Selected breakpoints of net forest carbon uptake at four eddy-covariance sites

References

• Babel, W., Lüers, J., Hübner, J., Rebmann, C. Wichura, B. and co-authors. 2017. Long-term carbon and water vapour fluxes. In: Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem, Ecological Studies (ed. T. Foken) Vol. 229. Springer, Cham, pp. 73–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_4
   Google Scholar
• Baldocchi, D. 2008. Breathing’ of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems. Aust. J. Bot. 56, 1–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/BT07151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldocchi, D., Chu, H. and Reichstein, M. 2018. Inter-annual variability of net and gross ecosystem carbon fluxes: a review. Agric. For. Meteorol. 249, 520–533. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.05.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldocchi, D., Ryu, Y. and Keenan, T. 2016. Terrestrial carbon cycle variability [version 1; referees: 2 approved]. F1000Research 5(F1000 Faculty Rev), 2371. doi:https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8962.1
   Google Scholar
• Bartels, J. 1935. Zur Morphologie geophysikalischer Zeitfunktionen. Sitzungsberichte Preuß. Akad. Wiss 30, 504–522.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, H., Baldocchi, D. D., John, R., Wolf, S. and Reichstein, M. 2017. Fluxes all of the time? A primer on the temporal representativeness of FLUXNET. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 122, 289–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogée, J. and co-authors. 2005. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437, 529–533. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, A. R. 2014. Influence and predictive capacity of climate anomalies on daily to decadal extremes in canopy photosynthesis. Photosynth. Res. 119, 31–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9925-z
   Google Scholar
• Dupont, S. and Brunet, Y. 2009. Coherent structures in canopy edge flow: a large-eddy simulation study. J. Fluid Mech. 630, 93–128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112009006739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder, F., Serafimovich, A. and Foken, T. 2013. Coherent structures at a forest edge: properties, coupling and impact of secondary circulations. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 148, 285–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9815-0
   Google Scholar
• Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Olson, R., Anthoni, P., Aubinet, M. and co-authors. 2001. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange. Agric. For. Meteorol. 107, 43–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00225-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falge, E., Köck, K., Gatzsche, K., Voß, L., Schäfer, A. and co-authors. 2017. Modelling of energy and matter exchange. In: Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem, Ecological Studies (ed. T. Foken) Vol. 229. Springer, Cham, pp. 379–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_16
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Martínez, M., Vicca, S., Janssens, I. A., Ciais, P., Obersteiner, M. and co-authors. 2017. Atmospheric deposition, CO2, and change in the land carbon sink. Sci. Rep. 7, 9632. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08755-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnigan, J. J., Shaw, R. H. and Patton, E. G. 2009. Turbulence structure above a vegetation canopy. J. Fluid Mech. 637, 387–424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112009990589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foken, T. 2017. Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem, Ecological Studies, Vol. 229. Springer, Cham. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3
   Google Scholar
• Foken, T., Babel, W. and Thomas, C. 2019. Possible errors in flux measurements due to limited digitalization. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 12, 971–976. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-971-2019
   Google Scholar
• Foken, T., Gerstberger, P., Köck, K., Siebicke, L., Serafimovich, A. and co-authors. 2017. Description of the Waldstein measuring site. In: Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem, Ecological Studies (ed. T. Foken) Vol. 229. Springer, Cham, pp. 19–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_2
   Google Scholar
• Foken, T., Leuning, R., Oncley, S. P., Mauder, M. and Aubinet, M. 2012. Corrections and data quality. In: Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis (eds. M. Aubinet, T. Vesala and D. Papale). Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 85–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_4
   Google Scholar
• Frank, D., Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Thonicke, K., Frank, D. and co-authors. 2015. Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 2861–2880. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratini, G. and Mauder, M. 2014. Towards a consistent eddy-covariance processing: an intercomparison of EddyPro and TK3. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7, 2273–2281. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2273-2014
   Google Scholar
• Göckede, M., Foken, T., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Banza, J. and co-authors. 2008. Quality control of CarboEurope flux data – part 1: coupling footprint analyses with flux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems. Biogeosci 5, 433–450. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-433-2008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, F.-M., Daube, B. C. and Wofsy, S. C. 1996. Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: method and critical evaluation of accuracy. Glob. Change Biol. 2, 169–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00070.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley, J. L., O’Keefe, J., Munger, J. W., Hollinger, D. Y. and Richardson, A. D. 2009. Phenology of forest-atmosphere carbon exchange for deciduous and coniferous forests in Southern and Northern New England. In: Phenology of Ecosystem Processes: Applications in Global Change Research (ed. A. Noormets). Springer, New York, NY, pp. 119–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0026-5_5
   Google Scholar
• Haslwanter, A., Hammerle, A. and Wohlfahrt, G. 2009. Open- vs. closed-path eddy covariance measurements of the net ecosystem carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange: a long-term perspective. Agric. For. Meteorol. 149, 291–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.08.011
   Google Scholar
• Herbst, M., Mund, M., Tamrakar, R. and Knohl, A. 2015. Differences in carbon uptake and water use between a managed and an unmanaged beech forest in central Germany. For. Ecol. Manage. 355, 101–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.05.034
   Google Scholar
• Järvi, L., Mammarella, I., Eugster, W., Ibrom, A., Siivola, E. and co-authors. 2009. Comparison of net CO2 fluxes measured with open- and closed-path infrared gas analyzers in urban complex environment. Boreal Environ. Res. 14, 499–514. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7847-2009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Schwalm, C. R., Huntingford, C., Sitch, S. and co-authors. 2017. Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO2 sink changes to temperature. Nature 541, 516–520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J. 1994. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurement. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kanani-Sühring, F., Falge, E., Voß, L. and Raasch, S. 2017. Complexity of flow structures and turbulent transport in heterogeneously forested landscapes: LES study of the Waldstein site. In: Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem, Ecological Studies (ed. T. Foken) Vol. 229. Springer, Cham, pp. 415–436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_17
   Google Scholar
• Kanani-Sühring, F. and Raasch, S. 2015. Spatial variability of scalar concentrations and fluxes downstream of a clearing-to-forest transition: a large-Eddy simulation study. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 155, 1–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9986-3
   Google Scholar
• Keenan, T. F., Gray, J., Friedl, M. A., Toomey, M., Bohrer, G. and co-authors. 2014. Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology. Nature Clim. Change 4, 598–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan, T. F., Hollinger, D. Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J. W. and co-authors. 2013. Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise. Nature 499, 324–327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaassen, W., van Breugel, P. B., Moors, E. J. and Nieveen, J. P. 2002. Increased heat fluxes near a forest edge. Theor. Appl. Clim. 72, 231–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-002-0682-8
   Google Scholar
• Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B. and Rubel, F. 2006. World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Metz. 15, 259–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutsch, W. L. and Kolari, P. 2015. Data quality and the role of nutrients in forest carbon-use efficiency. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 959–960. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2793
   Google Scholar
• Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Detto, M., Richardson, A. D. and Baldocchi, D. D. 2010. Comment on Vickers et al.: self-correlation between assimilation and respiration resulting from flux partitioning of eddy-covariance CO2 fluxes. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150, 312–314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.11.003
   Google Scholar
• Lischeid, G., Frei, S., Huwe, B., Bogner, C., Lüers, J. and co-authors. 2017. Catchment evapotranspiration and runoff. In: Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem, Ecological Studies (ed. T. Foken) Vol. 229. Springer, Cham, pp. 355–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_15
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A. 1994. On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Funct. Ecol. 8, 315–323. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2389824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lüers, J., Grasse, B., Wrzesinsky, T. and Foken, T. 2017. Climate, air pollutants, and wet deposition. In: Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem, Ecological Studies (ed. T. Foken) Vol. 229. Springer, Cham, pp. 41–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_3
   Google Scholar
• Luyssaert, S., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Schulze, E.-D., Jung, M. and co-authors. 2010. The European carbon balance. Part 3: forests. Glob. Change Biol. 16, 1429–1450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02056.x
   Google Scholar
• Mammarella, I., Peltola, O., Nordbo, A., Järvi, L. and Rannik, Ü. 2016. Quantifying the uncertainty of eddy covariance fluxes due to the use of different software packages and combinations of processing steps in two contrasting ecosystems. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 9, 4915–4933. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4915-2016
   Google Scholar
• Mauder, M., and Foken, T. 2015. Eddy-covariance software TK3. Zenodo 20349. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20349
   Google Scholar
• Mauder, M., Foken, T., Clement, R., Elbers, J. A., Eugster, W. and co-authors. 2008. Quality control of CarboEurope flux data - part 2: inter-comparison of eddy-covariance software. Biogeoscience 5, 451–462. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-451-2008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelis, L. and Menten, M. L. 1913. Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung. Biochem. Z. 49, 333.
   Google Scholar
• Ocheltree, T. W. and Loescher, H. W. 2007. Design of the AmeriFlux portable eddy covariance system and uncertainty analysis of carbon measurements. J. Atm. Oceanic Technol. 24, 1389–1406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH2064.1
   Google Scholar
• Priestley, C. H. B. and Taylor, J. R. 1972. On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters. Mon. Wea. Rev. 100, 81–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rannik, Ü., Kolari, P., Vesala, T. and Hari, P. 2006. Uncertainties in measurement and modelling of net ecosystem exchange of a forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 138, 244–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebmann, C., Aubinet, M., Schmid, H.P.E., Arriga, N., Aurela, M. and co-authors. 2018. ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup: a review. Intern. Agrophys. 32, 471–494. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0044
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, A. D., Black, T. A., Ciais, P., Delbart, N., Friedl, M. A. and co-authors. 2010. Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 365, 3227–3246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruppert, J., Mauder, M., Thomas, C. and Lüers, J. 2006. Innovative gap-filling strategy for annual sums of CO2 net ecosystem exchange. Agric. For. Meteorol. 138, 5–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, J., Zhou, X., Luo, Y., Li, B., Aurela, M. and co-authors. 2015. Biotic and climatic controls on interannual variability in carbon fluxes across terrestrial ecosystems. Agric. For. Meteorol. 205, 11–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebicke, L., Hunner, M. and Foken, T. 2012. Aspects of CO2-advection measurements. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 109, 109–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0552-3
   Google Scholar
• Stoy, P. C., Mauder, M., Foken, T., Marcolla, B., Boegh, E. and co-authors. 2013. A data-driven analysis of energy balance closure across FLUXNET research sites: the role of landscape-scale heterogeneity. Agric. For. Meteorol. 171–172, 137–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamrakar, R., Rayment, M. B., Moyano, F., Mund, M. and Knohl, A. 2018. Implications of structural diversity for seasonal and annual carbon dioxide fluxes in two temperate deciduous forests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 263, 465–476. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.08.027
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, C. and Foken, T. 2007. Flux contribution of coherent structures and its implications for the exchange of energy and matter in a tall spruce canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 123, 317–337. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9144-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, C. K., Serafimovich, A., Siebicke, L., Gerken, T. and Foken, T. 2017. Coherent structures and flux coupling. In: Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem, Ecological Studies (ed. T. Foken) Vol. 229. Springer, Cham, pp. 113–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_6
   Google Scholar
• Tramontana, G., Jung, M., Schwalm, C. R., Ichii, K., Camps-Valls, G. and co-authors. 2016. Predicting carbon dioxide and energy fluxes across global FLUXNET sites with regression algorithms. Biogeosci 13, 4291–4313. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4291-2016
   Google Scholar
• Urbanski, S., Barford, C., Wofsy, S., Kucharik, C., Pyle, E. and co-authors. 2007. Factors controlling CO2 exchange on timescales from hourly to decadal at Harvard Forest. J. Geophys. Res. 112, G02020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000293
   Google Scholar
• Vesala, T., Suni, T., Rannik, Ü., Keronen, P., Markkanen, T. and co-authors. 2005. Effect of thinning on surface fluxes in a boreal forest. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 19, GB2001. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002316
   Google Scholar
• Vickers, D., Thomas, C. and Law, B. E. 2009. Random and systematic CO2 flux sampling errors for tower measurements over forests in the convective boundary layer. Agric. For. Meteorol. 149, 73–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers, D., Thomas, C. K., Martin, J. G. and Law, B. 2010. Reply to the comment on Vickers et al. (2009): self-correlation between assimilation and respiration resulting from flux partitioning of eddy-covariance CO2 fluxes. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150, 315–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S. P. and Stage, S. A. 2001. Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 99, 127–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018966204465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. A., Reichstein, M., Buchmann, N., Baldocchi, D. D., Beer, C. and co-authors. 2012. Climate and vegetation controls on the surface water balance: synthesis of evapotranspiration measured across a global network of flux towers. Water Resour. Res. 48, W06523. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar