Determination of ileal endogenous nitrogen losses and true ileal nitrogen digestibility during non-steady-state conditions of the ¹⁵N-isotope dilution technique

References

• Agricultural Research Council. 1981. The nutrient requirements of pigs. Farnham Royal, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
   Google Scholar
• Butts CA, Moughan PJ, Smith WC, Carr DH. 1993. Endogenous lysine and other amino acid flows at the terminal ileum of the growing pig (20 kg bodyweight): the effect of protein-free, synthetic amino acid, peptide and protein alimentation. J Sci Food Agric. 61:31–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butts CA, Moughan PJ, Smith WC, Reynolds GW, Garrick DJ. 1993. The effect of food dry matter intake on endogenous ileal amino acid excretion determined under peptide alimentation in the 50 kg liveweight pig. J Sci Food Agric. 62:235–243. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740620306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lange CF, Souffrant WB, Sauer WC. 1990. Real ileal protein and amino acid digestibilities in feedstuffs for growing pigs as determined with the 15N-isotope dilution technique. J Anim Sci. 68:409–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deglaire A, Moughan PJ, Tomé D. 2019. A casein hydrolysate does not enhance ileal endogenous protein flows compared with the parent intact casein when fed to growing pigs. Curr Dev Nutr. 3:nzy083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgkinson SM, Moughan PJ, Morel PCH, Reynolds GW. 2002. The diurnal pattern of ileal dry matter and endogenous ileal nitrogen flows in the growing pig. J Sci Food Agric. 82:1860–1866.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgkinson SM, Moughan PJ, Reynolds GW, James KA. 2000. The effect of dietary peptide concentration on endogenous ileal amino acid loss in the growing pig. Br J Nutr. 83:421–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgkinson SM, Souffrant WB, Moughan PJ. 2003. Comparison of the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein, guanidination, and isotope dilution methods for determining ileal endogenous protein flow in the growing rat and pig. J Anim Sci. 81:2525–2534. doi: 10.2527/2003.81102525x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansman AJ. 1993. Tannins in feedstuffs for simple-stomached animals. Nutr Res Rev. 6:209–236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim BG, Liu Y, Stein HH. 2016. Effects of collection time on flow of chromium and dry matter and on basal ileal endogenous losses of amino acids in growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 94:4196–4204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leterme P, Monmart T, Théwis A, Morandi P. 1996. Effect of oral and parenteral N nutrition vs N-free nutrition on the endogenous amino acid flow at the ileum of the pig*. J Sci Food Agric. 71:265–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leterme P, Sève B, Théwis A. 1998. The current 15N-leucine infusion technique is not suitable for quantitative measurements of ileal endogenous amino acid flows in pigs. J Nutr. 128:1961–1968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leterme P, Théwis A, François E, Van Leeuwen P, Wathelet B, Huisman J. 1996. The use of 15N-labeled dietary proteins for determining true ileal amino acid digestibilities is limited by their rapid recycling in the endogenous secretions of pigs. J Nutr. 126:2188–2198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lien KA, Sauer WC, Mosenthin R, Souffrant WB, Dugan ME. 1997. Evaluation of the 15N-isotope dilution technique for determining the recovery of endogenous protein in ileal digestion of pigs: effect of dilution in the precursor pool for endogenous nitrogen secretion. J Anim Sci. 75:148–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner-Williams W, Moughan PJ, Fuller MF. 2009. Endogenous components of digesta protein from the terminal ileum of pigs fed a casein-based diet. J Agric Food Chem. 57:2072–2078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moughan PJ, Buttery PJ, Essex CP, Soar JB. 1992. Evaluation of the isotope dilution technique for determining ileal endogenous nitrogen excretion in the rat. J Sci Food Agric. 58:165–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrie SB, Bertolo RF, Sauer WC, Ball RO. 2008. Effect of common antinutritive factors and fibrous feedstuffs in pig diets on amino acid digestibilities with special emphasis on threonine. J Anim Sci. 86:609–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyachoti CM, CFMd L, McBride BW, Schulze H. 1997. Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: a review. Can J Anim Sci. 77:149–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindran V. 2016. Feed-induced specific ileal endogenous amino acid losses: measurement and significance in the protein nutrition of monogastric animals. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 221:304–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze H, Butts CA, Moughan PJ, Verstegen MWA. 1995. The 15N-isotope dilution method for determining ileal endogenous nitrogen excretion in the young (10 kg liveweight) pig. J Sci Food Agric. 69:41–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada T. 2006. Salivary proteins as a defense against dietary tannins. J Chem Ecol. 32:1149–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon O, Zebrowska T, Münchmeyer R, Bergner H, Rohrman H. 1986. Studies on the secretion of amino acids and of urea into the gastro intestinal tract of pigs. 1. Secretion of leucine into the stomach and upper part of the duodenum during continous (sic) intravenous infusion of 14C-leucine. Arch Anim Nutr. 36:5–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souffrant WB, Köhler R, Gebhardt G. 1981. Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der endogenen N-Sekretion im Dünndarm bei Schweinen. [Endogenous N-secretion in the small intestine of pigs]. Arch Tierernahr. 31:35–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Souffrant WB, Köhler R, Matkowitz R, Gebhardt G, Schmandke H. 1981. Ernährungsphysiologische Untersuchungen an Schweinen zur Beurteilung von modifizierten Proteinen. 2. Mitteilung. Bestimmung des endogenen N im Dünndarminhalt mit Hilfe der 15N-Tracertechnik. [nutritional and physiological studies of swine for the evaluation of modified proteins. 2. Determination of endogenous n in the contents of the small intestines using the 15N-tracer method]. Arch Tierernahr. 31:675–683.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steendam CA, Verstegen MW, Tamminga S, Boer H, van ‘t End M, Verstappen B, WR C, Visser GH. 2004. Route of tracer administration does not affect ileal endogenous nitrogen recovery measured with the 15N-isotope dilution technique in pigs fed rapidly digestible diets. J Nutr. 134:3068–3075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamminga S, Schulze H, Van Bruchem J, Huisman J. 1995. The nutritional significance of endogenous N‐losses along the gastrointestinal tract of farm animals. Archiv für Tierernaehrung. 48:9–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bruchem J, Voigt J, Lammers-Wienhoven TS, Schönhusen U, Ketelaars JJ, Tamminga S. 1997. Secretion and reabsorption of endogenous protein along the small intestine of sheep: estimates derived from 15N dilution of plasma non-protein-N. Br J Nutr. 77:273–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar