Stroop and emotional Stroop interference in unaffected relatives of patients with schizophrenic and bipolar disorders: Distinct markers of vulnerability?

References

• American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Arts B, Jabben N, Krabbendam L, van Os J. Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychol Med 2008; 38(6)771–785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bediou B, Asri F, Brunelin J, Krolak-Salmon P, D'Amato T, Saoud M, et al. Emotion recognition and genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 191: 126–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall RP, Kaney S. Content specific information processing and persecutory delusions: an investigation using the emotional Stroop test. Br J Med Psychol 1989; 62(4)355–364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berettini WH. Susceptibility loci for bipolar disorder: overlap with inherited vulnerability to schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47(3)245–251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besnier N, Kaladjian A, Mazzola-Pomietto P, Adida M, Fakra E, Jeanningros R, et al. Sélection du matériel pour l’élaboration d'un test de Stroop Emotionnel adapté aux troubles schizophréniques et bipolaires. Can J Psychiatry 2008; 53(3)177–188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birkett P, Sigmundsson T, Sharma T, Toulopoulou T, Griffiths TD, Reveley A, et al. Executive function and genetic predisposition to schizophrenia – the Maudsley family study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147(3)285–293
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bora E, Vahip S, Akdeniz F, Ilerisoy H, Aldemir E, Alkan M. Executive and verbal working memory dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2008; 161: 318–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bora E, Yucel M, Pantelis C. Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. J Affect Disord 2009; 113: 1–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazo P, Delamillieure P, Morello R, Halbecq I, Marié RM, Dollfus S. Impairments of executive/attentional functions in schizophrenia with primary and secondary negative symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2005; 133(1)45–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdick KE, Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Faull RN, Malhotra AK. Neurocognition as a stable endophenotype in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194: 255–260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christensen MV, Kyvik KO, Kessing LV. Cognitive function in unaffected twins discordant for affective disorder. Psychol Med 2006; 36(8)1119–129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Depp CA, Moore DJ, Sitzer D, Palmer BW, Eyler LT, Roesch S, et al. Neurocognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults with bipolar disorder: comparison to schizophrenia and normal comparison subjects. J Affect Disord 2007; 101(1–3)201–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detera-Wadleigh SD, McMahon FJ. G72/G30 in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60(2)106–114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dollfus S, Lombardo C, Bénali K, Halbecq I, Abadie P, Marié RM, Brazo P. Executive/attentional cognitive functions in schizophrenic patients and their parents: a preliminary study. Schizophr Res 2002; 53: 93–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Adamo UH, Rock D, Roberts SA, Basset AS, Squires-Wheelers E, et al. The New York High-Risk Project: prevalence and comorbidity of axis I disorders in offspring of schizophrenic parents at 25-year follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54(12)1096–1102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fear C, Sharp H, Healy D. Cognitive processes in delusional disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168(1)61–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier IN, Chowdhury R, Thompson JM, Watson S, Young AH. Neurocognitive function in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Bipolar Disord 2004; 6(4)319–322
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filbey FM, Toulopoulou T, Morris RG, McDonald C, Bramon E, Walshe M, et al. Selective attention deficits reflect increased genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 101(1–3)169–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, et al. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Patient edition (SCID-P, Version 2.0). State Psychiatric Institute, New York 1996
   Google Scholar
• French CC, Richards A, Scholfield EJ. Hypomania, anxiety and the emotional stroop. Br J Clin Psychol 1996; 35(4)617–626
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilvarry CM, Russell A, Hemsley D, Murray RM. Neuropsychological performance and spectrum personality traits in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2001; 101(2)89–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Girden ER. ANOVA: Repeated Measures. Sage University “Paper Series on Quantitative Application in the social sciences. Sage, Newbury Park, CA 1992; 7–84
   Google Scholar
• Golimbet V, Gritsenko I, Alfimova M, Lebedeva I, Lezheiko T, Abramova L, et al. Association study of COMT gene Val158Met polymorphism with auditory P300 and performance on neurocognitive tests in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. World J Biol Psychiatry 2006; 7: 238–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib IH, Traill SK, Montoya RL, Joormann J, Chang K. Attention and memory biases in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: indications from a pilot study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005; 46(1)84–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160(4)636–645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green EK, Raybould R, Macgregor S, Gordon-Smith K, Heron J, Hyde S, et al. Operation of the schizophrenia susceptibility gene, neuregulin 1, across traditional diagnostic boundaries to increase risk for bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62(6)642–648
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Groom MJ, Jackson GM, Calton TG, Andrews HK, Bates AT, Liddle PF, et al. Cognitive deficits in early-onset schizophrenia spectrum patients and their non-psychotic siblings: A comparison with ADHD. Schizophr Res 2008; 99: 85–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Steinmeyer CH, Lockwood K, Lentz B, Schultz K. Comparison of older patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15(7)627–633
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gur RE, Nimgaonkar VL, Almasy L, Calkins ME, Ragland JD, Pogue-Geile MF, et al. Neurocognitive endophenotypes in a multiplex multigenerational family study of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164(5)813–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haldane M, Cunningham G, Androutsos C, Frangou S. Structural brain correlates of response inhibition in Bipolar Disorder I. J Psychopharmacol 2008; 22(2)138–143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heaton RK, Gladsjo JA, Palmer BW, Kuck J, Marcotte TD, Jeste DV. Stability and course of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 24–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 1998; 12: 425–445
   Google Scholar
• Henik A, Salo R. Schizophrenia and the Stroop Effect. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 2004; 3(1)42–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holle C, Neely JH, Heimberg RG. The effects of blocked versus random presentation and semantic relatedness of stimulus words on response to a modified Stroop task among social phobics. Cogn Ther Res 1997; 21(6)681–697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabben N, Arts B, Krabbendam L, van Os J. Investigating the association between neurocognition and psychosis in bipolar disorder: further evidence for the overlap with schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 166–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keri S, Kelemen O, Benedek G, Janka Z. Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a neurocognitive approach. Psychol Med 2001; 31(5)915–922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemm S, Schmidt B, Knappe S, Blanz B. Impaired working speed and executive functions as frontal lobe dysfunctions in young first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 15(7)400–408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krabbendam L, Arts B, Van Os J, Aleman A. Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophr Res 2005; 80: 137–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremen WS, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Pepple JR, Tsuang MT. Neuropsychological risk indicators for schizophrenia: a preliminary study of female relatives of schizophrenic and bipolar probands. Psychiatry Res 1998; 79(3)227–240
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laurent A, Biloa-Tang M, Bougerol T, Duly D, Anchisi AM, Bosson JL, et al. Executive/attentional performance and measures of schizotypy in patients with schizophrenia and in their nonpsychotic first-degree relatives. Schizophr Res 2000; 46: 269–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon HM, Startup M, Bentall RP. Social cognition and the manic defense: attributions, selective attention, and self-schema in bipolar affective disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 1999; 108(2)273–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Wang Q, Sham PC, Liu X, Rabe-Hesketh S, Sun X, et al. Neurocognitive deficits in first-episode schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B(4)407–416
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackinnon A, Mulligan R. The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels in French speakers. Encephale 2005; 31(1)31–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod CM. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychol Bull 1991; 109(2)163–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Arán A, Vieta E, Reinares M, Colom F, Torrent C, Sánchez-Moreno J, et al. Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161(2)262–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Arán A, Torrent C, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Salamero M, Daban C, Balanza-Martinez V, et al. Neurocognitive impairment in bipolar patients with and without history of psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 233–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally RJ, Amir N, Lipke HJ. Subliminal processing or threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder?. J Anxiety Disord 1996; 10(2)115–128
   Google Scholar
• McNeely HE, Lau MA, Christensen BK, Alain C. Neurophysiological evidence of cognitive inhibition anomalies in persons with major depressive disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119(7)1578–1589
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Melbye M, Mors O, Ewald H. Individual and familial risk factors for bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60(12)1209–1215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulet B, Valero J, Gutiérrez-Zotes A, Montserrat C, Cortés MJ, Jariod M, et al. Sustained and selective attention deficits as vulnerability markers to psychosis. Eur Psychiatry 2007; 22(3)171–176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nam HJ, Kim N, Park T, Oh S, Jeon HO, Yoon SC, et al. Cognitive profiles of healthy siblings of schizophrenia patients: Application of the cognitive domains of the MATRICS consensus battery. World J Biol Psychiatry 2008; 16: 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Park N, Juo SH, Cheng R, Liu J, Loth JE, Lilliston B, et al. Linkage analysis of psychosis in bipolar pedigrees suggests novel putative loci for bipolar disorder and shared susceptibility with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9(12)1091–1099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potash JB, Willour VL, Chiu YF, Simpson SG, MacKinnon DF, Pearlson GD, et al. The familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(8)1258–1264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson LJ, Thompson J, Gallagher P, Goswami U, Young AH, Ferrier IN, et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2006; 93(1–3)105–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia K, Smith A, Taylor E. Performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on a test battery of impulsiveness. Child Neuropsychol 2007; 13(3)276–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybakowski JK, Borkowska A. Eye movement and neuropsychological studies in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res. 2002; 54(1–2)105–110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schreiber H, Rothmeier J, Becker W, Jürgens R, Born J, Stolz-Born G, et al. Comparative assessment of saccadic eye movements, psychomotor and cognitive performance in schizophrenics, their first-degree relatives and control subjects. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995; 91(3)195–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schretlen DJ, Cascella NG, Meyer SM, Kingery LR, Testa SM, Munro CA, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62(2)179–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert EW, McNeil TF. Neuropsychological impairment and its neurological correlates in adult offspring with heightened risk for schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162(4)758–766
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seidman LJ, Giuliano AJ, Smith CW, Stone WS, Glatt SJ, Meyer E, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in adolescents and young adults at genetic risk for schizophrenia and affective psychoses: results from the Harvard and Hillside Adolescent High Risk Studies. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32(3)507–524
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simonsen C, Sundeb K, Vaskinn A, Birkenaes AB, Engh JA, Faerden A, et al. Neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar and schizophrenic spectrum disorders: the role of history of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35(Suppl 1)297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sitskoorn MM, Aleman A, Ebisch SJ, Appels MC, Kahn RS, et al. Cognitive deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2004; 71: 285–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snitz BE, Macdonald AW 3rd, Carter CS. Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32: 179–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobczak S, Honig A, Schmitt JA, Riedel WJ. Pronounced cognitive deficits following an intravenous L-tryptophan challenge in first-degree relatives of bipolar patients compared to healthy controls. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28(4)711–719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SPSS for Windows, rel. 10.0.0. 1999. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Suhr JA. Executive functioning deficits in hypothetically psychosis-prone college students. Schizophr Res 1997; 27(1)29–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szoke A, Schuroff F, Golmard JL, Alter C, Roy I, Meary A, et al. Familial resemblance of executive functions in families of schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Psychiatry Res 2006; 14: 131–138
   Google Scholar
• Szöke A, Schürhoff F, Mathieu F, Meary A, Ionescu S, Leboyer M. Tests of executive functions in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2005; 35: 771–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres IJ, Boudreau VG, Yatham LN. Neuropsychological functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2007; 434: 17–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams JM, Mathews A, MacLeod C. The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychol Bull 1996; 120(1)3–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalla T, Joyce C, Szöke A, Schüroff F, Pillon B, Komano O, et al. Executive dysfunctions as potential markers of familial vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2004; 121(3)207–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar