Lower blepharoplasty; advanced techniques and adjunctive procedures

References

• Kossler AL, Peng GL, Yoo DB, et al. Current trends in upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty among American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and reconstructive surgery members. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;34(1):37–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashkouli MB, Abdolalizadeh P, Abolfathzadeh N, et al. Periorbital facial rejuvenation; applied anatomy and pre-operative assessment. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2017;29(3):154–168. doi: 10.1016/j.joco.2017.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzaffar AR, Mendelson BC, Adams WP Jr. Surgical anatomy of the ligamentous attachments of the lower lid and lateral canthus. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110(3):873–884. discussion 897-911. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200209010-00025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddock NT, Saadeh PB, Boutros S, et al. The tear trough and lid/cheek junction: anatomy and implications for surgical correction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Apr;123(4):1332–1340. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819f2b36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang K. Surgical anatomy of the lower eyelid relating to lower blepharoplasty. Anat Cell Biol. 2010;43(1):15–24. doi: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kakizaki H, Jinsong Z, Zako M, et al. Microscopic anatomy of Asian lower eyelids. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;22(6):430–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarhaddi D, Nahai FR, Nahai F. Transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty with and without fat preservation and skin resurfacing. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29(2):229–241. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2021.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimi N, Eshraghi B. Lower blepharoplasty. In: Keyhan SO, Fattahi T, Bagheri SC, Bohluli B Amirzade-Iranaq MH, editors. Integrated procedures in facial cosmetic surgery. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 551–556.
   Google Scholar
• Putterman AM. The mysterious second temporal fat pad. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;1(2):83–86. doi: 10.1097/00002341-198501020-00002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atiyeh B, Hakim CR, Oneisi A, et al. Surgical correction of tear trough deformity (TTD) with orbicularis retaining ligament release and volume augmentation for periorbital rejuvenation: review of the literature. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2023;47(1):199–214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CH, Hsieh MKH, Mendelson B. The tear trough ligament: anatomical basis for the tear trough deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(6):1392–1402. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31824ecd77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang SH, Hwang K, Jin S, et al. Location and nature of retro-orbicularis oculus fat and suborbicularis oculi fat. J Craniofac Surg. 2007;18(2):387–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RA. The three periorbital hollows: a paradigm for periorbital rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(6):1796–1804. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000185623.36795.38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putterman AM, Urist MJ. Baggy eyelids–a true hernia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1973;5(9):1029–1032
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milbratz-More GH, Pauli MP, Lohn CLB, et al. Lower eyelid distraction test: new insights on the reference value. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;35(6):574–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pessa JE, Desvigne LD, Lambros VS, et al. Changes in ocular globe-to-orbital rim position with age: implications for aesthetic blepharoplasty of the lower eyelids. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1999;23(5):337–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimi N, Kashkouli MB, Enayatollahi S, et al. Minced free fat graft versus pedicle fat flap to efface orbital rim hollow in lower blepharoplasty. Aesthet Surg J. 2023;18. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjad232
   Google Scholar
• Murri M, Hamill EB, Hauck MJ, et al. An update on lower lid blepharoplasty. Semin Plast Surg. 2017;31(1):46–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamra ST. The role of the septal reset in creating a youthful eyelid-cheek complex in facial rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(7):2124–2141. discussion 2142-4. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000122410.19952.E7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Innocenti A, Ghezzi S. The Long-term static and dynamic effects of surgical release of the tear trough ligament and origins of the orbicularis oculi in lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(6):1101e–1102e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000006875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrich RJ, Mahedia M, Shah N, et al. Role of Fractionated fat in blending the lid-cheek junction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;142(1):56–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrich RJ, Pezeshk RA, Sieber DA. The six-step lower blepharoplasty: using fractionated fat to enhance blending of the lid-cheek junction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(6):1381–1383. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SH, Lin YN, Lee SS, et al. Three simple steps for refining transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty for aging eyelids: the indispensability of micro-autologous fat transplantation. Aesthet Surg J. 2019;39(11):1163–1177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heden P, Fischer S. Comparison of fat repositioning versus onlay segmental fat grafting in lower blepharoplasty. Aesthet Surg J. 2021;41(7):NP717–NP727. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjab070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda SG, Codner MA. Micro free orbital fat grafts to the tear trough deformity during Lower Blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(6):1335–1343. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim EM, Bucky LP. Power of the pinch: pinch lower lid blepharoplasty. Ann Plast Surg. 2008;60(5):532–537. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e318172f60e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haefliger IO, Pimentel de Figueiredo AR. Excision and Redraping Skin and Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Separately during Transcutaneous Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2015;232(4):493–496. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1545773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chon BH, Hwang CJ, Perry JD. Treatment options for lower eyelid festoons. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29(2):301–309. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2021.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgaljardic Z, Zgaljardic I, Juric F. Treatment of malar mound and festoon with fractional microneedle bipolar radiofrequency combined with 15% TCA peel. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20(6):1810–1812. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newberry CI, McCrary H, Thomas JR, et al. Updated management of Malar Edema, mounds, and festoons: a systematic review. Aesthet Surg J. 2020 Feb 17;40(3):246–258. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjz137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endara M, Oh C, Davison SP, et al. The management of festoons. Clin Plast Surg. 2015;42(1):87–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers RS. Canthopexy as a routine blepharoplasty component. Clin Plast Surg. 1993;20(2):351–365. doi: 10.1016/S0094-1298(20)31227-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCord CD, Boswell CB, Hester TR. Lateral canthal anchoring. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(1):222–237. discussion 238-9. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000066340.85485.DF
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coban I, Derin O, Sirinturk S, et al. Anatomical basis for the lower eyelid rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2023;47(3):1059–1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning JP, Quatela VC. Subperiosteal Midface Lift with Sub-Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Rhytidectomy. Facial Plast Surg. 2022 Dec;38(6):613–622. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1756454
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liao HT. Lower Eyelid and Midface Rejuvenation: Suborbicularis Oculi Fat Lift. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29(4):497–509. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2021.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quatela VC, Antunes MB. Transtemporal midface lifting to blend the lower eyelid-cheek junction. Clin Plast Surg. 2015;42(1):103–114. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2014.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin VT, Chou E, Nakra T. The transeyelid midface lift. Clin Plast Surg. 2015;42(1):95–101. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2014.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman MS. Transconjunctival sub-orbicularis oculi fat (SOOF) pad lift blepharoplasty: a new technique for the effacement of nasojugal deformity. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2000;2(1):16–21. doi: 10.1001/archfaci.2.1.16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kashkouli MB, Pakdel F, Kiavash V, et al. Transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty: a 2-sided assessment of results and subjects’ satisfaction. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29(4):249–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashem AM, Couto RA, Waltzman JT, et al. Evidence-based medicine: a graded approach to lower lid blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(1):139e–150e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrich RJ, Ghavami A, Mojallal A. The five-step lower blepharoplasty: blending the eyelid-cheek junction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128(3):775–783. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182121618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamra ST. Arcus marginalis release and orbital fat preservation in midface rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96(2):354–362. doi: 10.1097/00006534-199508000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamra ST. Continuing medical education article-facial aesthetic surgery: Septal reset in midface rejuvenation. Aesthet Surg J. 2005;25(6):628–635. doi: 10.1016/j.asj.2005.09.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Branham GH. Lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2016;24(2):129–138. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2015.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg DB, Lattman J, Shah AR. Prevention of lower eyelid malposition after blepharoplasty: anatomic and technical considerations of the inside-out blepharoplasty. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2007;9(6):434–438. doi: 10.1001/archfaci.9.6.434
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacono AA. Transcutaneous blepharoplasty with volume preservation: indications, advantages, technique, contraindications, and alternatives. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29(2):209–228. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2021.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting M, Ezra DG. Unravelling the complex anatomy of the tear trough and lower eyelid folds: a review of cadaveric studies in the literature. J Craniofac Surg. 2022;33(8):2670–2676. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000008756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeb R. Fat pad sliding and fat grafting for leveling lid depressions. Clin Plast Surg. 1981;8(4):757–776. doi: 10.1016/S0094-1298(20)30402-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aakalu VK, Putterman AM. Fat repositioning in lower lid blepharoplasty: the role of titrated excision. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(6):462. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e31820e6898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RA. Transconjunctival orbital fat repositioning: transposition of orbital fat pedicles into a subperiosteal pocket. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(2):743–748. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200002000-00044
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoo DB, Peng GL, Massry GG. Transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty with fat repositioning: a retrospective comparison of transposing fat to the subperiosteal vs supraperiosteal planes. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2013;15(3):176–181. doi: 10.1001/jamafacial.2013.749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi B, Yang S, Park J, et al. Effectiveness and satisfaction degree of transconjunctival-approach lower blepharoplasty combined with pinch skin excision technique. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(3):766–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harounian J, Wulc AE, Brackup AB, et al. Subtle eyelid retraction after Lower Blepharoplasty. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2019;72(10):1682–1687. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.06.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson AH, Van Brummen A, Somogyi MB, et al. Potent periorbital fractionated CO 2 laser resurfacing. Dermatol Surg. 2022;48(10):1089–1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohadjer Y, Holds JB. Cosmetic lower eyelid blepharoplasty with fat repositioning via intra-SOOF dissection: surgical technique and initial outcomes. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;22(6):409–413. doi: 10.1097/01.iop.0000243607.36661.be
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einan-Lifshitz A, Hartstein ME. Treatment of festoons by direct excision. Orbit. 2012;31(5):303–306. doi: 10.3109/01676830.2012.694959
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta LY, Gupta SS, Bamberger JN, et al. A novel, minimally invasive festoon surgery: mini incision direct festoon access, cauterization, and excision (MIDFACE): a 12 year analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2023;152(5):987–999
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lessa S, Pontello J, Duarte D, et al. Intralesional tetracycline injection, pinch technique, and canthopexy for the Treatment of severe festoons: preliminary results. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2022;4:4. doi: 10.1093/asjof/ojab048
   Google Scholar
• Chon BH, Hwang CJ, Perry JD. Long-term patient experience with tetracycline injections for festoons. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;146(6):737e–743e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey KJ, Kally P, Dunbar KE, et al. Doxycycline injection for sclerotherapy of lower eyelid festoons and Malar Edema: preliminary results. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;35(5):474–477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry JD, Mehta VJ, Costin BR. Intralesional tetracycline injection for treatment of lower eyelid festoons: a preliminary report. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;31(1):50–52. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000000173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson SC, Daar DA, Maliha SG, et al. Lower eyelid blepharoplasty: does the literature support the longevity of this procedure? Aesthet Surg J. 2018;38(12):1289–1297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RA. Review of prophylactic lateral canthopexy in lower blepharoplasties. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2003;5(3):272–275. doi: 10.1001/archfaci.5.3.272
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramesh S, Gupta A, Rootman DB, et al. Long-term follow-up of lateral canthal resuspension. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2018;7(2):90–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui H, Li D, Kim HJ. Preventing retraction with use of primary eyelid spacer grafts in cosmetic lower lid blepharoplasty. Aesthet Surg J. 2023;43(11):1226–1232. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjad183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taban MR. Expanding role of orbital decompression in aesthetic surgery. Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(4):389–395. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjw248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson BC, Muzaffar AR, Adams WP Jr. Surgical anatomy of the midcheek and malar mounds. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110(3):885–896. discussion 897-911. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200209010-00026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JA KM, Gorman M, Othman D, et al. Modified lower eyelid blepharoplasty improves aesthetic outcomes in patients with hypoplastic malar prominences. Plast Aesthet Res. 2017;4(12):228–235. doi: 10.20517/2347-9264.2017.69
   Google Scholar
• Putterman AM. Margin reflex distance (MRD) 1, 2 and 3. Ophthal Plast Reconstruct Surg. 2012;28(4):308–310. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e3182523b7f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HS, Choi CW, Kim BR, et al. Effectiveness of transconjunctival fat removal and resected fat grafting for lower eye bag and tear trough deformity. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2019;21(2):118–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RA. Discussion: micro free orbital fat grafts to the tear trough deformity during Lower Blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(6):1344–1345. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar