Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with tuberculosis and concurrent medical problems

References

• Zuur MA, Bolhuis MS, Anthony R, et al. Current status and opportunities for therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12:509–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsultan A, Peloquin CA. Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis: an update. Drugs. 2014;74:839–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peloquin CA. Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis. Drugs. 2002;62:2169–2183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mota L, Al-Efraij K, Campbell JR, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring in anti-tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. [Internet]. 2016;20:819–826. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27155187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perumal R, Naidoo K, Naidoo A, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of first-line tuberculosis drug concentrations and treatment outcomes. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. [Internet]. 2020; 24:48–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32005307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. an official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. [Internet]. 2019;200:e93–e142. Available from: .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. 2019 [Internet]. Geneva; 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 21]. Available from: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/2019/consolidated-guidelines-drug-resistant-TB-treatment/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Peloquin CA; [Internet]. Tuberculosis Drug Serum Levels. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:584–585. Available from:.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [Internet]; Kuhlin J, Sturkenboom MGG, Ghimire S, et al. Mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Clin Mass Spectrom. 2019;14:34–45. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2376999818300151
   Google Scholar
• Buclin T, Thoma Y, Widmer N, et al. The steps to therapeutic drug monitoring: a structured approach illustrated with imatinib [Internet]. Front Pharmacol. 2020;177. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2020.00177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava S, Gumbo T. In vitro and in vivo modeling of tuberculosis drugs and its impact on optimization of doses and regimens. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17:2881–2888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alffenaar J-WC, Kosterink JGW, van Altena R, et al. Limited sampling strategies for therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Ther Drug Monit. 2010;32:97–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Elsen SHJ, Sturkenboom MGG, Akkerman OW, et al. Limited sampling strategies using linear regression and the bayesian approach for therapeutic drug monitoring of Moxifloxacin in tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63:e00384–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez D, Schmidt S, Derendorf H. Importance of relating efficacy measures to unbound drug concentrations for anti-infective agents. [Internet]. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26;274–288. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dheda K, Gumbo T, Maartens G, et al. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, and management of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and incurable tuberculosis. Lancet Respir Med. 2017 Mar 15;291–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alffenaar J-WC, Gumbo T, Aarnoutse RE. Acquired drug resistance: we can do more than we think! Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:969–970. Available from:. [Internet].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Burgt EPM, Sturkenboom MGG, Bolhuis MS, et al. End TB with precision treatment! Eur Respir J. [Internet]. 2016;47:680 LP– 682. Available from:: http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/47/2/680.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghimire S, Bolhuis MS, Sturkenboom MGG, et al. Incorporating therapeutic drug monitoring into the World Health Organization hierarchy of tuberculosis diagnostics. Eur Respir J England. 2016:1867–1869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghimire S, Maharjan B, Jongedijk EM, et al. Evaluation of saliva as a potential alternative sampling matrix for therapeutic drug monitoring of levofloxacin in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63:e02379–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vu DH, Koster RA, Alffenaar JWC, et al. Determination of moxifloxacin in dried blood spots using LC-MS/MS and the impact of the hematocrit and blood volume. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2011;879:1063–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alffenaar J-WC, Jongedijk EM, van Winkel CAJ, et al. A mobile microvolume-UV/VIS spectrophotometer for the measurement of levofloxacin in saliva. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkaa420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Elsen SHJ, Sturkenboom MGG, Van’t Boveneind-Vrubleuskaya N, et al. Population Pharmacokinetic Model and Limited Sampling Strategies for Personalized Dosing of Levofloxacin in Tuberculosis Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62:e01092–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasipanodya JG, McIlleron H, Burger A, et al. Serum drug concentrations predictive of pulmonary tuberculosis outcomes. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1464–1473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Court R, Wiesner L, Stewart A, et al. Steady state pharmacokinetics of cycloserine in patients on terizidone for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22:30–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasahara K, Shimokawa Y, Hirao Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of delamanid, a novel anti-tuberculosis drug, in animals and humans: importance of albumin metabolism in vivo. Drug Metab Dispos. [Internet]. 2015;43:1267 LP– 1276. Available from:: http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/43/8/1267.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peloquin C. The role of therapeutic drug monitoring in mycobacterial infections. Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5:TNMI7-0029-2016. DOI:10.1128/microbiolspec.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alghamdi WA, Al-Shaer MH, Peloquin CA. Protein binding of first-line antituberculosis drugs. [Internet]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62;e00641–18. Available from: http://aac.asm.org/content/62/7/e00641-18.abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumbo T. New susceptibility breakpoints for first-line antituberculosis drugs based on antimicrobial pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic science and population pharmacokinetic variability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:1484–1491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alffenaar J-WC, Gumbo T, Dooley KE, et al. Integrating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in operational research to end tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2020;70:1774–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange C, Alghamdi WA, Al-Shaer MH, et al. Perspectives for personalized therapy for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Intern Med. 2018;284:163–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuur MA, Pasipanodya JG, van Soolingen D, et al. Intermediate susceptibility dose-dependent breakpoints for high-dose rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide treatment in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis programs. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2018;67:1743–1749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azuma J, Ohno M, Kubota R, et al. NAT2 genotype guided regimen reduces isoniazid-induced liver injury and early treatment failure in the 6-month four-drug standard treatment of tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial for pharmacogenetics-based therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69:1091–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saktiawati AMI, Harkema M, Setyawan A, et al. Optimal sampling strategies for therapeutic drug monitoring of first-line tuberculosis drugs in patients with tuberculosis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019;58:1445–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magis-Escurra C, HMJ L-N, Alffenaar JWC, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and limited sampling strategy for first-line tuberculosis drugs and moxifloxacin. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44:229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Guidelines for treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and patient care (2017 update) [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Sep 21] . Available from: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/2017/dstb_guidance_2017/en/
   Google Scholar
• Verbeeck RK, Gunther G, Kibuule D, et al. Optimizing treatment outcome of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs: the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;72:905–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [Internet]; Stott KE, Pertinez H, Sturkenboom MGG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in adult TB patients and healthy volunteers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:2305–2313. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29701775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaram R, Gaonkar S, Kaur P, et al. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of rifampin in an aerosol infection model of tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:2118–2124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [Internet]; Gumbo T, Louie A, Deziel MR, et al. Concentration-Dependent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Killing and Prevention of Resistance by Rifampin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:3781 LP– 3788. Available from: http://aac.asm.org/content/51/11/3781.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray J, Gardiner I, Marriott D. Managing antituberculosis drug therapy by therapeutic drug monitoring of rifampicin and isoniazid. Intern Med J. 2003;33:229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeree MJ, Heinrich N, Aarnoutse R, et al. High-dose rifampicin, moxifloxacin, and SQ109 for treating tuberculosis: a multi-arm, multi-stage randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:39–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smythe W, Khandelwal A, Merle C, et al. A semimechanistic pharmacokinetic-enzyme turnover model for rifampin autoinduction in adult tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:2091–2098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loos U, Musch E, Jensen JC, et al. Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous rifampicin during chronic administration. Klin Wochenschr. 1985;63:1205–1211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magis-Escurra C, van den Boogaard J, IJdema D, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2012;25:83–86. Available from:: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094553911001660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturkenboom MGG, Mulder LW, de Jager A, et al. Pharmacokinetic modeling and optimal sampling strategies for therapeutic drug monitoring of rifampin in patients with tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. [Internet]. 2015;59:4907 LP– 4913. Available from:: http://aac.asm.org/content/59/8/4907.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner MH, Hsieh M, Torseth J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of rifabutin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. [Internet]. 1989;33:1237 LP– 1241. Available from:: http://aac.asm.org/content/33/8/1237.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munsiff SS, Kambili C, Ahuja SD. Rifapentine for the Treatment of Pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1468–1475. Available from:. [Internet].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner MH, Blaschke TF. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Rifabutin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995;28:115–125. Available from:. [Internet].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner M, Bock N, Peloquin CA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine at 600, 900, and 1,200 mg during once-weekly tuberculosis therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:1191–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner M, Benator D, Burman W, et al. Association between acquired rifamycin resistance and the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin and isoniazid among patients with HIV and tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2005;40:1481–1491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic RM, Weiner M, MacKenzie WR, et al. Defining the optimal dose of rifapentine for pulmonary tuberculosis: exposure-response relations from two phase II clinical trials. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2017 /March/02;102:321–331. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28124478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner M, Benator D, Peloquin CA, et al. Evaluation of the drug interaction between rifabutin and efavirenz in patients with HIV infection and tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2005;41:1343–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu M, Burman WJ, Starke JR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in children and adults with tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis off J. Int Union against Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:1360–1367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denti P, Jeremiah K, Chigutsa E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in newly diagnosed pulmonary TB ‘patients in Tanzania. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2015;10:e0141002–e0141002. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26501782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava S, Musuka S, Sherman C, et al. Efflux-pump-derived multiple drug resistance to ethambutol monotherapy in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethambutol. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1225–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasenbosch RE, Alffenaar JWC, Koopmans SA, et al. Ethambutol-induced optical neuropathy: risk of overdosing in obese subjects. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis off J Int Union against Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12:967–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Mitchison D. The curious characteristics of pyrazinamide: a review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis off J. Int Union against Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7:6–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millard JD, Mackay EA, Bonnett LJ, et al. The impact of inclusion, dose and duration of pyrazinamide (PZA) on efficacy and safety outcomes in tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst Rev. 2019;8:329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peloquin CA, Bulpitt AE, Jaresko GS, et al. Pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide under fasting conditions, with food, and with antacids. Pharmacotherapy. 1998;18:1205–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chideya S, Winston CA, Peloquin CA, et al. Isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide pharmacokinetics and treatment outcomes among a predominantly HIV-infected cohort of adults with tuberculosis from Botswana. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2009;48:1685–1694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• East African-British Medical Research Councils. Controlled clinical trial of four short-course (6-month) regimens of chemotherapy for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Third report. 1974;2:237–240.
   Google Scholar
• Controlled clinical trial of short-course (6-month) regimens of chemotherapy for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet. 1972;1:1079–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumbo T, Dona CSWS, Meek C, et al. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of pyrazinamide in a novel in vitro model of tuberculosis for sterilizing effect: a paradigm for faster assessment of new antituberculosis drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:3197–3204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pranger AD, van Altena R, Aarnoutse RE, et al. Evaluation of moxifloxacin for the treatment of tuberculosis: 3 years of experience. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:888–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande D, Pasipanodya JG, Mpagama SG, et al. Ethionamide pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics-derived dose, the role of MICs in clinical outcome, and the resistance arrow of time in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. [Internet]. 2018;67:S317–S326. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30496457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peloquin CA, Hadad DJ, Molino LPD, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:852–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thwaites GE, Bhavnani SM, Chau TTH, et al. Randomized pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of fluoroquinolones for tuberculous meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:3244–3253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alffenaar JWC, van Altena R, Bökkerink HJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in patients with tuberculous meningitis. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2009;49:1080–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manika K, Chatzika K, Zarogoulidis K, et al. Moxifloxacin in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: is there any indication for therapeutic drug monitoring? Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1051–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van’t Boveneind-Vrubleuskaya N, Seuruk T, van Hateren K, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin in multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e00343–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cegielski JP, Dalton T, Yagui M, et al. Extensive drug resistance acquired during treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2014;59:1049–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande D, Pasipanodya JG, Mpagama SG, et al. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, dosing, susceptibility breakpoints, and artificial intelligence in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2018;67:S293–S302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumbo T, Louie A, Deziel MR, et al. Selection of a moxifloxacin dose that suppresses drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by use of an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model and mathematical modeling. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:1642–1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs MT, Drusano GL, Brown DL, et al. Dose optimization of moxifloxacin and linezolid against tuberculosis using mathematical modeling and simulation. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;53:275–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouton TC, Phillips PPJ, Mitnick CD, et al. An optimized background regimen design to evaluate the contribution of levofloxacin to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment regimens: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017;18:563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peloquin CA, Phillips PPJ, Mitnick CD, et al. Increased doses lead to higher drug exposures of Levofloxacin for treatment of tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Sep 24;62(10):e00770–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn AJ, Phillips PPJ, Meredith SK, et al. A trial of a shorter regimen for Rifampin-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1201–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson EM, Dosne A-G, Karlsson MO. Population pharmacokinetics of Bedaquiline and metabolite M2 in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: the effect of time-varying weight and Albumin. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2016;5:682–691.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svensson EM, Karlsson MO. Modelling of mycobacterial load reveals bedaquiline’s exposure-response relationship in patients with drug-resistant TB. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:3398–3405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diacon AH, Pym A, Grobusch M, et al. The Diarylquinoline TMC207 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2397–2405. Available from:. [Internet].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Heeswijk RPG, Dannemann B, Hoetelmans RMW. Bedaquiline: a review of human pharmacokinetics and drug–drug interactions. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:2310–2318. Available from:. [Internet].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkerman OW, Odish OFF, Bolhuis MS. et al. Pharmacokinetics of Bedaquiline in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am United States. 2016; 523–524.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen TVA, Anthony RM, A-L B, et al. Bedaquiline resistance: its emergence, mechanism, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2018;66:1625–1630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alffenaar J-WC, Akkerman OW, Tiberi S, et al. Should we worry about bedaquiline exposure in the treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis? Eur Respir J England. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healan AM, Salata RA, Griffiss JM, et al. Effects of Rifamycin coadministration on Bedaquiline desmethylation in healthy adult volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2019;8:436–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healan AM, Griffiss JM, Proskin HM, et al. Impact of Rifabutin or Rifampin on Bedaquiline safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics assessed in a randomized clinical trial with healthy adult volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Dec 21;62(1):e00855–1717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maartens G, Brill MJE, Pandie M, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between bedaquiline and clofazimine in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis off J. Int Union against Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22:26–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Lee J, Carroll MW, et al. Linezolid for treatment of chronic extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. [Internet]. 2012;367:1508–1518. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23075177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Cho SN, Barry CE 3rd, et al. Linezolid for XDR-TB–final study outcomes. N Engl J Med. [Internet]. 2015;373:290–291. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26176401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang S, Yao L, Hao X, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid for the treatment of XDR-TB: a study in China. Eur Respir J. [Internet]. 2014 /September/18;45:161–170. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25234807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman S, Meintjes G, Maartens G. Linezolid in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: the challenge of its narrow therapeutic index. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. [Internet]. 2016 /August/27;14:901–915. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27532292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zyvox 600 mg film-coated tablets summary of product characteristics [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 21]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/9857#gref.
   Google Scholar
• Moellering RC Jr. Linezolid: the First Oxazolidinone Antimicrobial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:135–142. Available from:. [Internet].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolhuis MS, Akkerman OW, Sturkenboom MGG. et al. Different underlying mechanism might explain the absence of a significant difference in area under the concentration-time curve of linezolid for different ABCB1 genotypes. Ther Drug Monit United States. 2019; p. 253–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolhuis MS, van Altena R, van Soolingen D, et al. Clarithromycin increases linezolid exposure in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Eur Respir J. 2013;42:1614–1621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashizawa N, Tsuji Y, Kawago K, et al. Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis with combination therapy using linezolid and rifampicin under therapeutic drug monitoring. J Infect Chemother. [Internet]. 2016;22:331–334. Available from:: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1341321X15002846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song T, Lee M, Jeon H-S, et al. Linezolid trough concentrations correlate with mitochondrial toxicity-related adverse events in the treatment of chronic extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. EBioMedicine [Internet]. 2015;2:1627–1633. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26870788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava S, Magombedze G, Koeuth T, et al. Linezolid dose that maximizes sterilizing effect while minimizing toxicity and resistance emergence for tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e00751–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamp J, Bolhuis MS, Tiberi S, et al. Simple strategy to assess linezolid exposure in patients with multi-drug-resistant and extensively-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. [Internet]. 2017 /April/04;49:688–694. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conradie F, Diacon AH, Ngubane N, et al. Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:893–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AN, Drusano GL, Adams JR, et al. Preclinical evaluations to identify optimal linezolid regimens for tuberculosis therapy. MBio. [Internet]. 2015;6:e01741. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26530386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millard J, Pertinez H, Bonnett L, et al. Linezolid pharmacokinetics in MDR-TB: a systematic review, meta-analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:1755–1762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolhuis MS, Tiberi S, Sotgiu G, et al. Is there still room for therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in patients with tuberculosis? Eur Respir J. [Internet]. 2016;47:1288–1290. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27037319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolhuis MS, van der Werf TS, Kerstjens HAM, et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis using therapeutic drug monitoring: first experiences with sub-300 mg linezolid dosages using in-house made capsules. Eur. Respir. J. England. 2019 Dec 4;54(6):1900580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolhuis MS, Akkerman OW, Sturkenboom MGG, et al. Linezolid-based regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB): a systematic review to establish or revise the current recommended dose for TB treatment. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2018;67:S327–S335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammerman NC, R V S, Tapley A, et al. Clofazimine has delayed antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis both in vitro and in vivo. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:455–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrelts JC. Clofazimine: a review of its use in leprosy and Mycobacterium avium complex infection. [Internet]. DICP. 1991;25;525–531. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/2068838
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holdiness MR. Clinical pharmacokinetics of clofazimine. A review. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1989;16:74–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelwahab MT, Wasserman S, Brust JCM, et al. Clofazimine pharmacokinetics in patients with TB: dosing implications. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Nov;75(11):3269–3277. [Internet] Available from: DOI:10.1093/jac/dkaa310
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandran G, Swaminathan S. Safety and tolerability profile of second-line anti-tuberculosis medications. Drug Saf. [Internet].2015;38;253–269. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25676682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhri SH, Harris L, Butany JW, et al. Clofazimine induced cardiotoxicity–a case report. Lepr Rev. 1995;66:63–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang MJ, Jin B, Chae J-W, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin, cycloserine, p-aminosalicylic acid and kanamycin for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. [Internet]. 2017 /April/10;49:677–687. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28408267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zítková L, Tousek J. Pharmacokinetics of cycloserine and terizidone. A comparative study. Chemotherapy. [Internet]. 1974;20;18–28. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4845674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung W-Y, Yu M-C, Chiang Y-C, et al. Serum concentrations of cycloserine and outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Northern Taiwan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. [Internet]. 2014;18:601–606. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24903799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Guo S-C, Liu Z-Q, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of cycloserine and linezolid during anti-tuberculosis treatment in Beijing, China. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis off J. Int Union against Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22:931–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande D, Alffenaar J-WC, Köser CU, et al. d-cycloserine pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, susceptibility, and dosing implications in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a Faustian deal. Clin Infect Dis. [Internet]. 2018;67:S308–S316. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30496460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alghamdi WA, Alsultan A, Al-Shaer MH, et al. Cycloserine population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63:e00055–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Galiën R, Boveneind-Vrubleuskaya NV, Peloquin C, et al. Pharmacokinetic modeling, simulation, and development of a limited sampling strategy of cycloserine in patients with multidrug-/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020;59:899–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang TJ, Wares DF, Jafarov A, et al. Safety of cycloserine and terizidone for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. [Internet]. 2013 /June/03;17:1257–1266. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23735593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Sun F, Zhang W. Bedaquiline and delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: promising but challenging. Drug Dev Res. 2019;80:98–105. Available from:. [Internet].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlazzo G, Mohr E, Laxmeshwar C, et al. Early safety and efficacy of the combination of bedaquiline and delamanid for the treatment of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Armenia, India, and South Africa: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:536–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkerman O, Aleksa A, Alffenaar J-W, et al. Surveillance of adverse events in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: A global feasibility study. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2019;83:72–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gler MT, Skripconoka V, Sanchez-Garavito E, et al. Delamanid for multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2151–2160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keam SJ. Pretomanid: first approval. Drugs. 2019;79:1797–1803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter H, Ginsberg A, Egizi E, et al. Effect of a high-calorie, high-fat meal on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PA-824 in healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. [Internet]. 2013;57:5516 LP– 5520. Available from:: http://aac.asm.org/content/57/11/5516.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooley KE, Luetkemeyer AF, Park J-G, et al. Phase I Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Efavirenz, or Rifampin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. [Internet]. 2014;58:5245 LP– 5252. Available from:: http://aac.asm.org/content/58/9/5245.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter H, Egizi E, Erondu N, et al. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interaction between PA-824 and Midazolam in healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. [Internet] 2013;57:3699 LP– 3703. Available from: http://aac.asm.org/content/57/8/3699.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturkenboom MGG, Simbar N, Akkerman OW, et al. Amikacin dosing for MDR tuberculosis: a systematic review to establish or revise the current recommended dose for tuberculosis treatment. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2018;67:S303–S307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra JA, van Altena R, Akkerman OW, et al. Limited sampling strategies for therapeutic drug monitoring of amikacin and kanamycin in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;46:332–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CR, Maxwell RR, Edwards CQ, et al. Nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin and amikacin. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1978;142:85–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• French MA, Cerra FB, Plaut ME, et al. Amikacin and gentamicin accumulation pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1981;19:147–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Altena R, Dijkstra JA, van der Meer ME, et al. Reduced chance of hearing loss associated with therapeutic drug monitoring of aminoglycosides in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Feb 23;61(3):e01400–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modongo C, Pasipanodya JG, Magazi BT, et al. Artificial intelligence and Amikacin exposures predictive of outcomes in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:5928–5932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava S, Modongo C, Siyambalapitiyage Dona CW, et al. Amikacin optimal exposure targets in the hollow-fiber system model of tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:5922–5927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peloquin CA, Berning SE, Nitta AT, et al. Aminoglycoside toxicity: daily versus thrice-weekly dosing for treatment of mycobacterial diseases. Clin Infect Dis An Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2004;38:1538–1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modongo C, Pasipanodya JG, Zetola NM, et al. Amikacin concentrations predictive of ototoxicity in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:6337–6343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad N, Ahuja SD, Akkerman OW, et al. Treatment correlates of successful outcomes in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet. [Internet]. 2018;392:821–834. Available from:. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31644-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathanson E, Gupta R, Huamani P, et al. Adverse events in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: results from the DOTS-Plus initiative. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. [Internet]. 2004;8:1382–1384. Available from:: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15581210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HW, Kim DW, Park JH, et al. Pharmacokinetics of prothionamide in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis [Internet]. 2009;13:1161–1166. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19723408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auclair B, Nix DE, Adam RD, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ethionamide administered under fasting conditions or with orange juice, food, or antacids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. [Internet]. 2001;45:810–814. Available from:: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu M, Namdar R, Stambaugh JJ, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of ethionamide in patients with tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). [Internet]. 2002;82:91–96. Available from:: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12356460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Seo K-A, Lee YM, et al. Low serum concentrations of moxifloxacin, prothionamide, and cycloserine on sputum conversion in multi-drug resistant TB. Yonsei Med J. [Internet]. 2015;56:961–967. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26069117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Shaer MH, Märtson, A-G, Alghamdi WA, et al. Ethionamide population pharmacokinetic model and target attainment in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. 2016 Update [Internet]. 2020 Aug 20 [cited 2020 Sep 21];64(9):e00713–20. Available from: https://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/m/abstract/Js23097en/.
   Google Scholar
• Donald PR, Diacon AH. Para-aminosalicylic acid: the return of an old friend. Lancet Infect Dis. [Internet]. 2015 /August/12;15:1091–1099. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26277036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heysell SK, Moore JL, Peloquin CA, et al. Outcomes and use of therapeutic drug monitoring in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated in virginia, 2009–2014. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). [Internet]. 2015 /April/02;78:78–84. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25861340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peloquin CA, Berning SE, Huitt GA, et al. Once-daily and twice-daily dosing of p-aminosalicylic acid granules. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:932–934. Available from:. [Internet].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry International Tuberculosis Center and California Department of Public Health. 2016. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: a survival guide for clinicians. 3rd ed. California, USA: Curry International Tuberculosis Center.
   Google Scholar
• de Kock L, Sy SKB, Rosenkranz B, et al. Pharmacokinetics of para-aminosalicylic acid in HIV-uninfected and HIV-coinfected tuberculosis patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, managed for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:6242–6250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande D, Srivastava S, Chapagain ML, et al. The discovery of ceftazidime/avibactam as an anti-mycobacterium avium agent. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:i36–i42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh JS, Jou R, Wu M-H, et al. Susceptibilities of MDR mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to unconventional drugs compared with their reported pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:1678–1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamic optimization of beta-lactams in the patient care setting. Crit Care [ [Internet]]. 2008 [/May/21];12:S2–S2. Available from:: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18495059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wivagg CN, Bhattacharyya RP, Hung DT. Mechanisms of β-lactam killing and resistance in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2014;67:645–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalo X, Drobniewski F. Is there a place for β-lactams in the treatment of multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis? Synergy between meropenem and amoxicillin/clavulanate. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:366–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau DP, Siew L, Armstrong J, et al. Phase 1 study assessing the steady-state concentration of ceftazidime and avibactam in plasma and epithelial lining fluid following two dosing regimens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2862–2869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande D, Srivastava S, Chapagain M, et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam has potent sterilizing activity against highly drug-resistant tuberculosis [Internet]. Sci Adv Available from:. 2017;e1701102. Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75204, USA. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/28875168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rijn SP, van Altena R, Akkerman OW, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. [Internet]. 2016;47:1229–1234. Available from:: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/26743484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rijn SP, Srivastava S, Wessels MA, et al. Sterilizing effect of Ertapenem-clavulanate in a hollow-fiber model of tuberculosis and implications on clinical dosing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e02039–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuur MA, Ghimire S, Bolhuis MS, et al. Pharmacokinetics of 2,000 Milligram ertapenem in tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62:e02250–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rijn SP, Zuur MA, Anthony R, et al. Evaluation of Carbapenems for treatment of multi- and extensively drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63:e01489–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotgiu G, D’Ambrosio L, Centis R, et al. Carbapenems to treat multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiberi S, Sotgiu G,D, Ambrosio L, et al. Comparison of effectiveness and safety of imipenem/clavulanate- <em>versus</em> meropenem/clavulanate-containing regimens in the treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB. Eur Respir J. [Internet]. 2016;47:1758 LP– 1766. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/47/6/1758.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushnell G, Stennis NL, Drobnik AM, et al. Characteristics and TB treatment outcomes in TB patients with viral hepatitis, New York City, 2000-2010. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143:1972–1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian J, Hu P, Lu Y, et al. Prophylactic antiviral treatment reduces the incidence of liver failure among patients coinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hepatitis B virus. Virus Res. 2019;270:197664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai M-C, Lin M-C, Hung C-H. Successful antiviral and antituberculosis treatment with pegylated interferon-alfa and ribavirin in a chronic hepatitis C patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2009;108:746–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempker RR, Alghamdi WA, Al-Shaer MH, et al. A pharmacology perspective on simultaneous tuberculosis and Hepatitis C treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. [Internet]. 2019;63:e01215–19. Available from:: http://aac.asm.org/content/63/12/e01215-19.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yew WW, Chang KC, Chan DP, et al. Oxidative Stress and First-Line Antituberculosis Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Jul 27;62(8):e02637–17.
   Google Scholar
• Satyaraddi A, Velpandian T, Sharma SK, et al. Correlation of plasma anti-tuberculosis drug levels with subsequent development of hepatotoxicity. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis off J Int Union against Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:188–195, i–iii.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson EM, Acharya C, Clauson B, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions for drugs with a long half-life—evidence for the need of model-based analysis. Aaps J. 2016;18:171–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson EM, Murray S, Karlsson MO, et al. Rifampicin and rifapentine significantly reduce concentrations of bedaquiline, a new anti-TB drug. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:1106–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiastrennec B, Ramachandran G, Karlsson MO, et al. Suboptimal antituberculosis drug concentrations and outcomes in small and HIV-coinfected children in India: recommendations for dose modifications. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018;104:733–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito S, Codecasa LR, Centis R. The role of therapeutic drug monitoring in individualised drug dosage and exposure measurement in tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. Eur Respir J. [Internet]. 2015;45;571 LP– 574. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/45/2/571.abstract
   Google Scholar
• Liverpool U of. HIV drug interactions [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 21]. Available from: https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/checker.
   Google Scholar
• Daskapan A, Idrus LR, Postma MJ, et al. A systematic review on the effect of HIV infection on the pharmacokinetics of first-line tuberculosis drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. [Internet]. 2019;58:747–766. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30406475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito N, Yoshii Y, Kaneko Y, et al. Impact of renal function-based anti-tuberculosis drug dosage adjustment on efficacy and safety outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with chronic kidney disease. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pazhayattil GS, Shirali AC. Drug-induced impairment of renal function. [Internet]. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2014;7;457–468. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milburn H, Ashman N, Davies P, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and management of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> infection and disease in adult patients with chronic kidney disease. Thorax. [Internet]. 2010;65:559 LP– 570. Available from: http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/6/559.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slocum JL, Heung M, Pennathur S. Marking renal injury: can we move beyond serum creatinine? [Internet]. Transl Res. 2012;159;277–289. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3308350/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DM, Sevastos J, Carland JE, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics in kidney disease: application to rational design of dosing regimens. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Internet]. 2018 /July/24;13:1254–1263. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30042221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew R, Jongbloed S, Jegatheesan D, et al. Ethambutol is cleared by a contemporary high-flux hemodialyzer, and drug monitoring ensures safety and therapeutic effect. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e01988–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk A-K, Ciesek S, Schmidt JJ, et al. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ethambutol and rifampicin in a tuberculosis patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome undergoing extended daily dialysis and ECMO treatment. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2016;42:1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batchelor HK, Marriott JF. Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations. [Internet]. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79;395–404. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25855821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martial LC, Kerkhoff J, Martinez N, et al. Evaluation of dried blood spot sampling for pharmacokinetic research and therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tuberculosis drugs in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;52:109–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gafar F, Arifin H, Jurnalis YD, et al. Antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury in children: incidence and risk factors during the two-month intensive phase of therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019;38:50–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaminathan S, Pasipanodya JG, Ramachandran G, et al. Drug concentration thresholds predictive of therapy failure and death in children with tuberculosis: bread crumb trails in random forests. Clin Infect Dis an off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2016;63:S63–S74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Kelly B, Murtagh R, Lambert JS. Therapeutic drug monitoring of HIV antiretroviral drugs in pregnancy: a narrative review. Ther Drug Monit. 2020;42:229–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelwahab MT, Leisegang R, Dooley KE, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol in pregnant South African women with tuberculosis and HIV. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64:e01978–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denti P, Martinson N, Cohn S, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of rifampin in pregnant women with tuberculosis and HIV coinfection in Soweto, South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;60:1234–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kampenhout E, Bolhuis MS, Alffenaar J-WC, et al. Pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin and linezolid during and after pregnancy in a patient with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. [Internet]. 2017;49:1601724. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/49/3/1601724.abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Mathad JS, Abdel-Rahman SM, et al. Toward earlier inclusion of pregnant and postpartum women in tuberculosis drug trials: consensus statements from an international expert panel. Clin Infect Dis. [Internet]. 2015;62:761–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebers A, Stroup S, Mpagama S, et al. Determination of plasma concentrations of levofloxacin by high performance liquid chromatography for use at a multidrug-resistant tuberculosis hospital in Tanzania. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0170663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HY, Heysell SK, Mpagama S, et al. Challenging the management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet. England. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):783.
   Google Scholar
• Alffenaar J-WC, Heysell SK, Mpagama SG. Therapeutic drug monitoring: the need for practical guidance. Clin Infect Dis. [Internet]. 2019;68:1065–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar