia: an overview. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 251(Suppl 1)131–134
   Google Scholar
• Weder ND, Muralee S, Penland H, Tampi RR. Catatonia: a review. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2008; 20: 97–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner, RD, Coffey, CE, Fochtmann, L, Greenberg, R, Isenberg, KE, Moench, L, , et al. 2001. American Psychiatric Association. The Practice of ECT: Recommendations for treatment, training and privileging. 2nd ed. A Task force report of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1992. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines10th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization
   Google Scholar
• World Medical Association. 2004. Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J Int Bioethique, 15:124–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar