Role of river discharge and warming on ocean acidification and pCO₂ levels in the Bay of Bengal

References

• Aumont, O. and Bopp, L. 2006. Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 20, GB2017, 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, D. C. E., Alin, S. R., Bates, N., Becker, M., Castaño-Primo, R. and co-authors. 2020. Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 2020 (SOCATv2020) (NCEI Accession 0210711). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset..
   Google Scholar
• Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O’Brien, K. M. and co-authors. 2016. A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). Earth Syst. Sci. Data 8, 383–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, N., Astor, Y. M., Church, M. J., Currie, K., Dore, J. E. and co-authors. 2014. A time-series view of changing surface ocean chemistry due to ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and Ocean Acidification. Oceanography 27, 126–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrenfeld, M. J., O’Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., McClain, C. R., Sarmiento, J. L. and co-authors. 2006. Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature 444, 752–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Orr, J. C., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P. and co-authors. 2013. Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: Projections with CMIP5 models. Biogeosciences 10, 6225–6245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, W. J., Hu, X., Huang, W. J., Murrell, M. C., Lehrter, J. C. and co-authors. 2011. Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication. Nature Geosci. 4, 766–770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, W. J., Xu, Y. Y., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Jonsson, B. and co-authors. 2020. Controls on surface water carbonate chemistry along North American ocean margins. Nat. Commun. 11, 2691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colborn, J. G. 1975. The thermal structure of the Indian Ocean. IIOE Oceanographic Monographs No. 2, p. 173.
   Google Scholar
• Dandapat, S., Gnanaseelan, C. and Parekh, A. 2020. Impact of excess and deficit river runoff on Bay of Bengal upper ocean characteristics using an ocean general circulation model. Deep Sea Res. II 172, 104714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J. and co-authors. 2006. Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750, prescribed data-sets for AeroCom. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 4321–4344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinesh Kumar, P. K., Paul, Y. S., Muraleedharan, K. R., Murty, V. S. N. and Preenu, P. N. 2016. Comparison of long-term variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 3, 67–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dlugokencky, E. and Tans, P. 2020. Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL). http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html.
   Google Scholar
• Doney, S. C. 2010. The growing human footprint on coastal and open-ocean biogeochemistry. Science 328, 1512–1516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doney, S. C., Mahowald, N., Lima, I., Feely, R. A., Mackenzie, F. T. and co-authors. 2007. Impact of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur deposition on ocean acidification and the inorganic carbon system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 14580–14585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadgil, S., Joseph, P. V. and Joshi, N. V. 1984. Ocean–atmosphere coupling over monsoon regions. Nature 312, 141–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goes, J. I., Tian, H., do Rosario Gomes, H., Anderson, O. R., Al-Hashmi, K. and co-authors. 2020. Ecosystem state change in the Arabian Sea fuelled by the recent loss of snow over the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau region. Sci. Rep. 10, 7422–7428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyet, C., Millero, F. J., O’Sullivan, D. W., Eischeid, G., McCue, S. J. and co-authors. 1998. Temporal variations of pCO2 in surface seawater of the Arabian Sea in 1995. Deep Sea Res. I 45, 609–623.
   Google Scholar
• Grasshoff, K., Ehrhardt, M., Kremling, K. (eds.). 1983. Methods of Seawater Analysis. Verlag, Chemie, Weinheim.
   Google Scholar
• Graven, H. D., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Khatiwala, S. and Giraud, X. 2012. Changing controls on oceanic radiocarbon: New insights on shallow-to-deep ocean exchange and anthropogenic CO2 uptake. J. Geophys. Res. 117, C10005, 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, E. R., Wickes, L., Burnett, L. E., Scott, G. I., Hernandez, D. and co-authors. 2020. Acidification in the U.S. Southeast: Causes, Potential consequences and the role of the southeast ocean and coastal acidification network. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 1–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howarth, R. W., Billen, G., Swaney, D., Townsend, A., Jaworski, N. and co-authors. 1996. Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N & P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences. In: Nitrogen Cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean and Its Watersheds. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 75–139.
   Google Scholar
• Howarth, R. W., Boyer, E. W., Pabich, W. J. and Galloway, J. N. 2002. Nitrogen use in the United States from 1961–2000 and potential future trends. AMBIO 31, 88–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds. T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Jayaraman, A., Lubin, D., Ramachandran, S., Ramanathan, V., Woodbridge, E. and co-authors. 1998. Direct observations of aerosol radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January‐February 1996 pre‐INDOEX cruise. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 13827–13836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, L. Q., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Lauvset, S. K. and Olsen, A. 2019. Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: Past, present and future. Sci. Rep. 9, 18624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joos, F. and Spahni, R. 2008. Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 1425–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, A. P., Roy Chowdhury, R., Kumar, V. and Warrior, H. V. 2020. Configuration and skill assessment of the coupled biogeochemical model for the carbonate system in the Bay of Bengal. Mar. Chem. 226, 103871.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, M. S., Prasad, M. H. K., Rao, D. B., Viswanadham, R., Sarma, V. V. S. S. and co-authors. 2016. Export of dissolved inorganic nutrients to the northern Indian Ocean from the Indian monsoonal rivers during discharge period. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 172, 430–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, M. S., Prasad, V. R., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Reddy, N. P. C., Hemalatha, K. P. J. and co-authors. 2015. Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen to the northern Indian Ocean from the Indian monsoonal rivers. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 120, 2067–2080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, M. D., Naqvi, S. W. A., George, M. D. and Jayakumar, D. A. 1996. A sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the northeast Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18121–18125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., Sudheer, A. K. and Sarin, M. M. 2008. Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during spring inter-monsoon: A comparative study. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 117, 325–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landschutzer, P., Laruelle, G. G., Roobaert, A. and Regnier, P. 2020. A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 12, 2537–2553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauvset, S. K., Gruber, N., Landschutzer, P., Olsen, A. and Tjiputra, J. 2015. Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past 3 decades. Biogeosciences 12, 1285–1298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Quere, C., Ro Denbeck, C., Buitenhuis, E. T., Conway, T. J., Langenfelds, R. and co-authors. 2008. Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change. Science 319, 570–570.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. Y. and Wang, B. 2014. Future change of global monsoon in the CMIP5. Clim. Dyn. 42, 101–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, E. and Wallace, D. W. R. 1998. Ornl/Cdiac-105. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN.
   Google Scholar
• Lozan, J. L., Grabl, H. and P. Huper. 2001. Summary: Warming signals from climate. In: Climate of 21st Century: Changes and Risks. Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, T., Ver, L. M. and Lerman, A. 1995. Modeling the behaviour of biogeochemical cycles in the land-coastal margin system during global change. In International Symposium on Earth Environment, pp. 149–200.
   Google Scholar
• Matear, R. J. and Lenton, A. 2008. Impact of historical climate change on the Southern Ocean carbon cycle. J. Clim. 21, 2820–2834.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzl, N. 2009. Decadal increase of oceanic carbon dioxide in Southern Indian Ocean surface waters (1991–2007). Deep Sea Res. II 56, 607–619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millero, F. J., Graham, T. B., Huang, F., Bustos-Serrano, H. and Pierrot, D. 2006. Dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater as a function of salinity and temperature. Mar. Chem. 100, 80–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, S., Aadhar, S., Stone, D. and Mishra, V. 2018. Increase in extreme precipitation events under anthropogenic warming in India. Weather Clim. Extrem. 20, 45–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay, S. K., Biswas, H., De, T. K., Sen, S. and Jana, T. K. 2002. Seasonal effects on the air-water carbon dioxide exchange in the Hooghly estuary, NE coast of Bay of Bengal, India. J. Environ. Monit. 4, 549–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAPAP. 1991. Acid Deposition: State of Science and Technology. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Office of the Director, Washington, DC, p. 2053.
   Google Scholar
• Neetu, S., Lengaigne, M., Vincent, E. M., Vialard, J., Madec, G. and co-authors. 2012. Influence of upper‐ocean stratification on tropical cyclone‐induced surface cooling in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res. 117, C12020, 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papa, F., Bala, S. K., Pandey, R. K., Durand, F., Gopalakrishna, V. V. and co-authors. 2012. Ganga‐Brahmaputra river discharge from Jason‐2 radar altimetry: An update to the long‐term satellite‐derived estimates of continental freshwater forcing flux into the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res. 117, C11021, 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papa, F., Durand, F., Rossow, W. B., Rahman, A. and Bala, S. K. 2010. Satellite altimeter‐derived monthly discharge of the Ganga‐Brahmaputra River and its seasonal to interannual variations from 1993 to 2008. J. Geophys. Res. 115, C12013, 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, S. 2018. A study on the impact of Climatic Events induced long-term trends in Sea Surface Temperature and Ganges-Brahmaputra river discharge on the frequency and intensity of Tropical Cyclones over the Bay of Bengal. PhD Thesis, Andhra University.
   Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T. and Rosenfeld, D. 2001. Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science 294, 2119–2124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, D. P. and Sastry, J. S. 1981. Circulation and distribution of some hydrographical properties during the late winter in the Bay of Bengal, Mahasagar. Bull. Natl. Inst. Oceanogr. 14, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Rodhe, H., Dentener, F. and Schulz, M. 2002. The global distribution of acidifying wet deposition. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 4382–4388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxy, M. K., Modi, A., Murtugudde, R., Valsala, V., Panickal, S. and co-authors. 2015a. A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 826–833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxy, M. K., Ritika, K., Terray, P., Murtugudde, R., Ashok, K. and co-authors. 2015b. Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient. Nat. Commun. 6, 7423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabine, C. L., Key, R. M., Johnson, K. M., Millero, F. J., Poisson, A. and co-authors. 1999. Anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the Indian Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 13, 179–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabine, C. L., Wanninkhof, R., Key, R. M., Goyet, C. and Millero, F. J. 2000. Seasonal CO2 fluxes in the tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean. Mar. Chem. 72, 33–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samanta, S., Dalai, T. K., Pattanaik, J. K., Rai, S. K. and Mazumdar, A. 2015. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and its δ13C in the Ganga (Hooghly) River estuary, India: Evidence of DIC generation via organic carbon degradation and carbonate dissolution. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 165, 226–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, V., Kumar, G. S., Yadav, K., Dalabehera, H. B., Rao, D. N. and co-authors 2019. Impact of eddies on dissolved inorganic carbon components in the Bay of Bengal, Deep Sea Res. I. 147, 111–120.
   Google Scholar
• Sarma, V. V. S. S., Krishna, M. S., Paul, Y. S. and Murty, V. S. N. 2015. Observed changes in ocean acidity and carbon dioxide exchange in the coastal Bay of Bengal – a link to air pollution. Tellus B: Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 67, 24638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, V. V. S. S., Krishna, M. S., Rao, V. D., Viswanadham, R., Kumar, N. A. and co-authors. 2012a. Sources and sinks of CO2 in the west coast of Bay of Bengal. Tellus B: Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 64, 10961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, V. V. S. S., Viswanadham, R., Rao, G. D., Prasad, V. R., Kumar, B. S. K. and co-authors. 2012b. Carbon dioxide emissions from Indian monsoonal estuaries. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, V. V. S. S., Krishna, M. S. and Srinivas, T. N. R. 2020. Sources of organic matter and tracing of nutrient pollution in the coastal Bay of Bengal. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 159, 111477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, M. D. and George, M. D. 1998. The central and eastern Arabian Sea as a perennial source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Tellus B: Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 50, 179–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumari, V. R., Srinivas, T. N. R., Krishna, M. S., Ganapathi, P. and co-authors. 2018. East India Coastal Current controls the dissolved inorganic carbon in the coastal Bay of Bengal. Mar. Chem. 205, 37–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, N. A., Prasad, V. R., Venkataramana, V., Appalanaidu, S. and co-authors. 2011. High CO2 emissions from the tropical Godavari estuary (India) associated with monsoon river discharges. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L08601, 1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, V. V. S. S., Lenton, A., Law, R., Metzl, N., Patra, P. K. and co-authors. 2013. Sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Indian Ocean between 1990 and 2009..
   Google Scholar
• Satheesh, S. K. 2002. Letter to Editor, Aerosol radiative forcing over land: Effect of surface and cloud reflection. Ann. Geophys. 20, 2105–2109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change. 2nd Edition. Academic Press, San Diego.
   Google Scholar
• Sengupta, D., Bharath Raj, G. N. and Shenoi, S. S. C. 2006. Surface freshwater from Bay of Bengal runoff and Indonesian throughflow in the tropical Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L22609, 1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar, D., Vinayachandran, P. N. and Unnikrishnan, A. S. 2002. The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 52, 63–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenoi, S. S. C., Shankar, D. and Shetye, S. R. 2002. Differences in heat budgets of the near‐surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Implications for the summer monsoon. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetye, S. R., Gouveia, A. D., Shankar, D., Shenoi, S. S. C., Vinayachandran, P. N. and co-authors. 1996. Hydrography and circulation in the western Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 14011–14025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreenivas, P., Gnanaseelan, C. and Prasad, K. V. S. R. 2012. Influence of El Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole on sea level variability in the Bay of Bengal. Global Planet. Change 80–81, 215–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivas, B., Kumar, A., Sarin, M. M. and Sudheer, A. K. 2011. Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 11, 20667–20711.
   Google Scholar
• Srinivas, B. and Sarin, M. M. 2013. Atmospheric deposition of N, P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean: Implications to C- and N-fixation. Sci. Total Environ. 456–457, 104–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, A. J., Sabine, C. L., Dietrich, C., Maenner, J. S., Musielewicz, Sylvia, B. and co-authors. 2017. High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring Mooring BOBOA_90E_15N (NCEI Accession 0162473). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset..
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, R. and Ishimatu, T. 1990. An improved method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll using N, N-dimethylformamide. J. Oceanogr. 46, 190–194.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Chipman, D. W., Goddard, J. G., Ho, C. and co-authors. 2014. Climatological distributions of pH, pCO2, total CO2, alkalinity, and CaCO3 saturation in the global surface ocean, and temporal changes at selected locations. Mar. Chem. 164, 95–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A. and co-authors. 2009. Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans. Deep-Sea Res. II. 56, 554–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, H., Prowe, A. E. F., Lima, I., Doney, S. C., Wanninkhof, R. and co-authors. 2008. Changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation influence CO2 uptake in the North Atlantic over the past 2 decades. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 22, GB4027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjiputra, J. F., Olsen, A. R. E., Bopp, L., Lenton, A., Pfeil, B. and co-authors. 2014. Long-term surface pCO2 trends from observations and models. Tellus B: Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 66, 23083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trott, C. B., Subrahmanyam, B., Murty, V. S. N. and Shriver, J. F. 2019. Large‐scale fresh and salt water exchanges in the Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 124, 6252–6269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varkey, M. J., Murty, V. S. N. and Suryanarayana, A. 1996. Physical oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Oceanogr. Lit. Rev. 5, 413.
   Google Scholar
• Vinayachandran, P. N., Murty, V. S. N. and Ramesh Babu, V. 2002. Observations of barrier layer formation in the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon. J. Geophys. Res. 107, SRF 19-1–SRF 19-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller, R., Farrar, J. T., Buckley, J., Matthew, S., Venkatesan, R. and co-authors. 2016. Air-sea interaction in the Bay of Bengal. Oceanography 29, 28–37. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijesekera, H. W., Shroyer, E., Tandon, A., Ravichandran, M., Sengupta, D. and co-authors. 2016. ASIRI: An ocean–atmosphere initiative for Bay of Bengal. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 97, 1859–1884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, K., Sarma, V. V. S. S. and Kumar, M. D. 2020. Spatial and temporal variability in concentration and characteristics of aerosols at Visakhapatnam (east) and Goa (west) coasts of India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 27, 532–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, K., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Rao, D. B. and Kumar, M. D. 2016. Influence of atmospheric dry deposition of inorganic nutrients on phytoplankton biomass in the coastal Bay of Bengal. Mar. Chem. 187, 25–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. and Reid, J. S. 2010. A decadal regional and global trend analysis of the aerosol optical depth using a data-assimilation grade over-water MODIS and Level 2 MISR aerosol products. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 10949–10963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar