Differences in holistic processing do not explain cultural differences in the recognition of facial expression

References

• Biehl, M., Masumoto, D., Ekman, P., Hearn, V., Heider, K., Kudoh, T., & Ton, V. (1997). Matsumoto and Ekman’s Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE): Reliability data and cross-national differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21(1), 3–21. doi: 10.1023/A:1024902500935
   Google Scholar
• Bruce, W., & Young, A. W. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305–327. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1986.tb02199.x
   Google Scholar
• Calder, A. J., & Jansen, J. (2005). Configural coding of facial expressions: The impact of inversion and photographic negative. Visual Cognition, 12(3), 495–518. doi: 10.1080/13506280444000418
   Google Scholar
• Calder, A. J., & Young, A. W. (2005). Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 641–651. doi: 10.1038/nrn1724
   Google Scholar
• Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Keane, J., & Dean, M. (2000). Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26(2), 527–551.
   Google Scholar
• Calvo, M. G., & Lundqvist, D. (2008). Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 109–115. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.1.109
   Google Scholar
• Darwin, C. (1872/1904). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion (pp. 207–283). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 203–235. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203
   Google Scholar
• Flack, T. R., Andrews, T. J., Hymers, M., AI-Mosaiwi, M., Marsden, S. P., Strachan, J. W., … Young, A. W. (2015). Responses in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus show a feature-based response to facial expression. Cortex, 69, 14–23. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.002
   Google Scholar
• Furl, N., Phillips, P. J., & O’Toole, A. J. (2002). Face recognition algorithms and the other-race effect: computational mechanisms for a developmental contact hypothesis. Cognitive Science, 26(6), 797–815. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog2606_4
   Google Scholar
• Gong, X., Huang, Y. X., Wang, Y., & Luo, Y. J. (2011). Revision of the Chinese facial affective picture system. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 1(25), 40–46.
   Google Scholar
• Han, D., Kollareth, D., & Russell, J. A. (2015). The words for disgust in English, Korean, and Malayalam question its homogeneity. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 35(5), 569–588.
   Google Scholar
• Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 223–233. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01482-0
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, W. G., Crookes, K., & Rhodes, G. (2013). The other-race effect: Holistic coding differences and beyond. Visual Cognition, 21, 1224–1247. doi: 10.1080/13506285.2013.824530
   Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
   Google Scholar
• Jack, R. E., Caldara, R., & Schyns, P. G. (2012). Internal representations reveal cultural diversity in expectations of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 19–25. doi: 10.1037/a0023463
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). The Karolinska directed emotional faces – KDEF [CD ROM]. Stolkholm: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Section.
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D. (1989). Cultural influence on the perception of emotion. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 92–105. doi: 10.1177/0022022189201006
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (1989). American–Japanese cultural differences in intensity ratings of facial expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 13, 143–157. doi: 10.1007/BF00992959
   Google Scholar
• Michel, C., Caldara, R., & Rossion, B. (2006a). Same-race faces are perceived more holistically than other-race faces. Visual Cognition, 14(1), 55–73. doi: 10.1080/13506280500158761
   Google Scholar
• Michel, C., Rossion, B., Han, J., Chung, C. S., & Caldara, R. (2006b). Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of one’s own race. Psychological Science, 17(7), 608–615. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01752.x
   Google Scholar
• Palermo, R., & Coltheart, M. (2004). Photographs of facial expression: Accuracy, response times, and ratings of intensity. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 634–638. doi: 10.3758/BF03206544
   Google Scholar
• Rossion, B., & Retter, T. L. (2015). Holistic face perception: Mind the gap! Visual Cognition, 23(3), 379–398. doi: 10.1080/13506285.2014.1001472
   Google Scholar
• Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (1993). Disgust. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 575–594). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., Kaiser, M. D., Butler, S., & Le Grand, R. (2012). Mixed emotions: Holistic and analytic perception of facial expressions. Cognition And Emotion, 26(6), 961–977. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.630933
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., Kiefer, M., & Bukach, C. M. (2004). A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: Evidence from a cross-cultural study. Cognition, 93, B1–B9. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2003.09.011
   Google Scholar
• Walker, P. M., Silvert, L., Hewstone, M., & Nobre, A. C. (2008). Social contact and other-race face processing in the human brain. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, 3(1), 16–25.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., & Luo, Y. J. (2005). Standardization and assessment of college students’ facial expression of emotion. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(13), 396–398.
   Google Scholar
• White, M. (2000). Parts and wholes in expression recognition. Cognition and Emotion, 14(1), 39–60. doi: 10.1080/026999300378987
   Google Scholar
• Wiggers, M. (1982). Judgments of facial expressions of emotion predicted from facial behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 7(2), 101–116. doi: 10.1007/BF00986872
   Google Scholar
• Yan, X. Q., Andrews, T. J., & Young, A. W. (2016a). Cultural similarities and differences in perceiving and recognizing facial expressions of basic emotions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42(3), 423–440.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, X. Q., Andrews, T. J., Young, A. W., & Jenkins, R. (2016b). Cross-cultural differences and similarities underlying other-race effects for facial identity and expression. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 1247–1254. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1146312
   Google Scholar
• Yoder, A. M., Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2016). The word disgust may refer to more than one emotion. Emotion, 16(3), 301–308. doi: 10.1037/emo0000118
   Google Scholar
• Young, A. W., Hellawell, D., & Hay, D. C. (1987). Configurational information in face perception. Perception, 16, 747–759. doi: 10.1068/p160747
   Google Scholar