Transport and chemistry of isoprene and its oxidation products in deep convective clouds

References

• Abbatt, J. P. 1997. Interaction of HNO3 with water-ice surfaces at temperatures of the free troposphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1479–1482. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL01403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbatt, J., Bartels-Rausch, T., Ullerstam, M. and Ye, T. 2008. Uptake of acetone, ethanol and benzene to snow and ice: effects of surface area and temperature. Environ. Res. Lett. 3, 045008. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/045008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae, M. O., Afchine, A., Albrecht, R., Holanda, B. A., Artaxo, P. and co-authors. 2018. Aerosol characteristics and particle production in the upper troposphere over the Amazon Basin. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 921–961. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-921-2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apel, E., Olson, J., Crawford, J., Hornbrook, R., Hills, A. and co-authors. 2012. Impact of the deep convection of isoprene and other reactive trace species on radicals and ozone in the upper troposphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 1135–1150. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1135-2012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardakov, R., Thornton, J. A., Riipinen, I., Krejci, R. and Ekman, A. M. L. 2021. Air parcel trajectories data generated by MIMICA code and simulation results generated by a trajectory box model,.
   Google Scholar
• Bardakov, R., Riipinen, I., Krejci, R., Savre, J., Thornton, J. A. and co-authors. 2020. A novel framework to study trace gas transport in deep convective clouds. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 12, e2019MS001931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels-Rausch, T., Jacobi, H.-W., Kahan, T. F., Thomas, J. L., Thomson, E. S. and co-authors. 2014. A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 1587–1633. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1587-2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, M. C., Cantrell, C. A., Brune, W. H., Rutledge, S. A., Crawford, J. H. and co-authors. 2015. The deep convective clouds and chemistry (DC3) field campaign. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, 1281–1309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00290.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, M., Bela, M., Fried, A., Wennberg, P., Crounse, J. and co-authors. 2016. Convective transport and scavenging of peroxides by thunderstorms observed over the central US during DC3. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, 4272–4295. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, M., Kim, S.-W., Wang, C., Pickering, K., Ott, L. and co-authors. 2007. Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 4709–4731. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4709-2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, M., Sillman, S., Hudman, R., Jacobson, M., Kim, C.-H. and co-authors. 2003. Summary of the cloud chemistry modeling intercomparison: Photochemical box model simulation. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, M., Stuart, A. L. and Skamarock, W. 2001. Numerical simulations of the July 10, 1996, stratospheric-tropospheric experiment: radiation, aerosols, and ozone (STERAO)-deep convection experiment storm: Redistribution of soluble tracers. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 12381–12400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bela, M. M., Barth, M. C., Toon, O. B., Fried, A., Ziegler, C. and co-authors. 2018. Effects of scavenging, entrainment, and aqueous chemistry on peroxides and formaldehyde in deep convective outflow over the central and Southeast United States. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.. 123, 7594–7614. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G. and co-authors. 2013. Clouds and aerosols. In: Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, pp. 571–657.
   Google Scholar
• Brasseur, A., Ramaroson, R., Delannoy, A., Skamarock, W. and Barth, M. 2002. Three-dimensional calculation of photolysis frequencies in the presence of clouds and impact on photochemistry. J. Atmos. Chem. 41, 211–237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014952630482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brune, W. H., Ren, X., Zhang, L., Mao, J., Miller, D. O. and co-authors. 2018. Atmospheric oxidation in the presence of clouds during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) study. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 14493–14510. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14493-2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert, J. G., Derwent, R. G., Orlando, J. J., Wallington, T. J. and Tyndall, G. S. 2008. Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkanes.
   Google Scholar
• Claeys, M., Wang, W., Ion, A. C., Kourtchev, I., Gelencsér, A. and co-authors. 2004. Formation of secondary organic aerosols from isoprene and its gas-phase oxidation products through reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Atmos. Environ. 38, 4093–4098. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A., Eisele, F., Kapustin, V., Moore, K., Tanner, D. and co-authors. 1999. Nucleation in the equatorial free troposphere: Favorable environments during PEM-Tropics. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 5735–5744. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuchiara, G., Fried, A., Barth, M., Bela, M., Homeyer, C. and co-authors. 2020. Vertical transport, entrainment, and scavenging processes affecting trace gases in a modeled and observed SEAC4RS case study. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 125, e2019JD031957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Ambro, E. L., Møller, K. H., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Schobesberger, S., Liu, J. and co-authors. 2017. Isomerization of second-generation isoprene peroxy radicals: Epoxide formation and implications for secondary organic aerosol yields. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 4978–4987. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiGangi, E., MacGorman, D., Ziegler, C., Betten, D., Biggerstaff, M. and co-authors. 2016. An overview of the 29 May 2012 Kingfisher supercell during DC3. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, 14–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, A. M. L., Krejci, R., Engström, A., Ström, J., de Reus, M. and co-authors. 2008. Do organics contribute to small particle formation in the Amazonian upper troposphere? Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ervens, B., Turpin, B. and Weber, R. 2011. Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 11069–11102. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11069-2011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried, A., Barth, M., Bela, M., Weibring, P., Richter, D. and co-authors. 2016. Convective transport of formaldehyde to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and associated scavenging in thunderstorms over the central United States during the 2012 DC3 study. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, 7430–7460. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024477
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, D., Millet, D. B., Wells, K. C., Payne, V. H., Yu, S. and co-authors. 2019. Direct retrieval of isoprene from satellite-based infrared measurements. Nat. Commun. 10, 3811–3812. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11835-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, C., Zhu, C., Francisco, J. S., Zeng, X. C. and Wang, J. 2018. A molecular perspective for global modeling of upper atmospheric NH3 from freezing clouds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 115, 6147–6152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719949115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabowski, W. W. 1998. Toward cloud resolving modeling of large-scale tropical circulations: A simple cloud microphysics parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci. 55, 3283–3298. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3283:TCRMOL>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G. and co-authors. 2005. Fully coupled “online” chemistry within the WRF model. Atmos. Environ. 39, 6957–6975. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. and co-authors. 2006. Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmospheric Chem. Phys. 6, 3181–3210. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006
   Google Scholar
• Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D. and co-authors. 2009. The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 5155–5236. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinritzi, M., Dada, L., Simon, M., Stolzenburg, D., Wagner, A. C. and co-authors. 2020. Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 11809–11821. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, T., Odum, J. R., Bowman, F., Collins, D., Klockow, D. and co-authors. 1997. Formation of organic aerosols from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons. J. Atmos. Chem. 26, 189–222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005734301837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntrieser, H., Schlager, H., Roiger, A., Lichtenstern, M., Schumann, U. and co-authors. 2007. Lightning-produced NO x over Brazil during TROCCINOX: airborne measurements in tropical and subtropical thunderstorms and the importance of mesoscale convective systems. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2987–3013. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2987-2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkin, M., Young, J. and Rickard, A. 2015. The MCM v3. 3.1 degradation scheme for isoprene. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 11433–11459. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11433-2015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, A., Szakáll, M., Diehl, K., Mitra, S. K. and Borrmann, S. 2017. Chemistry of riming: The retention of organic and inorganic atmospheric trace constituents. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 9717–9732. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9717-2017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kärcher, B. and Basko, M. 2004. Trapping of trace gases in growing ice crystals. J. Geophys. Res. 109, D22204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S.-W., Barth, M. and Trainer, M. 2012. Influence of fair-weather cumulus clouds on isoprene chemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D10302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkby, J., Duplissy, J., Sengupta, K., Frege, C., Gordon, H. and co-authors. 2016. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles. Nature 533, 521–526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krejci, R., Ström, J., de Reus, M., Hoor, P., Williams, J. and co-authors. 2003. Evolution of aerosol properties over the rain forest in Surinam, South America, observed from aircraft during the LBA-CLAIRE 98 experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Murphy, S. M., Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H. 2005. Secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation under high-NOx conditions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, n/a–n/a. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Murphy, S. M., Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H. 2006. Secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 1869–1877. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/es0524301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulmala, M., Reissell, A., Sipilä, M., Bonn, B., Ruuskanen, T. M. and co-authors. 2006. Deep convective clouds as aerosol production engines: Role of insoluble organics. J. Geophys. Res. 111, 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamkaddam, H., Dommen, J., Ranjithkumar, A., Gordon, H., Wehrle, G. and co-authors. 2021. Large contribution to secondary organic aerosol from isoprene cloud chemistry. Sci. Adv. 7, eabe2952. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe2952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilly, D. K. 1962. On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection. Tellus 14, 148–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madronich, S. and Flocke, S. 1999. The role of solar radiation in atmospheric chemistry, In: Environmental Photochemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Marécal, V., Pirre, M., Riviere, E., Pouvesle, N., Crowley, J. and co-authors. 2010. Modelling the reversible uptake of chemical species in the gas phase by ice particles formed in a convective cloud. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 4977–5000. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4977-2010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, M., Harder, H., Kubistin, D., Rudolf, M., Bozem, H. and co-authors. 2010. Hydroxyl radicals in the tropical troposphere over the Suriname rainforest: airborne measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 3759–3773. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3759-2010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFiggans, G., Mentel, T. F., Wildt, J., Pullinen, I., Kang, S. and co-authors. 2019. Secondary organic aerosol reduced by mixture of atmospheric vapours. Nature 565, 587–593. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0871-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D., Mann, G., Pickering, S. and Carslaw, K. 2009. Impact of nucleation on global CCN. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 9, 8601–8616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, C., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Yli-Juuti, T., Heitto, A., Lutz, A. and co-authors. 2017. Ambient observations of dimers from terpene oxidation in the gas phase: Implications for new particle formation and growth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 2958–2966. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, B. N., Julin, J., Riipinen, I. and Ekman, A. M. 2015. Organic aerosol processing in tropical deep convective clouds: Development of a new model (CRM-ORG) and implications for sources of particle number. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120, 10–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olenius, T., Yli-Juuti, T., Elm, J., Kontkanen, J. and Riipinen, I. 2018. New particle formation and growth: Creating a new atmospheric phase interface, In: Physical Chemistry of Gas-Liquid Interfaces. Elsevier, pp. 315–352.
   Google Scholar
• Paulot, F., Crounse, J. D., Kjaergaard, H. G., Kürten, A., Clair, J. M. S. and co-authors. 2009b. Unexpected epoxide formation in the gas-phase photooxidation of isoprene. Science 325, 730–733. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulot, F., Crounse, J., Kjaergaard, H., Kroll, J., Seinfeld, J. and co-authors. 2009a. Isoprene photooxidation: new insights into the production of acids and organic nitrates. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 1479–1501. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1479-2009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack, I., Homeyer, C., Ryerson, T., Aikin, K., Peischl, J. and co-authors. 2016. Airborne quantification of upper tropospheric NOx production from lightning in deep convective storms over the United States Great Plains. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, 2002–2028. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggaber, A., Dlugi, R. and Nakajima, T. 1994. Modelling radiation quantities and photolysis frequencies in the troposphere. J. Atmos. Chem. 18, 171–210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00696813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander, R. 2015. Compilation of Henry’s law constants (version 4.0) for water as solvent. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 4399–4981. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4399-2015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savre, J., Ekman, A. M. L. and Svensson, G. 2014. Introduction to MIMICA, a large-eddy simulation solver for cloudy planetary boundary layers. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 6, 630–649. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schobesberger, S., Junninen, H., Bianchi, F., Lönn, G., Ehn, M. and co-authors. 2013. Molecular understanding of atmospheric particle formation from sulfuric acid and large oxidized organic molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 110, 17223–17228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306973110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, C., Schneider, J., Amorim Holanda, B., Appel, O., Costa, A. and co-authors. 2018. Aircraft-based observations of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon region. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 14979–15001. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14979-2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smagorinsky, J. 1963. General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. The basic experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev. 91, 99–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:GCEWTP>2.3.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Sokolov, O. and Abbatt, J. 2002. Adsorption to ice of n-alcohols (ethanol to 1-hexanol), acetic acid, and hexanal. J. Phys. Chem. A. 106, 775–782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jp013291m
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W., Eddingsaas, N. C., Chan, M., Loza, C. L. and co-authors. 2010. Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107, 6640–6645. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911114107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, Z., Lu, K., Hofzumahaus, A., Fuchs, H., Bohn, B. and co-authors. 2019. Experimental budgets of OH, HO 2, and RO 2 radicals and implications for ozone formation in the Pearl River Delta in China 2014. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 7129–7150. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7129-2019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taraborrelli, D., Lawrence, M., Crowley, J., Dillon, T., Gromov, S. and co-authors. 2012. Hydroxyl radical buffered by isoprene oxidation over tropical forests. Nature Geosci. 5, 190–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum, H. and D'Andrea, F. 2015. Deep convection east of the Andes Cordillera: four hailstorm cases. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 67, 26806. doi:https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v67.26806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, J. A., Shilling, J. E., Shrivastava, M., D’Ambro, E. L., Zawadowicz, M. A. and co-authors. 2020. A near-explicit mechanistic evaluation of isoprene photochemical secondary organic aerosol formation and evolution: simulations of multiple chamber experiments with and without added NOx. ACS Earth Space Chem. 4, 1161–1181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topping, D., Barley, M., Bane, M. K., Higham, N., Aumont, B. and co-authors. 2016. UManSysProp v1. 0: an online and open-source facility for molecular property prediction and atmospheric aerosol calculations. Geosci. Model Dev. 9, 899–914. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-899-2016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui, W. G., Woo, J. L. and McNeill, V. F. 2019. Impact of aerosol-cloud cycling on aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation. Atmosphere 10, 666. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twohy, C. H., Clement, C. F., Gandrud, B. W., Weinheimer, A. J., Campos, T. L. and co-authors. 2002. Deep convection as a source of new particles in the midlatitude upper troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 107, AAC 6-1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullerstam, M., Thornberry, T. and Abbatt, J. P. 2005. Uptake of gas-phase nitric acid to ice at low partial pressures: evidence for unsaturated surface coverage. Faraday Discuss. 130, 211–226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/b417418f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, N. L., Brock, C. A., Angevine, W. M., Beyersdorf, A., Campuzano-Jost, P. and co-authors. 2015. In situ vertical profiles of aerosol extinction, mass, and composition over the southeast United States during SENEX and SEAC 4 RS: observations of a modest aerosol enhancement aloft. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 7085–7102. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7085-2015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C. and Chang, J. S. 1993. A three-dimensional numerical model of cloud dynamics, microphysics, and chemistry: 3. Redistribution of pollutants. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 16787–16798. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD01865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warneck, P. 1975. OH production rates in the troposphere. Planet. Space Sci. 23, 1507–1518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(75)90004-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warneke, C., Holzinger, R., Hansel, A., Jordan, A., Lindinger, W. and co-authors. 2001. Isoprene and its oxidation products methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, and isoprene related peroxides measured online over the tropical rain forest of Surinam in March 1998. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 38, 167–185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006326802432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigel, R., Borrmann, S., Kazil, J., Minikin, A., Stohl, A. and co-authors. 2011. In situ observations of new particle formation in the tropical upper troposphere: the role of clouds and the nucleation mechanism. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 9983–10010. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9983-2011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennberg, P. O., Bates, K. H., Crounse, J. D., Dodson, L. G., McVay, R. C. and co-authors. 2018. Gas-phase reactions of isoprene and its major oxidation products. Chem. Rev. 118, 3337–3390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, C. J., Kupc, A., Axisa, D., Bilsback, K. R., Bui, T. and co-authors. 2019. A large source of cloud condensation nuclei from new particle formation in the tropics. Nature 574, 399–403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1638-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, B., Shrivastava, M., Donahue, N. M., Gordon, H., Schervish, M. and co-authors. 2020. High concentration of ultrafine particles in the Amazon free troposphere produced by organic new particle formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A … 117, 25344–25351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006716117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuend, A. and Seinfeld, J. 2012. Modeling the gas-particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol: the importance of liquid-liquid phase separation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 3857–3882. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3857-2012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuend, A., Marcolli, C., Booth, A., Lienhard, D. M., Soonsin, V. and co-authors. 2011. New and extended parameterization of the thermodynamic model AIOMFAC: calculation of activity coefficients for organic-inorganic mixtures containing carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, ether, ester, alkenyl, alkyl, and aromatic functional groups. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 9155–9206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuend, A., Marcolli, C., Luo, B. P. and Peter, T. A thermodynamic model of mixed organic-inorganic aerosols to predict activity coefficients, 2008.
   Google Scholar