Bridging the gap: how do we enroll more racial-ethnic minority patients in hematological drug trials?

References

• S.1 - 103rd congress (1993-1994): national institutes of Health revitalization act of 1993. Congress Gov LoC. [1993 Jun 10]. https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/senate-bill/1
   Google Scholar
• Murthy VH, Krumholz HM, Gross CP. Participation in Cancer clinical trials. JAMA. 2004;291(22):2720. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.22.2720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javier‐Desloges J, Nelson TJ, Murphy JD, et al. Disparities and trends in the participation of minorities, women, and the elderly in breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer clinical trials. Cancer. 2022;128(4):770–777. doi: 10.1002/cncr.33991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MI, Ma Y, Mitchell BS, et al. Age and genetics: how do prognostic factors at diagnosis explain disparities in acute myeloid leukemia? Am J Clin Oncol. 2015;38(2):159–164. doi: 10.1097/COC.0b013e31828d7536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham IE, Patel AA, Wang H, et al. Impact of race on outcomes in intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Causes & Control. 2021;32(7):705–712. doi: 10.1007/s10552-021-01422-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MI, Ma Y, Mitchell B, et al. How do differences in treatment impact racial and ethnic disparities in acute myeloid leukemia? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015 Feb;24(2):344–349. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badar T, Litzow MR, Shallis RM, et al. Disparities in receiving disease‐directed therapy, allogeneic stem cell transplantation in non‐Hispanic black patients with TP53 ‐mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2023;129(6):934–945. doi: 10.1002/cncr.34604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham IE, Rauscher GH, Patel AA, et al. Structural racism is a mediator of disparities in acute myeloid leukemia outcomes. Blood. 2022 Apr 7;139(14):2212–2226. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021012830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandberg DP, Hendrick F, Vannorsdall E, et al. Tertiary center referral patterns for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome are indicative of age and race disparities: a single-institution experience. Leukemia Lymphoma. 2013;54(2):304–309. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2012.710904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magalhaes SMM, Heredia FF, Fernandes LCM, et al. Beyond race-related disparities: is myelodysplastic syndrome the same everywhere? Leukemia Lymphoma. 2013;54(7):1564–1566. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2012.749404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan I, Shergill A, Saraf SL, et al. Outcome disparities in Caucasian and non-Caucasian patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2016 Jun;16(6):350–357. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2016.02.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Hadidi S, Mims M, Miller-Chism CN, et al. Participation of African American persons in clinical trials supporting U.S. Food and drug Administration approval of Cancer drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Aug 18;173(4):320–322. doi: 10.7326/M20-0410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley SA, Percival M-E, Othus M, et al. A comparison of patients with acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome treated on versus off study. Leukemia Lymphoma. 2019;60(4):1023–1029. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1516036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong TH, Pole JD, Barber R, et al. Enrollment on clinical trials does not improve survival for children with acute myeloid leukemia: a population‐based study. Cancer. 2018;124(20):4098–4106. doi: 10.1002/cncr.31728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander TB, Wang L, Inaba H, et al. Decreased relapsed rate and treatment-related mortality contribute to improved outcomes for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia in successive clinical trials. Cancer. 2017;123(19):3791–3798. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winestone LE, Getz KD, Miller TP, et al. The role of acuity of illness at presentation in early mortality in black children with acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(2):141–148. doi: 10.1002/ajh.24605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hantel A, Luskin MR, Garcia JS, et al. Racial and ethnic enrollment disparities and demographic reporting requirements in acute leukemia clinical trials. Blood Adv. 2021 Nov 9;5(21):4352–4360. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah N, Rockwell B, Kazemi M, et al. Ethnic disparities in survival of adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in modern era – a SEER analysis. Leukemia Lymphoma. 2020;61(14):3503–3506. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1808211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SHR, Antillon-Klussmann F, Pei D, et al. Association of Genetic Ancestry with the molecular subtypes and prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8(3):354. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos MI, Oluyomi AO, Chambers TM, et al. Ethnic disparities in childhood leukemia survival by border residence: a Texas population‐based analysis. Cancer. 2023;129(8):1276–1286. doi: 10.1002/cncr.34636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahão R, Lichtensztajn DY, Ribeiro RC, et al. Racial/Ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in survival among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California, 1988-2011: a population-based observational study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015;62(10):1819–1825. doi: 10.1002/pbc.25544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabo B, Morgan JW, Martinez ME, et al. Sociodemographic disparities in chemotherapy and hematopoietic cell transplantation utilization among adult acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia patients. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0174760. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muffly L, Yin J, Jacobson S, et al. Disparities in trial enrollment and outcomes of Hispanic adolescent and young adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv. 2022 Jul 26;6(14):4085–4092. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock W, Luger SM, Advani AS, et al. A pediatric regimen for older adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of CALGB 10403. Blood. 2019;133(14):1548–1559. doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-10-881961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hantel A, Kohlschmidt J, Eisfeld A-K, et al. Inequities in alliance acute leukemia clinical trial and biobank participation: defining targets for intervention. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(32):3709–3718. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellington TD, Henley SJ, Wilson RJ, et al. Trends in solitary plasmacytoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and plasma cell myeloma incidence and myeloma mortality by racial‐ethnic group, United States 2003‐2016. Cancer Med. 2021;10(1):386–395. doi: 10.1002/cam4.3444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, Ambs S, Landgren O. Biological determinants of health disparities in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8(9). doi: 10.1038/s41408-018-0118-z
   Google Scholar
• Castañeda-Avila MA, Jesdale BM, Beccia A, et al. Differences in survival among multiple myeloma patients in the United States SEER population by neighborhood socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. Cancer Causes & Control. 2021;32(9):1021–1028. doi: 10.1007/s10552-021-01454-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillmore NR, Yellapragada SV, Ifeorah C, et al. With equal access, African American patients have superior survival compared to white patients with multiple myeloma: a VA study. Blood. 2019 Jun 13;133(24):2615–2618. doi: 10.1182/blood.2019000406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aung TN, Bickell NA, Jagannath S, et al. Do patients with multiple myeloma enrolled in clinical trials live longer? Am J Clin Oncol. 2021 Dec 1;44(12):603–612. doi: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ailawadhi S, Jacobus S, Sexton R, et al. Disease and outcome disparities in multiple myeloma: exploring the role of race/ethnicity in the Cooperative group clinical trials. Blood Cancer J. 2018 Jul 6;8(7):67. doi: 10.1038/s41408-018-0102-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evens AM, Antillón M, Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, et al. Racial disparities in Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a comprehensive population-based analysis. Ann Oncol. 2012 Aug;23(8):2128–2137. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdr578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komrokji RS, Al Ali NH, Beg MS, et al. Outcome of diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma in the United States has improved over time but racial disparities remain: review of SEER data. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2011 Jun;11(3):257–260. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2011.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abodunrin FO, Akinyemi OA, Ojo AS, et al. Racial disparities in survival among non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients: an analysis of the SEER database (2007-2015). Cureus. 2022. doi:10.7759/cureus.25867
   Google Scholar
• Vaughn JL, Spies D, Xavier AC, et al. Racial disparities in the survival of patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States. Am J Hematol. 2021;96(7):816–822. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiese D, Stroup AM, Shevchenko A, et al. Disparities in cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma incidence by race/ethnicity and Area-based socioeconomic status. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(4):3578. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043578
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yung RL, Chen K, Abel GA, et al. Cancer disparities in the context of Medicaid insurance: a comparison of survival for acute myeloid leukemia and Hodgkin’s lymphoma by Medicaid enrollment. Oncology. 2011;16(8):1082–1091. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0126
   Google Scholar
• Shah NN, Xi Y, Liu Y, et al. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in Mantle cell Lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2019 Jun;19(6):e312–e320. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2019.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams MH, Williams RA, Blaize JP, et al. The impact of race and ethnicity on diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma (DLBCL) outcomes within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):3–4. doi: 10.1182/blood-2020-142118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams SV, Newcomb PA, Shustov AR. Racial patterns of peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma incidence and survival in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(9):963–971. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.63.5540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ai WZ, Chang ET, Fish K, et al. Racial patterns of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, in California: a population-based study. Br J Haematol. 2012;156(5):626–632. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08982.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furqan F, Ahn KW, Chen Y, et al. Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplant in patients with relapsed/refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2023;200(1):54–63. doi: 10.1111/bjh.18467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn JM, Kelly KM, Pei Q, et al. Survival by race and ethnicity in pediatric and adolescent patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma: a children’s Oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(32):3009–3017. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.00812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopishetty S, Kota V, Guddati AK. Age and race distribution in patients in phase III oncology clinical trials. Am J Transl Res. 2020;12(9):5977–5983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz SM, Advani RH, Bartlett NL, et al. Objective responses in relapsed T-cell lymphomas with single-agent brentuximab vedotin. Blood. 2014 May 15;123(20):3095–3100. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-542142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor OA, Pro B, Pinter-Brown L, et al. Pralatrexate in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: results from the pivotal PROPEL study. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 20;29(9):1182–1189. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.29.9024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Marrow donor Program, a contractor for the C.W. Bill young cell transplantation Program operated through the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau. Donor Registry Transplant Data. Last Updated: April 13, 2022
   Google Scholar
• Gragert L, Eapen M, Williams E, et al. HLA match likelihoods for hematopoietic stem-cell grafts in the U.S. Registry. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(4):339–348. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1311707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majhail NS, Nayyar S, Santibañez MEB, et al. Racial disparities in hematopoietic cell transplantation in the United States. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47(11):1385–1390. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2011.214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schriber JR, Hari PN, Ahn KW, et al. Hispanics have the lowest stem cell transplant utilization rate for autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma in the United States: a CIBMTR report. Cancer. 2017;123(16):3141–3149. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn JL, Soroka O, Epperla N, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in the utilization of autologous transplantation for lymphoma in the United States. Cancer Med. 2021;10(20):7330–7338. doi: 10.1002/cam4.4249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delamater PL, Uberti JP. Geographic access to hematopoietic cell transplantation services in the United States. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016;51(2):241–248. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2015.246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mock J, Meyer C, Mau LW, et al. Barriers to access to hematopoietic cell transplantation among patients with acute myeloid leukemia in Virginia. Transplant Cell Ther. 2021 Oct;27(10):e869.1–.e869.9. doi: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.06.030
   Google Scholar
• Bhandari R, Teh JB, He T, et al. Social vulnerability and risk of nonrelapse mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2022 Nov 14;114(11):1484–1491. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djac150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeurkar C, Leiby B, Banks J, et al. An examination of cytomegalovirus, socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity on outcomes after haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther. 2021 Apr;27(4):.e327.1–.e327.11. doi: 10.1016/j.jtct.2020.11.017
   Google Scholar
• Harney SM, Kahn JM, Jin Z, et al. Race and socioeconomic status in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for nonmalignant conditions. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020;67(9). doi: 10.1002/pbc.28367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luznik L, O’Donnell PV, Symons HJ, et al. HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies using nonmyeloablative conditioning and high-dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008 Jun;14(6):641–650. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qayed M, Watkins B, Gillespie S, et al. Abatacept for GVHD prophylaxis can reduce racial disparities by abrogating the impact of mismatching in unrelated donor stem cell transplantation. Blood Adv. 2022 Feb 8;6(3):746–749. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw BE, Jimenez-Jimenez AM, Burns LJ, et al. National Marrow donor Program–sponsored multicenter, phase II trial of HLA-Mismatched unrelated donor Bone Marrow transplantation using post-Transplant cyclophosphamide. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(18):1971–1982. doi: 10.1200/JCO.20.03502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton CP, Bandeen-Roche K, Dolinar M, et al. Clinical trial participation predicts improved survival in older adults receiving allogeneic blood and marrow transplant. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12877-023-03803-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura R, Saber W, Martens MJ, et al. Biologic assignment trial of reduced-intensity hematopoietic cell transplantation based on donor availability in patients 50-75 years of Age with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(30):3328–3339. doi: 10.1200/JCO.20.03380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiser R, Von Bubnoff N, Butler J, et al. Ruxolitinib for Glucocorticoid-refractory acute Graft-versus-Host disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1800–1810. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1917635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiser R, Polverelli N, Ram R, et al. Ruxolitinib for glucocorticoid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(3):228–238. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2033122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty FM, Ljungman P, Chemaly RF, et al. Letermovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(25):2433–2444. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1706640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqazaqi R, Schinke C, Thanendrarajan S, et al. Geographic and racial disparities in access to chimeric antigen receptor–t cells and bispecific antibodies trials for multiple myeloma. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(8):e2228877. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.28877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed N, Shahzad M, Shippey E, et al. Socioeconomic and racial disparity in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy access. Transplant Cell Ther. 2022 Jul;28(7):358–364. doi: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.04.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall AG, Winestone LE, Sullivan EM, et al. Access to CAR T-cell clinical trials in underrepresented populations: a multicenter cohort study of pediatric and young adult ALL patients. Transplant Cell Ther. 2023 Mar 24;29(6):.e356.1–.e356.7. doi: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.03.022
   Google Scholar
• Al Hadidi S, Schinke C, Thanendrarajan S, et al. Enrollment of black participants in pivotal clinical trials supporting US Food and drug administration approval of chimeric antigen receptor–T cell therapy for hematological malignant neoplasms. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(4):e228161. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohyuddin GR, Mehra N, Ryll B, et al. Control participants of randomised trials: an often forgotten, vulnerable population. Lancet Haematol. 2022 Sep;9(9):e634–e636. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00254-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma T, Gross CP, Miller JE. Clinical trial diversity—will we know it when we see it? JAMA Oncol. 2023;9(6):765. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.0143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diversity plans to improve enrollment of participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic populations in clinical trials guidance for industry. Rockville MD: Food and Drug Administration. 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Karlovitch S Clinical treatment act aims to improve survival, close racial Health care gap: targeted Oncology. [cited 2021 Jun 28]. Available from: https://www.targetedonc.com/view/clinical-treatment-act-aims-to-improve-survival-close-racial-health-care-gap
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter WR, Tyree S, Wu Y, et al. A surveillance system for monitoring, public reporting, and improving minority access to cancer clinical trials. Clin Trial. 2012;9(4):426–435. doi: 10.1177/1740774512449531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riner AN, Freudenberger DC, Herremans KM, et al. Call to action: overcoming enrollment disparities in cancer clinical trials with modernized eligibility criteria. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2023 Mar 1;7(2). doi: 10.1093/jncics/pkad009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder RA. Clinical trial eligibility criteria: a structural barrier to diversity in clinical trial enrollment. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(20):2183–2185. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niranjan SJ, Martin MY, Fouad MN, et al. Bias and stereotyping among research and clinical professionals: perspectives on minority recruitment for oncology clinical trials. Cancer. 2020;126(9):1958–1968. doi: 10.1002/cncr.32755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niranjan SJ, Durant RW, Wenzel JA, et al. Training needs of clinical and research professionals to optimize minority recruitment and retention in Cancer clinical trials. J Cancer Educ. 2019;34(1):26–34. doi: 10.1007/s13187-017-1261-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niranjan SJ, Wenzel JA, Martin MY, et al. Perceived institutional barriers among clinical and research professionals: minority participation in Oncology clinical trials. JCO Oncology Practice. 2021;17(5):e666–e675. doi: 10.1200/OP.20.00970
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durant RW, Wenzel JA, Scarinci IC, et al. Perspectives on barriers and facilitators to minority recruitment for clinical trials among cancer center leaders, investigators, research staff, and referring clinicians: enhancing minority participation in clinical trials (EMPaCT). Cancer. 2014;120(S7):1097–1105. doi: 10.1002/cncr.28574
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penberthy L, Brown R, Wilson-Genderson M, et al. Barriers to therapeutic clinical trials enrollment: differences between African-American and white cancer patients identified at the time of eligibility assessment. Clin Trial. 2012;9(6):788–797. doi: 10.1177/1740774512458992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal N, Davidson J, Martinez MF, et al. A tri-institutional approach to address disparities in children’s Oncology group clinical trial accrual for adolescents and young adults and underrepresented minorities. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2019 Jun;8(3):227–235. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2018.0119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicini F, Nancarrow-Tull J, Shah C, et al. Increasing accrual in cancer clinical trials with a focus on minority enrollment. Cancer. 2011;117(20):4764–4771. doi: 10.1002/cncr.26094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borno HT, Zhang L, Siegel A, et al. At what cost to clinical trial enrollment? A retrospective study of patient travel burden in Cancer clinical trials. Oncology. 2018;23(10):1242–1249. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0628
   Google Scholar
• Ghebre RG, Jones LA, Wenzel JA, et al. State-of-the-science of patient navigation as a strategy for enhancing minority clinical trial accrual. Cancer. 2014;120(S7):1122–1130. doi: 10.1002/cncr.28570
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rearden J, Hanlon A, Ulrich C, et al. Examining differences in opportunity and eligibility for Cancer clinical trial participation based on sociodemographic and disease characteristics. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016;43(1):57–66. doi: 10.1188/16.ONF.57-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter A, Diefenbach MA, Doucette J, et al. Clinical trial awareness: changes over time and sociodemographic disparities. Clin Trial. 2015;12(3):215–223. doi: 10.1177/1740774515571917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledesma Vicioso N, Lin D, Gomez DR, et al. Implementation strategies to increase clinical trial enrollment in a community-academic partnership and impact on Hispanic representation: an interrupted time series analysis. JCO Oncology Practice. 2022;18(5):e780–e785. doi: 10.1200/OP.22.00037
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McClary TS, Blee SM, Avinger AM, et al. Accounting for the high enrollment of African Americans on Winship cancer institute’s myeloma clinical trials. Ethics Med Public Health. 2023 Apr; 27. doi: 10.1016/j.jemep.2023.100877
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wenzel JA, Mbah O, Xu J, et al. A Model of Cancer clinical trial decision-making informed by African-American Cancer patients. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2015;2(2):192–199. doi: 10.1007/s40615-014-0063-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak S, George N, Monti D, et al. Evaluating adaptation of a Cancer clinical trial decision aid for rural Cancer patients: a mixed-methods approach. J Cancer Educ. 2019;34(4):803–809. doi: 10.1007/s13187-018-1377-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napoles A, Cook E, Ginossar T et al. Applying a conceptual framework to maximize the participation of diverse populations in Cancer clinical trials. Elsevier. 2017;133:77–94.
   Google Scholar
• Administration USFa D FDAAA 801 and the final rule: NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; [cited 2023]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/manage-recs/fdaaa#:~:text=Section%20801%20of%20FDAAA%20amended,and%2For%20results%20submission%20requirements
   Google Scholar
• Jayakrishnan T, Aulakh S, Baksh M, et al. Landmark Cancer clinical trials and real-world patient populations: examining race and Age reporting. Cancers. 2021;13(22):5770. doi: 10.3390/cancers13225770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau USC. Census results 2020. 2020. Available from: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade/2020/2020-census-results.html
   Google Scholar
• Division UNDoEaSAP. World population prospects 2022. 2022. Available from: https://population.un.org/wpp/
   Google Scholar