Clinical pharmacology and efficacy of sugammadex in the reversal of neuromuscular blockade

References

• Blobner M. Short acting muscle relaxants: is neuromuscular monitoring still necessary? Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2009;44(5):348-354;quiz 356, 378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, et al. Residual neuromuscular blockade and critical respiratory events in the postanesthesia care unit. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(1):130–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eikermann M, Bredendiek M, Schaper J, et al. Resistance to rocuronium in a child with Schwartz-Jampel syndrome type 1 B. Neuropediatrics. 2002;33(1):43–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundman E, Witt H, Olsson R, et al. The incidence and mechanisms of pharyngeal and upper esophageal dysfunction in partially paralyzed humans: pharyngeal videoradiography and simultaneous manometry after atracurium. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(4):977–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg H, Roed J, Viby-Mogensen J, et al. Residual neuromuscular block is a risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications. A prospective, randomised, and blinded study of postoperative pulmonary complications after atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997;41(9):1095–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledowski T, Falke L, Johnston F, et al. Retrospective investigation of postoperative outcome after reversal of residual neuromuscular blockade: sugammadex, neostigmine or no reversal. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2014;31(8):423–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller SJ, Fink H. Sugammadex as a reversal agent for neuromuscular block: an evidence-based review. Core Evid. 2013;8:57–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufhold N, Schaller SJ, Stauble CG, et al. Sugammadex and neostigmine dose-finding study for reversal of residual neuromuscular block at a train-of-four ratio of 0.2 (SUNDRO20)dagger. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116(2):233–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro DS Jr, Leao P, Borges S, et al. Sugammadex reduces postoperative pain after laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a randomized trial. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2014;24(5):420–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bom A, Hope F, Rutherford S, et al. Preclinical pharmacology of sugammadex. J Crit Care. 2009;24(1):29–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akha AS, Rosa J III, Jahr JS, et al. Sugammadex: cyclodextrins, development of selective binding agents, pharmacology, clinical development, and future directions. Anesthesiol Clin. 2010;28(4):691–708.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bom A, Bradley M, Cameron K, et al. A novel concept of reversing neuromuscular block: chemical encapsulation of rocuronium bromide by a cyclodextrin-based synthetic host. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2002;41(2):266–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naguib M, Brull SJ. Sugammadex: a novel selective relaxant binding agent. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2009;2(1):37–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adam JM, Bennett DJ, Bom A, et al. Cyclodextrin-derived host molecules as reversal agents for the neuromuscular blocker rocuronium bromide: synthesis and structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem. 2002;45(9):1806–1816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridion product information. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000885/human_med_000680.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=6918584. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918584
   Google Scholar
• Naguib M. Sugammadex: another milestone in clinical neuromuscular pharmacology. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(3):575–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters P, Passier P, Smeets J, et al. Sugammadex is cleared rapidly and primarily unchanged via renal excretion. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2011;32(3):159–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staals LM, De Boer HD, Van Egmond J, et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block by sugammadex is independent of renal perfusion in anesthetized cats. J Anesth. 2011;25(2):241–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staals LM, Snoeck MM, Driessen JJ, et al. Multicentre, parallel-group, comparative trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of sugammadex in patients with end-stage renal failure or normal renal function. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101(4):492–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staals LM, Snoeck MM, Driessen JJ, et al. Reduced clearance of rocuronium and sugammadex in patients with severe to end-stage renal failure: a pharmacokinetic study. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104(1):31–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammu G, Van Vlem B, Van Den Heuvel M, et al. Dialysability of sugammadex and its complex with rocuronium in intensive care patients with severe renal impairment. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(3):382–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza CM, Tardelli MA, Tedesco H, et al. Efficacy and safety of sugammadex in the reversal of deep neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium in patients with end-stage renal disease: A comparative prospective clinical trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015;32(10):681–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panhuizen IF, Gold SJ, Buerkle C, et al. Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of sugammadex 4 mg kg-1 for reversal of deep neuromuscular blockade in patients with severe renal impairment. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114(5):777–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pongracz A, Szatmari S, Nemes R, et al. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex at the reappearance of four twitches to train-of-four stimulation. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(1):36–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller SJ, Fink H, Ulm K, et al. Sugammadex and neostigmine dose-finding study for reversal of shallow residual neuromuscular block. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(5):1054–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duvaldestin P, Kuizenga K, Saldien V, et al. A randomized, dose-response study of sugammadex given for the reversal of deep rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade under sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(1):74–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suy K, Morias K, Cammu G, et al. Effective reversal of moderate rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block with sugammadex, a selective relaxant binding agent. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(2):283–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tassonyi E, Pongracz A, Nemes R, et al. Reversal of pipecuronium-induced moderate neuromuscular block with sugammadex in the presence of a sevoflurane anesthetic: a randomized trial. Anesth Analg. 2015;121(2):373–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters PA, Van Den Heuvel MW, Van Heumen E, et al. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of sugammadex using single high doses (up to 96 mg/kg) in healthy adult subjects: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre study. Clin Drug Investig. 2010;30(12):867–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meretoja OA. Neuromuscular block and current treatment strategies for its reversal in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010;20(7):591–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozgun C, Cakan T, Baltaci B, et al. Comparison of reversal and adverse effects of sugammadex and combination of – anticholinergic-anticholinesterase agents in pediatric patients. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19(8):762–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonagh DL, Benedict PE, Kovac AL, et al. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of sugammadex for the reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in elderly patients. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(2):318–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida F, Suzuki T, Kashiwai A, et al. Correlation between cardiac output and reversibility of rocuronium-induced moderate neuromuscular block with sugammadex. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56(1):83–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammu G, Coart D, De Graeve K, et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block with sugammadex in heart failure patients: a prospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2012;63(2):69–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kadoi Y, Nishida A, Saito S. Recovery time after sugammadex reversal of rocuronium-induced muscle relaxation for electroconvulsive therapy is independent of cardiac output in both young and elderly patients. J Ect. 2013;29(1):33–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin S, Han DW, Lee HS, et al. Elderly patients require higher doses of sugammadex for rapid recovery from deep neuromuscular block. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;118(6):462–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita A, Ishibe N, Yoshihara T, et al. Rapid reversal of neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex after continuous infusion of rocuronium in patients with liver dysfunction undergoing hepatic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2014;52(2):54–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leykin Y, Pellis T, Lucca M, et al. The pharmacodynamic effects of rocuronium when dosed according to real body weight or ideal body weight in morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(4):1086–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaszynski T, Szewczyk T, Gaszynski W. Randomized comparison of sugammadex and neostigmine for reversal of rocuronium-induced muscle relaxation in morbidly obese undergoing general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(2):236–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyhoff CS, Lund J, Jenstrup MT, et al. Should dosing of rocuronium in obese patients be based on ideal or corrected body weight? Anesth Analg. 2009;109(3):787–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk TG, Rietbergen H, Woo T, et al. Use of sugammadex in patients with obesity: a pooled analysis. Am J Ther. 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Llaurado S, Sabate A, Ferreres E, et al. Sugammadex ideal body weight dose adjusted by level of neuromuscular blockade in laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Anesthesiology. 2012;117(1):93–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loupec T, Frasca D, Rousseau N, et al. Appropriate dosing of sugammadex to reverse deep rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in morbidly obese patients. Anaesthesia. 2016;71(3):265–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Lancker P, Dillemans B, Bogaert T, et al. Haspeslagh M: Ideal versus corrected body weight for dosage of sugammadex in morbidly obese patients. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(8):721–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badaoui R, Cabaret A, Alami Y, et al. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex in laparoscopic bariatric surgery: in support of dose reduction. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2016;35(1):25–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki H, Takahoko K, Otomo S, et al. A temporary decrease in twitch response following reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block with a small dose of sugammadex in a pediatric patient. J Anesth. 2014;28(2):288–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugi Y, Nitahara K, Shiroshita T, et al. Restoration of train-of-four ratio with neostigmine after insufficient recovery with sugammadex in a patient with myasthenia gravis. A A Case Rep. 2013;1(3):43–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotake Y, Ochiai R, Suzuki T, et al. Reversal with sugammadex in the absence of monitoring did not preclude residual neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg. 2013;117(2):345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eleveld DJ, Kuizenga K, Proost JH, et al. A temporary decrease in twitch response during reversal of rocuronium-induced muscle relaxation with a small dose of sugammadex. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(3):582–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Corre F, Nejmeddine S, Fatahine C, et al. Recurarization after sugammadex reversal in an obese patient. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58(10):944–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hans GA, Bosenge B, Bonhomme VL, et al. Intravenous magnesium re-establishes neuromuscular block after spontaneous recovery from an intubating dose of rocuronium: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2012;29(2):95–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unterbuchner C, Ziegleder R, Graf B, et al. Magnesium-induced recurarisation after reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block with sugammadex. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(4):536–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czarnetzki C, Tassonyi E, Lysakowski C, et al. Efficacy of sugammadex for the reversal of moderate and deep rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block in patients pretreated with intravenous magnesium: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2014;121(1):59–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabregat-Lopez J, Veiga-Ruiz G, Dominguez-Serrano N, et al. Re-establishment of neuromuscular block by rocuronium after sugammadex administration. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58(7):658–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris P. Unexpected failure of rocuronium-mediated neuromuscular blockade. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(6):525;author reply 525–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YH. Repeat dosing of rocuronium-sugammadex: unpredictable. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2014;67(1):1–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Combes X, Andriamifidy L, Dufresne E, et al. Comparison of two induction regimens using or not using muscle relaxant: impact on postoperative upper airway discomfort. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(2):276–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammu G, De Kam PJ, De Graeve K, et al. Repeat dosing of rocuronium 1.2 mg kg-1 after reversal of neuromuscular block by sugammadex 4.0 mg kg-1 in anaesthetized healthy volunteers: a modelling-based pilot study. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(4):487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boer HD, Driessen JJ, Van Egmond J, et al. Non-steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents to re-establish paralysis after reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block with sugammadex. Can J Anaesth. 2008;55(2):124–125;author reply 125–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neudecker J, Sauerland S, Neugebauer E, et al. The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery clinical practice guideline on the pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16(7):1121–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King M, Sujirattanawimol N, Danielson DR, et al. Requirements for muscle relaxants during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesthesiology. 2000;93(6):1392–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blobner M, Frick CG, Stauble RB, et al. Neuromuscular blockade improves surgical conditions (NISCO). Surg Endosc. 2015;29(3):627–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlot J, Specht PA, Wijnen RM, et al. Optimizing working space in laparoscopy: CT-measurement of the effect of neuromuscular blockade and its reversal in a porcine model. Surg Endosc. 2015;29(8):2210–2216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopman AF, Naguib M. Laparoscopic surgery and muscle relaxants: is deep block helpful? Anesth Analg. 2015;120(1):51–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopman AF, Naguib M. Is deep neuromuscular block beneficial in laparoscopic surgery? No, probably not. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60:717–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldo BA, McDonnell NJ, Pham NH. Drug-specific cyclodextrins with emphasis on sugammadex, the neuromuscular blocker rocuronium and perioperative anaphylaxis: implications for drug allergy. Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;41(12):1663–1678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy JI, Cooke PJ, Van Schalkwyk JM, et al. Anaphylaxis is more common with rocuronium and succinylcholine than with atracurium. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(1):39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke RC, Sadleir PH, Platt PR. The role of sugammadex in the development and modification of an allergic response to rocuronium: evidence from a cutaneous model. Anaesthesia. 2012;67(3):266–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawano T, Yokoyama M. Can sugammadex encapsulation eliminate the antigenic activity of aminosteroidal neuromuscular blocking agent? J Anesth. 2011;25(6):953–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leysen J, Bridts CH, De Clerck LS, et al. Rocuronium-induced anaphylaxis is probably not mitigated by sugammadex: evidence from an in vitro experiment. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(6):526–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomak Y, Yilmaz A, Bostan H, et al. Effects of sugammadex and rocuronium mast cell number and degranulation in rat liver. Anaesthesia. 2012;67(10):1101–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takazawa T, Mitsuhata H, Mertes PM. Sugammadex and rocuronium-induced anaphylaxis. J Anesth. 2016;30(2):290–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaud B. A new option for the treatment of anaphylaxis linked to steroidal neuromuscular blockers: how much value should we grant to case reports? Can J Anaesth. 2014;61(6):511–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthel F, Stojeba N, Lyons G, et al. Sugammadex in rocuronium anaphylaxis: dose matters. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(4):646–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry JJ, Lee JS, Sillberg VA, et al. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;2:CD002788. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002788.pub2
   Google Scholar
• McCahon R. Role of sugammadex in rapid sequence induction and intubation. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(1):123;author reply 123–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C, Jahr JS, Candiotti KA, et al. Reversal of profound neuromuscular block by sugammadex administered three minutes after rocuronium: a comparison with spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(5):1020–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen MK, Bretlau C, Gatke MR, et al. Rapid sequence induction and intubation with rocuronium-sugammadex compared with succinylcholine: a randomized trial. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(4):682–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrishami A, Ho J, Wong J, et al. Sugammadex, a selective reversal medication for preventing postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;4:CD007362.
   Google Scholar
• Bisschops MM, Holleman C, Huitink JM. Can sugammadex save a patient in a simulated ‘cannot intubate, cannot ventilate’ situation? Anaesthesia. 2010;65(9):936–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman AG, Russ S, Puttick N, et al. Availability and storage of sugammadex for emergency use. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(2):139–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dada A, Dunsire F. Can sugammadex save a patient in a simulated ‘cannot intubate, cannot ventilate’ scenario? Anaesthesia. 2011;66(2):141–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonca C. Sugammadex to rescue a ‘can’t ventilate’ scenario in an anticipated difficult intubation: is it the answer? Anaesthesia. 2013;68(8):795–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull J, Suaris P. Sugammadex in anticipated difficult airways(1.). Anaesthesia. 2013;68(11):1189–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezri T, Evron S. Sugammadex and the cannot intubate/cannot ventilate scenario in patients with predicted difficult airway (1). Letter 1. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(3):459;author reply 461-452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telgarsky B, Stacey M. Sugammadex and the cannot intubate/cannot ventilate scenario in patients with predicted difficult airway (1). Letter 2. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(3):459–460;author reply 461–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson SJ, Jefferson P, Ball DR. Sugammadex and the cannot intubate/cannot ventilate scenario in patients with predicted difficult airway (1). Letter 3. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(3):460–461;author reply 461–462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abouleish E, Abboud T, Lechevalier T, et al. Rocuronium (Org 9426) for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth. 1994;73(3):336–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauheimer D, Kollath C, Geldner G. Modified rapid sequence induction for caesarian sections: case series on the use of rocuronium and sugammadex. Anaesthesist. 2012;61(8):691–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pühringer F, Kristen P, Rex C. Sugammadex reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block in caesarean section patients: a series of seven cases. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105:657–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson RM, Mallaiah S, Barclay P. Rocuronium and sugammadex for rapid sequence induction of obstetric general anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55(6):694–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stourac P, Adamus M, Seidlova D, et al. Low-dose or high-dose rocuronium reversed with neostigmine or sugammadex for cesarean delivery anesthesia: a randomized controlled noninferiority trial of time to tracheal intubation and extubation. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(5):1536–1545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadoi Y, Hoshi H, Nishida A, et al. Comparison of recovery times from rocuronium-induced muscle relaxation after reversal with three different doses of sugammadex and succinylcholine during electroconvulsive therapy. J Anesth. 2011;25(6):855–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saricicek V, Sahin L, Bulbul F, et al. Does rocuronium-sugammadex reduce myalgia and headache after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depression? J Ect. 2014;30(1):30–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vymazal T, Krecmerova M, Bicek V, et al. Feasibility of full and rapid neuromuscular blockade recovery with sugammadex in myasthenia gravis patients undergoing surgery – a series of 117 cases. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015;11:1593–1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boer HD, Shields MO, Booij LH. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex in patients with myasthenia gravis: a case series of 21 patients and review of the literature. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2014;31(12):715–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickard A, Lobo C, Stoddart PA. The effect of rocuronium and sugammadex on neuromuscular blockade in a child with congenital myotonic dystrophy type 1. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(9):871–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurunathan U, Duncan G. The successful use of sugammadex and uneventful recovery from general anaesthesia in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Indian J Anaesth. 2015;59(5):325–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner P. Rocuronium and sugammadex in myotonic dystrophy. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2010;38(5):959–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashiwai A, Suzuki T, Ogawa S. Sensitivity to rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block and reversibility with sugammadex in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Case Rep Anesthesiol. 2012;2012:107952.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsuki Y, Hirose M, Tabata M, et al. The use of sugammadex in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(2):145–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovski J. The use of sugammadex to reverse rocuronium in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39(3):505–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart PA, Phillips S, De Boer HD. Residual neuromuscular blockade in myotonic dystrophy: lessons unlearned and sugammadex. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39(4):756-757;author reply 757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stourac P, Krikava I, Seidlova J, et al. Sugammadex in a parturient with myotonic dystrophy. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(4):657–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, Nameki K, Shimizu H, et al. Efficacy of rocuronium and sugammadex in a patient with dermatomyositis. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(4):703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carron M, Ieppariello G, Ori C. Sugammadex in a patient with Sjogren’s syndrome and polymyositis. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(6):1034–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumakura M, Hara K, Obara G, et al. A case of general anesthesia in a patient with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Masui. 2015;64(12):1277–1279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart PA, Phillips S, De Boer HD. Sugammadex reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in two types of neuromuscular disorders: myotonic dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2013;60(4):226–229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vilela H, Santos J, Colaco J, et al. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex in a patient with spinal muscular atrophy type III (Kugelberg-Welander syndrome). J Anesth. 2012;26(2):306–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wefki Abdelgawwad Shousha AA, Sanfilippo M, Sabba A, et al. Sugammadex and reversal of neuromuscular block in adult patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Case Rep Anesthesiol. 2014;2014:680568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Boer HD, Van Esmond J, Booij LH, et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced profound neuromuscular block by sugammadex in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2009;19(12):1226–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi R, Hoshijima H, Doi K, et al. The use of sugammadex in a patient with Kennedy’s disease under general anesthesia. Saudi J Anaesth. 2014;8(3):418–420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimauchi T, Yamaura K, Sugibe S, et al. Usefulness of sugammadex in a patient with Becker muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2014;52(3):146–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang YJ, Jung WS, Son WR, et al. Discordance between train-of-four response and clinical symptoms in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Med Okayama. 2014;68(2):125–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelsaka E, Karakaya D, Zengin EC. Use of sugammadex in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Med Principles Pract Int J Kuwait Univ Health Sci Centre. 2013;22(3):304–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abad-Gurumeta A, Ripolles-Melchor J, Casans-Frances R, et al; Evidence Anaesthesia Review Group. A systematic review of sugammadex vs neostigmine for reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(12):1441–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorim P, Lagarto F, Gomes B, et al. Neostigmine vs. sugammadex: observational cohort study comparing the quality of recovery using the postoperative quality recovery scale. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58(9):1101–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumuller E, Schaller SJ, Chiquito Lama Y, et al. Postoperative impairment of motor function at train-of-four ratio >/=0.9 cannot be improved by sugammadex (1 mg kg-1). Br J Anaesth. 2015;114(5):785–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsur A, Kalansky A. Hypersensitivity associated with sugammadex administration: a systematic review. Anaesthesia. 2014;69(11):1251–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori Y, Oi C, Yoshimura K, et al. A biphasic anaphylactic attack from sugammadex with a severe second attack. Masui. 2015;64(6):619–621.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Et T, Topal A, Erol A, et al. The effects of sugammadex on progesterone levels in pregnant rats. Balkan Med J. 2015;32(2):203–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammu G, De Kam PJ, Demeyer I, et al. Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers. Br J Anaesth. 2008;100(3):373–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl V, Pendeville PE, Hollmann MW, et al. Safety and efficacy of sugammadex for the reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26(10):874–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Kam PJ, Van Kuijk J, Prohn M, et al. Effects of sugammadex doses up to 32 mg/kg alone or in combination with rocuronium or vecuronium on QTc prolongation: a thorough QTc study. Clin Drug Investig. 2010;30(9):599–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Kam PJ, Grobara P, Dennie J, et al. Effect of sugammadex on QT/QTc interval prolongation when combined with QTc-prolonging sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia. Clin Drug Investig. 2013;33(8):545–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kizilay D, Dal D, Saracoglu KT, et al. Comparison of neostigmine and sugammadex for hemodynamic parameters in cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2016;28:30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basaranoglu G, Bakan M, Umutoglu T. Does sugammadex increase the susceptibility of opioid induced chest wall rigidity? Minerva Anestesiol. 2013;79(9):1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki M, Inagi T, Kikutani T, et al. Negative pressure pulmonary edema after reversing rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex. Case Rep Anesthesiol. 2014;2014:135032.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGuire B, Dalton AJ. Sugammadex, airway obstruction, and drifting across the ethical divide: a personal account. Anaesthesia. 2016;71(5):487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kip G, Turgut HC, Alkan M, et al. The effects of low and high doses of sugammadex on kidney tissue in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2015;116(12):746–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carron M. Effects of sugammadex on coagulation: it does not represent a bleeding risk in surgical patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;52(9):824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahe-Meyer N, Fennema H, Schulman S, et al. Effect of reversal of neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex versus usual care on bleeding risk in a randomized study of surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 2014;121(5):969–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tas N, Korkmaz H, Yagan O, et al. Effect of sugammadex on postoperative bleeding and coagulation parameters after septoplasty: a randomized prospective study. Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:2382–2386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carron M. Bleeding risk in surgical patients receiving sugammadex: definitive conclusions are not yet possible. Anesthesiology. 2015;123(5):1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palanca JM, Aguirre-Rueda D, Granell MV, et al. Sugammadex, a neuromuscular blockade reversal agent, causes neuronal apoptosis in primary cultures. Int J Med Sci. 2013;10(10):1278–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwiers A, Van Den Heuvel M, Smeets J, et al. Assessment of the potential for displacement interactions with sugammadex: a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling approach. Clin Drug Investig. 2011;31(2):101–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledowski T, Hillyard S, Kozman A, et al. Unrestricted access to sugammadex: impact on neuromuscular blocking agent choice, reversal practice and associated healthcare costs. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2012;40(2):340–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccioni F, Mariani L, Bogno L, et al. An acceleromyographic train-of-four ratio of 1.0 reliably excludes respiratory muscle weakness after major abdominal surgery: a randomized double-blind study. Can J Anaesth. 2014;61(7):641–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopman AF. Recovery times after sugammadex: is the data flawed? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58(4):496–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd MM. Sugammadex and residual neuromuscular block: what is acceptable normal practice? Br J Anaesth. 2016;116(3):434–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haerter F, Eikermann M. Reversing neuromuscular blockade: inhibitors of the acetylcholinesterase versus the encapsulating agents sugammadex and calabadion. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(6):819–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haerter F, Simons JC, Foerster U, et al. Comparative effectiveness of calabadion and sugammadex to reverse non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agents. Anesthesiology. 2015;123(6):1337–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann U, Grosse-Sundrup M, Eikermann-Haerter K, et al. Calabadion: a new agent to reverse the effects of benzylisoquinoline and steroidal neuromuscular-blocking agents. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(2):317–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerlund MJ, Fink H, Baumuller E, et al. Postanaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants in Europe: Study protocol of the POPULAR study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016;33:381–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar