Deuterium excess and ¹⁷O-excess variability in meteoric water across the Pacific Northwest, USA

References

• Angert, A., Cappa, C. D. and DePaolo, D. J. 2004. Kinetic 17O effects in the hydrologic cycle: Indirect evidence and implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68, 3487–3495. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkan, E. and Luz, B. 2005. High precision measurements of 17O/16O and 18O/16O ratios in H2O. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19, 3737–3742. doi:10.1002/rcm.2250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkan, E. and Luz, B. 2007. Diffusivity fractionations of H2(16)O/H2(17)O and H2(16)O/H2(18)O in air and their implications for isotope hydrology. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21, 2999–3005. doi:10.1002/rcm.3180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, R. 2008. Mountain Weather and Climate. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 506.
   Google Scholar
• Bechtel, C. and Zahn, A. 2003. The isotope composition of water vapour: A powerful tool to study transport and chemistry of middle atmospheric water vapour. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 3, 3991–4036. doi:10.5194/acpd-3-3991-2003
   Google Scholar
• Benetti, M., Reverdin, G., Pierre, C., Merlivat, L., Risi, C. and co-authors. 2014. Deuterium excess in marine water vapor: Dependency on relative humidity and surface wind speed during evaporation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 584–593. doi:10.1002/2013JD020535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bershaw, J. 2018. Controls on deuterium excess across Asia. Geosciences 8, 257. doi:10.3390/geosciences8070257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bershaw, J., Garzione, C. N., Higgins, P., MacFadden, B. J., Anaya, F. and co-authors. 2010. Spatial-temporal changes in Andean plateau climate and elevation from stable isotopes of mammal teeth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 289, 530–538. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bershaw, J., Penny, S. M. and Garzione, C. N. 2012. Stable isotopes of modern water across the Himalaya and eastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for estimates of paleoelevation and paleoclimate. J. Geophys. Res. 117, n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2011JD016132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bershaw, J., Saylor, J. E., Garzione, C. N., Leier, A. and Sundell, K. E. 2016. Stable isotope variations (δ18O and δD) in modern waters across the Andean Plateau. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 194, 310–324. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, A. C. 1950. Empirical formulae for the terminal velocity of water drops falling through the atmosphere. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 76, 302–311. doi:10.1002/qj.49707632905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blossey, P. N., Kuang, Z. and Romps, D. M. 2010. Isotopic composition of water in the tropical tropopause layer in cloud‐resolving simulations of an idealized tropical circulation. J. Geophys. Res 115, D24309. doi:10.1029/2010JD014554
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bony, S., Risi, C. and Vimeux, F. 2008. Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (δ18O and δD) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 1. Radiative-convective equilibrium and Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere–Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE) simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D19305. doi:10.1029/2008JD009942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botsyun, S., Sepulchre, P., Donnadieu, Y., Risi, C., Licht, A. and co-authors. 2019. Revised paleoaltimetry data show low Tibetan Plateau elevation during the Eocene. Science 363, eaaq1436. doi:10.1126/science.aaq1436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caves, J. K., Winnick, M. J., Graham, S. A., Sjostrom, D. J., Mulch, A. and co-authors. 2015. Role of the westerlies in Central Asia climate over the Cenozoic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 428, 33–43. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, H. 1961. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science 133, 1702–1703. doi:10.1126/science.133.3465.1702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, J., An, S., Wang, Z., Fang, C., Liu, Y. and co-authors. 2009. Using deuterium excess to determine the sources of high-altitude precipitation: Implications in hydrological relations between sub-alpine forests and alpine meadows. J. Hydrol. 373, 24–33. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly, C., Neilson, R. P. and Phillips, D. L. 1994. A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain. J. Appl. Meteorol. 33, 140–158. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<0140:ASTMFM>2.0.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Daly, C., Taylor, G. and Gibson, W. 1997. The PRISM approach to mapping precipitation and temperature. In Proc., 10th AMS Conf. on Applied Climatology. Citeseer, pp. 20–23.
   Google Scholar
• Dansgaard, W. 1964. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus 16, 436–468.
   Google Scholar
• Dettinger, M., Redmond, K. and Cayan, D. 2004. Winter orographic precipitation ratios in the Sierra Nevada—Large-scale atmospheric circulations and hydrologic consequences. J. Hydrometeor. 5, 1102–1116. doi:10.1175/JHM-390.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. 1998. An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 47, 295–308.
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers, T. A. and Poulsen, C. J. 2009. Influence of Andean uplift on climate and paleoaltimetry estimates. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 281, 238–248. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espy, J. 1836. Essays on meteorology. No. IV: North east storms, volcanoes, and columnar clouds. J. Franklin Inst 22, 239–246.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, Y., Chen, Y., Li, X., Li, W. and Li, Q. 2015. Characteristics of water isotopes and ice-snowmelt quantification in the Tizinafu River, north Kunlun Mountains, Central Asia. Quat. Int. 380-381, 116–122. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, R., Poulsen, C. J., Werner, M., Chamberlain, C. P., Mix, H. T. and co-authors. 2013. Early Cenozoic evolution of topography, climate, and stable isotopes in precipitation in the North American Cordillera. Am. J. Sci. 313, 613–648. doi:10.2475/07.2013.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich, K., Kralik, M., Papesch, W., Rank, D., Scheifinger, H. and co-authors. 2008. Deuterium excess in precipitation of Alpine regions – moisture recycling. Isotopes Environ Health Stud. 44, 61–70. doi:10.1080/10256010801887208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galewsky, J. 2009. Rain shadow development during the growth of mountain ranges: An atmospheric dynamics perspective. J. Geophys. Res. 114, F01018. doi:10.1029/2008JF001085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galewsky, J. and Samuels-Crow, K. 2014. Water vapor isotopic composition of a stratospheric air intrusion: Measurements from the Chajnantor Plateau. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 9679–9691. doi:10.1002/2014JD022047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzione, C. N., Dettman, D. L., Quade, J., DeCelles, P. G. and Butler, R. F. 2000. High times on the Tibetan Plateau; paleoelevation of the Thakkhola Graben. Geology 28, 339–342. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<339:HTOTTP>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gat, J. and Carmi, I. 1970. Evolution of the isotopic composition of atmospheric waters in the Mediterranean Sea area. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 3039–3048. doi:10.1029/JC075i015p03039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gat, J. R. and Airey, P. L. 2006. Stable water isotopes in the atmosphere/biosphere/lithosphere interface: scaling-up from the local to continental scale, under humid and dry conditions. Global Planet. Change 51, 25–33. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, S., Deshpande, R., Bhattacharya, S. and Jani, R. 2005. Groundwater δ18O and δD from central Indian Peninsula: Influence of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal branches of the summer monsoon. J. Hydrol. 303, 38–55. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs, P. V., Houze, R. A., Jr. and Matejka, T. J. 1975. The dynamical and microphysical structure of an occluded frontal system and its modification by orography. J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 1542–1562. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<1542:TDAMSO>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IAEA/WMO. 2018. Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation, The GNIP Database. Accessible at: http://isohis.iaea.org.
   Google Scholar
• Jouzel, J., Froehlich, K. and Schotterer, U. 1997. Deuterium and oxygen-18 in present-day precipitation: Data and modelling. Hydrol. Sci. J. 42, 747–763. doi:10.1080/02626669709492070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouzel, J. and Merlivat, L. 1984. Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: Modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 11749–11757. doi:10.1029/JD089iD07p11749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D. and co-authors. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 437–471. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kar, N., Garzione, C. N., Jaramillo, C., Shanahan, T., Carlotto, V. and co-authors. 2016. Rapid regional surface uplift of the northern Altiplano plateau revealed by multiproxy paleoclimate reconstruction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 447, 33–47. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, A. and Veizer, J. 2002. Water balance of the Indus River Basin and moisture source in the Karakoram and western Himalayas: Implications from hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in river water. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 4362. doi:10.1029/2000JD000253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, C. and Coplen, T. B. 2001. Distribution of oxygen‐18 and deuterium in river waters across the United States. Hydrol. Process. 15, 1363–1393. doi:10.1002/hyp.217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent-Corson, M., Ritts, B., Zhuang, G., Bovet, P., Graham, S. and co-authors. 2009. Stable isotopic constraints on the tectonic, topographic, and climatic evolution of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 282, 158–166. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzer, G. D. and Gunn, R. 1951. The evaporation, temperature and thermal relaxation-time of freely falling waterdrops. J. Meteorol. 8, 71–83. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1951)008<0071:TETATR>2.0.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Kong, Y., Pang, Z. and Froehlich, K. 2013. Quantifying recycled moisture fraction in precipitation of an arid region using deuterium excess. Tellus B 65, 1. doi:10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19251
   Google Scholar
• Kurita, N. and Yamada, H. 2008. The role of local moisture recycling evaluated using stable isotope data from over the middle of the Tibetan Plateau during the monsoon season. J. Hydrometeor. 9, 760–775. doi:10.1175/2007JHM945.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landais, A., Barkan, E. and Luz, B. 2008. Record of δ18O and 17O-excess in ice from Vostok Antarctica during the last 150,000 years. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L02709. doi:10.1029/2007GL032096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landais, A., Risi, C., Bony, S., Vimeux, F., Descroix, L. and co-authors. 2010. Combined measurements of 17O excess and d-excess in African monsoon precipitation: Implications for evaluating convective parameterizations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 298, 104–112. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landais, A., Steen-Larsen, H. C., Guillevic, M., Masson-Delmotte, V., Vinther, B. and co-authors. 2012. Triple isotopic composition of oxygen in surface snow and water vapor at NEEM (Greenland). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 77, 304–316. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.11.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, M. G. 2005. The relationship between relative humidity and the dewpoint temperature in moist air: A simple conversion and applications. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 86, 225–234. doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-2-225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechler, A. R. and Niemi, N. A. 2012. The influence of snow sublimation on the isotopic composition of spring and surface waters in the southwestern United States: Implications for stable isotope–based paleoaltimetry and hydrologic studies. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., B30467. 30461 124, 318–334. doi:10.1130/B30467.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leier, A., McQuarrie, N., Garzione, C. and Eiler, J. 2013. Stable isotope evidence for multiple pulses of rapid surface uplift in the Central Andes, Bolivia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 371-372, 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L. and Garzione, C. N. 2017. Spatial distribution and controlling factors of stable isotopes in meteoric waters on the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for paleoelevation reconstruction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 460, 302–314. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., Levin, N. E. and Chesson, L. A. 2015. Continental scale variation in 17O-excess of meteoric waters in the United States. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 164, 110–126. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y., Clayton, R. N., Huang, L., Nakamura, N. and Lyons, J. R. 2013. Oxygen isotope anomaly observed in water vapor from Alert, Canada and the implication for the stratosphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110, 15608–15613. 201313014. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313014110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liotta, M., Favara, R. and Valenza, M. 2006. Isotopic composition of the precipitations in the central Mediterranean: Origin marks and orographic precipitation effects. J. Geophys. Res. 111, 19302. doi:10.1029/2005JD006818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luz, B. and Barkan, E. 2010. Variations of 17O/16O and 18O/16O in meteoric waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74, 6276–6286. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCready, P. B. Jr, 1955. High and low elevations as thermal source regions. Weather 10, 35–40. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1955.tb00136.x
   Google Scholar
• Majoube, M. 1971. Fractionnement en oxygene 18 et en deuterium entre l’eau et sa vapeur. J. Chim. Phys. 68, 1423–1436. doi:10.1051/jcp/1971681423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer, H. and Li, W. 1998. The use of electrolysis for accurate δ17O and δ18O isotope measurements in water. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 34, 349–369. doi:10.1080/10256019808234072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlivat, L. 1978. Molecular diffusivities of H2 16O, HD16O, and H2 18O in gases. J. Chem. Phys. 69, 2864–2871. doi:10.1063/1.436884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlivat, L. and Jouzel, J. 1979. Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium‐oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 5029–5033. doi:10.1029/JC084iC08p05029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M. F. 2018. Precipitation regime influence on oxygen triple-isotope distributions in Antarctic precipitation and ice cores. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 481, 316–327. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.10.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulch, A., Graham, S. A. and Chamberlain, C. P. 2006. Hydrogen isotopes in Eocene river gravels and paleoelevation of the Sierra Nevada. Science 313, 87–89. doi:10.1126/science.1125986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOAA/NCDC. 2010. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, Database accessible at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov.
   Google Scholar
• Numaguti, A. 1999. Origin and recycling processes of precipitating water over the Eurasian continent: Experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 1957–1972. doi:10.1029/1998JD200026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passey, B. H., Hu, H., Ji, H., Montanari, S., Li, S. and co-authors. 2014. Triple oxygen isotopes in biogenic and sedimentary carbonates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 141, 1–25. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passey, B. H. and Ji, H. 2019. Triple oxygen isotope signatures of evaporation in lake waters and carbonates: A case study from the western United States. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 518, 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedgley, D. 1970. Heavy rainfalls over Snowdonia. Weather 25, 340–350. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1970.tb04117.x
   Google Scholar
• Pfahl, S. and Sodemann, H. 2014. What controls deuterium excess in global precipitation?. Clim. Past 10, 771–781. doi:10.5194/cp-10-771-2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poage, M. A. and Chamberlain, C. P. 2001. Empirical relationships between elevation and the stable isotope composition of precipitation and surface waters; considerations for studies of paleoelevation change. Am. J. Sci. 301, 1–15. doi:10.2475/ajs.301.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rank, D. and Papesch, W. 2005. Isotopic composition of precipitation in Austria in relation to air circulation patterns and climate. Isotopic composition of precipitation in the Mediterranean basin in relation to air circulation patterns and climate, IAEA-TECDOC-1453, IAEA, Vienna, 19–36.
   Google Scholar
• Risi, C., Bony, S. and Vimeux, F. 2008. Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (d18O and dD) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 2. Physical interpretation of the amount effect. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D19306. doi:10.1029/2008JD009943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risi, C., Landais, A., Bony, S., Jouzel, J., Masson‐Delmotte, V. and co-authors. 2010. Understanding the 17O excess glacial‐interglacial variations in Vostok precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D10112. doi:10.1029/2008JD011535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe, G. H. 2005. Orographic precipitation. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 33, 645–671. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrmann, A., Strecker, M. R., Bookhagen, B., Mulch, A., Sachse, D. and co-authors. 2014. Can stable isotopes ride out the storms? The role of convection for water isotopes in models, records, and paleoaltimetry studies in the central Andes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 407, 187–195. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozanski, K., Araguas-Araguas, L. and Gonfiantini, R. 1993. Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation. Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records 78, 1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Salamalikis, V., Argiriou, A. A. and Dotsika, E. 2016. Isotopic modeling of the sub-cloud evaporation effect in precipitation. Sci. Total Environ. 544, 1059–1072. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, O. E., Welp, L. R., Baldwin, M. E., Hajny, K. D., Stirm, B. H. and co-authors. 2019. Vertical profile observations of water vapor deuterium excess in the lower troposphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 11525–11543. doi:10.5194/acp-19-11525-2019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels‐Crow, K. E., Galewsky, J., Sharp, Z. D. and Dennis, K. J. 2014. Deuterium excess in subtropical free troposphere water vapor: Continuous measurements from the Chajnantor Plateau, northern Chile. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 8652–8659. doi:10.1002/2014GL062302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saylor, J. E. and Horton, B. K. 2014. Nonuniform surface uplift of the Andean plateau revealed by deuterium isotopes in Miocene volcanic glass from southern Peru. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 387, 120–131. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer, A. J., Schoenemann, S. W. and Steig, E. J. 2016. Routine high-precision analysis of triple water-isotope ratios using cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 30, 2059–2069. doi:10.1002/rcm.7682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenemann, S. W., Schauer, A. J. and Steig, E. J. 2013. Measurement of SLAP2 and GISP δ17O and proposed VSMOW-SLAP normalization for δ17O and 17O(excess) . Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 27, 582–590. doi:10.1002/rcm.6486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenemann, S. W., Steig, E. J., Ding, Q., Markle, B. R. and Schauer, A. J. 2014. Triple water‐isotopologue record from WAIS Divide, Antarctica: Controls on glacial‐interglacial changes in 17O excess of precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 8741–8763. doi:10.1002/2014JD021770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, M. 1980. Turbulent mixing within tropopause folds as a mechanism for the exchange of chemical constituents between the stratosphere and troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 994–1004. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0994:TMWTFA>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjostrom, D. J. and Welker, J. M. 2009. The influence of air mass source on the seasonal isotopic composition of precipitation, eastern USA. J. Geochem. Explor. 102, 103–112. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steig, E., Gkinis, V., Schauer, A., Schoenemann, S., Samek, K. and co-authors. 2014. Calibrated high-precision 17O-excess measurements using cavity ring-down spectroscopy with laser-current-tuned cavity resonance. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7, 2421–2435. doi:10.5194/amt-7-2421-2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M. K. 1975. Stable isotope fractionation due to evaporation and isotopic exchange of falling waterdrops: Applications to atmospheric processes and evaporation of lakes. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 1133–1146. doi:10.1029/JC080i009p01133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan, S. and Daly, C. 2017. Testing the daily PRISM air temperature model on semiarid mountain slopes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122, 5697–5715. doi:10.1002/2016JD025920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, L., Yao, T., MacClune, K., White, J. W. C., Schilla, A. and co-authors. 2007. Stable isotopic variations in west China: A consideration of moisture sources. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 10112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uechi, Y. and Uemura, R. 2019. Dominant influence of the humidity in the moisture source region on the 17O-excess in precipitation on a subtropical island. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 513, 20–28. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uemura, R., Barkan, E., Abe, O. and Luz, B. 2010. Triple isotope composition of oxygen in atmospheric water vapor. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L04402. doi:10.1029/2009GL041960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uemura, R., Matsui, Y., Yoshimura, K., Motoyama, H. and Yoshida, N. 2008. Evidence of deuterium excess in water vapor as an indicator of ocean surface conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D19114. doi:10.1029/2008JD010209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, J. M. and Hobbs, P. V. 2006. Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. Boston, Massachusetts: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Zhang, M., Che, Y., Zhu, X. and Liu, X. 2016a. Influence of below-cloud evaporation on deuterium excess in precipitation of Arid Central Asia and its meteorological controls. J. Hydrometeor. 17, 1973–1984. doi:10.1175/JHM-D-15-0203.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Zhang, M., Hughes, C. E., Zhu, X., Dong, L. and co-authors. 2016b. Factors controlling stable isotope composition of precipitation in arid conditions: an observation network in the Tianshan Mountains, central Asia. Tellus B 68, 26206. doi:10.3402/tellusb.v68.26206
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Kong, X., Shao, X. and co-authors. 2008. Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years . Nature 451, 1090–1093. doi:10.1038/nature06692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, C. R. and Heymsfield, A. J. 2003. Water isotope ratios D/H, 18O/16O, 17O/16O in and out of clouds map dehydration pathways. Science 302, 1742–1745. doi:10.1126/science.1089496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteman, C. D. 2000. Mountain Meteorology: fundamentals and Applications. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winkler, R., Landais, A., Risi, C., Baroni, M., Ekaykin, A. and co-authors. 2013. Interannual variation of water isotopologues at Vostok indicates a contribution from stratospheric water vapor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 110, 17674–17679. doi:10.1073/pnas.1215209110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, R., Landais, A., Sodemann, H., Dümbgen, L., Prié, F. and co-authors. 2011. Deglaciation records of 17O-excess in East Antarctica: reliable reconstruction of oceanic relative humidity from coastal sites. Clim. Past Discuss. 7, 1845–1886. doi:10.5194/cpd-7-1845-2011
   Google Scholar