References
- Moreto M, Ojembarrena E, Zaballa M, et al. Idiopathic acute esophageal necrosis: not necessarily a terminal event. Endoscopy 1993 Oct;25(08):534–538.
- Obermeyer R, Kasirajan K, Erzurum V, et al. Necrotizing esophagitis presenting as a black esophagus. Surg Endosc. 1998 Dec 21;12(12):1430–1433.
- Gurvits GE, Cherian K, Shami MN et al. Black esophagus: new insights and multicenter international experience in 2014. Dig Dis Sci. 2015 Feb 1;60(2):444–453.
- Geller A, Aguilar H, Burgart L, et al. The black esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Dec 1;90(12).
- Brennan JL Case of extensive necrosis of the oesophageal mucosa following hypothermia. J Clin Pathol. 1967 Jul 1;20(4):581–584.
- Etienne JP, Roge J, Delavierre P, et al. Esophageal necrosis of vascular origin. Sem Hop Ther Paris. 1969 May;45(23):1599–1606.
- Postlethwait RW, Musser AW Changes in the esophagus in 1,000 autopsy specimens. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1974 Dec;68(6):953.
- Lacy BE, Toor A, Bensen SP, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis: report of two cases and a review of the literature. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Apr 30;49(4):527–532.
- Augusto F, Fernandes V, Cremers MI et al. Acute necrotizing esophagitis: a large retrospective case series. Endoscopy. 2004 May;36(05):411–415.
- Julián GL, Barrio J, Atienza R et al. Acute esophageal necrosis. An underdiagnosed disease. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2008 Nov;100(11):701–705.
- Soussan EB, Savoye G, Hochain P et al. Acute esophageal necrosis: a 1-year prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 Aug 31;56(2):213–217.
- Gurvits GE Black esophagus: acute esophageal necrosis syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Jul 14;16(26):3219–3225.
- Kalva NR, Tokala MR, Dhillon S, et al. An unusual cause of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: acute esophageal necrosis. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2016 Aug 23. doi: 10.1155/2016/6584363.
- Inayat F, Hurairah A, Virk HU Acute esophageal necrosis: an update. N Am J Med Sci. 2016 Jul;8(7):320.
- Shafa S, Sharma N, Keshishian J, et al. The black esophagus: a rare but deadly disease. ACG Case Rep J. 2016 Jan;3(2):88.
- Galtes I, Má G, Esgueva R, et al. Acute oesophageal necrosis (black oesophagus). Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2016 Mar;108(3):154–155.
- Rigolon R, Fossà I, Rodella L, et al. Black esophagus syndrome associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. World J Clin Cases. 2016 Feb 16;4(2):56.
- Iorio N, Bernstein GR, Malik Z, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis presenting with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. ACG Case Rep J. 2015 Oct;3(1):17.
- Salem GA, Ahluwalia S, Guild RT A case of acute oesophageal necrosis (AEN) in a hypothermic patient. The grave prognosis of the black oesophagus. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2015 Dec 31;16(3):136–138.
- Abu-Zaid A, Solimanie S, Abudan Z, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis (black esophagus) in a 40-year-old man. Ann Saudi Med. 2015 Jan 1;35(1):80.
- Tse A, Basu S, Ali H, et al. Black necrotic oesophagus following the use of biodegradable stent for benign oesophageal stricture. J Surg Case Rep. 2015 Jul 1;(7):rjv072.
- Talebi-Bakhshayesh M, Samiee-Rad F, Zohrenia H, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis: a case of black esophagus with DKA. Arch Iran Med. 2015 Jun 1;18(6).
- Lin MC, Chu HC, Chen PJ. Black oesophagus. QJM. 2015;108(10):839-840. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcv075.
- Tsao C, Thomas L, McGoey RR Pathology image of the month: black esophagus detected at autopsy in a patient with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. J Louisiana State Med Soc. 2013 Dec;166(4):188–190.
- Zacharia GS, Sandesh K, Ramachandran TM Acute esophageal necrosis: an uncommon cause of hematemesis. Oman Med J. 2014 Jul;29(4):302.
- Worrell SG, Oh DS, Greene CL, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis: a case series and long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014 Jul 31;98(1):341–2.
- Nikolić S, Zivković V Black esophagus–case report. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2013 Dec; 142 (1–2): 94–98.
- Abed J, Mankal P, Judeh H, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis: a case of black esophagus associated with bismuth subsalicylate ingestion. ACG Case Rep J. 2014 Apr;1(3):131.
- Hermet A, Lidove O, Grimbert S, et al. [Black esophagus]. La Revue de medecine interne/fondee. Rev Med Interne. 2014 Jun;35(6):393–395.
- Groenveld RL, Bijlsma A, Steenvoorde P, et al. A black perforated esophagus treated with surgery: report of a case. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;5(6):199.
- Lahbabi M, Ibrahimi A, Aqodad N Acute esophageal necrosis: a case report and review. Pan Afr Med J. 2013 Mar 19;14(1).
- Hejna P, Ublová M, Voříšek V Black esophagus: acute esophageal necrosis in fatal haloperidol intoxication. J Forensic Sci. 2013 Sep 1;58(5):1367–1369.
- Pereira O, Figueira-Coelho J, Picado B, et al. Black oesophagus. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr2012008188.
- Venara A, Pavageau AH, Maillart CR, et al. Sudden death due to black esophagus: a case report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2013 Mar 1;34(1):16–17.
- Kanaparthi C, Singhal S, Guillaume C, et al. Acute gastrointestinal necrosis:“black esophagus” or “black gut”. Trop Gastroenterol. 2012 Jan 31;32(4):323–326.
- Yagain K, Rao L, Pai K, et al. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in nonimmunocompromised patient-Presenting as an acute necrotic (black) esophagitis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011 Oct 1;54(4):852.
- Unuma K, Harada K, Funakoshi T, et al. Sudden death of an alcoholic elderly man with acute esophageal necrosis (black esophagus). Forensic Sci Int. 2011 Oct 10;212(1):e15–7.
- Altenburger DL, Wagner AS, Li S, et al. A case of black esophagus with histopathologic description and characterization. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011 Jun;135(6):797–798.
- Garas G, Wou C, Sawyer J, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2011;2011:bcr1020103423.
- Choi EJ, Lee SH, Lee SH A case of acute necrotizing esophagitis. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2010 Dec 1;56(6):373–376.
- Pramparo SE, Ruiz PM, Flores VR, et al. [Acute esophageal necrosis: an unusual entity]. Medicina (B Aires). 2009 Dec;70(6):524–526.
- Kim IK, Kim JS, Song IS A case of acute esophageal necrosis with gastric outlet obstruction. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2010 Nov 1;56(5):314–318.
- Eren B, Turkmen N, Fedakar R Black esophagus: a rare autopsy case. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2009 Dec;111(7):414–415.
- Wallberg ME, Young P, Finn BC, et al. Black esophagus due to acute necrotizing esophagitis: report of one case. Rev Méd Chile. 2009 May;137(5):672.
- Pastuszak M, Groszewski K Endoscopic image of” black esophagus"–case report. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2009 May;26(155):468–471.
- Neumann DA, Francis DL, Baron TH Proximal black esophagus: a case report and review of the literature. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Jul 31;70(1):180–181.
- Hong JW, Kim SU, Park HN, et al. Black esophagus associated with alcohol abuse. Gut Liver. 2008 Sep;2(2):133.
- Hwang J, Weigel TL. “Acute esophageal necrosis:“black esophagus”“. JSLS. 2007; 11.1: 165.
- Nagri S, Hwang R, Anand S, et al. Herpes simplex esophagitis presenting as acute necrotizing esophagitis (“black esophagus”) in an immunocompetent patient. Endoscopy. 2007 Feb;39(S1):E169.
- Burtally A, Gregoire P Acute esophageal necrosis and low-flow state. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;21(4):245–247.
- Husova L, Muckova K, Kroupa R, et al. [Acute oesophageal necrosis]. Cas Lek Cesk. 2004 Dec;144(1):48–52.
- Khan AM, Hundal R, Ramaswamy V, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis and liver pathology, a rare combination. World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Aug;10(16):2457–2458.
- Odelowo OO, Hassan M, Nidiry JJ, et al. Acute necrotizing esophagitis: a case report. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002 Aug;94(8):735.
- Reichart M, Busch OR, Bruno MJ, et al. Black esophagus: a view in the dark. Dis Esophagus. 2000 Dec 1;13(4):311–313.
- Benoit R, Grobost O Black esophagus related to acute esophageal necrosis: a new case. Presse Med. 1999 Sep;28(28):1509–1512.
- Choksi V, Dave K, Cantave R, et al. “Black esophagus” or gurvits syndrome: a rare complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2017;2017. 1–3
- Padda A, Mandalia A, Sawalha AH. Clinical Images: Black esophagus in antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2017;69(7):1460.
- Bonaldi M, Sala C, Mariani P, et al. Black esophagus: acute esophageal necrosis, clinical case and review of literature. J Surg Case Rep. 2017 Mar 1;2017(3).
- Cameron PA, Schweiger SF Forsaken foregut: case report of simultaneous black esophagus and ischemic cholangiopathy. Case Rep Med. 2017 2017 1–3
- Alcaide N, Fernández SL, Ruiz RL, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis resolved in 72 hours. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2017 Mar;109(3):217.
- Sakatoku Y, Fukaya M, Miyata K, et al. Successful bypass operation for esophageal obstruction after acute esophageal necrosis: a case report. Surg Case Rep. 2017 Dec 1;3(1):4.
- Pineo CE, Pineo TZ Acute oesophageal necrosis in a young man with cocaine and alcohol abuse. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016216138.
- Galtés I, Má G, Esgueva R, et al. Acute oesophageal necrosis (black oesophagus). Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2016 Mar 1;108(3):154.
- Sharma V, De A, Ahuja A, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis caused by candidiasis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Emergency Med. 2016 Jul 1;51(1):77–79.
- Koop A, Bartel MJ, Francis D A case of acute esophageal necrosis and duodenal disease in a patient with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Oct 1;14(10):A17–8.
- Pautola L, Hakala T Medication-induced acute esophageal necrosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2016 Sep 29;10(1):267.
- Joubert KD, Betzold RD, Steliga MA successful treatment of esophageal necrosis secondary to acute type B aortic dissection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016 Dec 31;102(6):e547–9.
- Dos Santos R, Mm DL, Fc ES, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2016 Dec 1;9(6):341–344.
- Busch D, Hilswicht S, Schöb DS et al. Fulminant Epstein-Barr virus-infectious mononucleosis in an adult with liver failure, splenic rupture, and spontaneous esophageal bleeding with ensuing esophageal necrosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2014 Feb 5;8(1):35.
- Kwon HJ, Park SH, Ahn JH, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis occurring in a patient undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Korean J Intern Med. 2014 May;29(3):379.
- Efthymakis K, Massacesi C, Milano A et al. Acute esophageal necrosis: possible association with terlipressin. Endoscopy. 2014;46(S 01):E279–80.
- Edling P, Thomsen H Acute oesophageal necrosis in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Ugeskr Laeger. 2013 Nov;175(48A).
- Del Hierro PM Acute necrotizing esophagitis followed by duodenal necrosis. Gastroenterology Res. 2011 Dec 23;4(6):286–288.
- Carrera VG, Rodriguez SV, de la Ballina Gonzalez EG, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis in a patient with multiple comorbidity. Ann Gastroenterol. 2012;25(2):162.
- Messner Z, Gschwantler M, Resch H, et al. Use of the Ella Danis stent in severe esophageal bleeding caused by acute necrotizing esophagitis. Endoscopy. 2014;46(S 01):E225–6.
- Grudell AB, Mueller PS, Viggiano TR Black esophagus: report of six cases and review of the literature, 1963–2003. Dis Esophagus. 2006 Apr 1;19(2):105–110.
- Trappe R, Pohl H, Forberger A, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis (black esophagus) in the renal transplant recipient: manifestation of primary cytomegalovirus infection. Transplant Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;9(1):42–45.
- Singh D, Singh R, Laya AS Acute esophageal necrosis: a case series of five patients presenting with “Black esophagus”. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2011 Feb 1;30(1):41–45
- Wu MH, Wu HY Incremental change in acute esophageal necrosis: report of two cases. Surg Today. 2014 Feb 1;44(2):363–365.
- Aloreidi K, Berg J, Patel B An unusual cause of coffee ground emesis. Gastroenterology. 2017 Jun 1;152(8):e3–4.
- Kim DB, Bowers S, Thomas M Black and white esophagus: rare presentations of severe esophageal ischemia. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017;29(2):256–259.
- Jeyalingam T, Shimamura Y, Teshima C. Endoscopic resolution of black esophagus with treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(6):e68-9.
- Manno V, Lentini N, Chirico A, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis (black esophagus): a case report and literature review. Acta Diabetol. 2017 Nov 1;54(11):1061–1063.
- Osterman MT, Foley C, Matthias I Clozapine-induced acute gastrointestinal necrosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017 Dec;11(1):270.
- Brar TS, Helton R, Zaidi Z Total parenteral nutrition successfully treating black esophagus secondary to hypovolemic shock. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2017 2017 1–3
- Choksi V, Dave K, Cantave R et al. “Black esophagus” or gurvits syndrome: a rare complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2017 2017 1–3
- Shah A, Thoguluva Chandreskar V, Doobay R, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis in an alcoholic after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2017 2017 1–3
- Cameron PA, Forsaken Foregut: SF Case report of simultaneous black esophagus and ischemic cholangiopathy. Case Rep Med. 2017 2017 1–3
- Matsuo T, Ishii N Acute esophageal necrosis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 5;377(14):1378.
- Bonaldi M, Sala C, Mariani P, et al. Black esophagus: acute esophageal necrosis, clinical case and review of literature. J Surg Case Rep. 2017 Mar 1;2017(3):rjx037.
- Alcaide N, Fernández LS, Ruiz LR, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis resolved in 72 hours. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2017 Mar;109(3):217.
- Ullah W, Abdullah HM, Rauf A, et al. Acute oesophageal necrosis: a rare but potentially fatal association of cocaine use. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:bcr-2018-225197.
- Jeyalingam T, Shimamura Y, Teshima C Endoscopic resolution of black esophagus with treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jun 1;16(6):e68–9.
- Averbukh LD, Mavilia MG, Gurvits GE. Acute esophageal necrosis: a case series. Cureus. 2018;10(3):e2391. doi:10.7759/cureus.2391.
- Moore C, Matthews LR, Danner O et al. “Black esophagus” and gastric volvulus following slipped laparoscopic adjustable gastric band. Obes Surg. 2018 Jun 15:1–8.
- Loghmari MH, Ben WM, Guediche A, et al. Black esophagus: a case report. Tunis Med. 2018 Feb;96(2):142–147.
- Boersen GJ, Geijteman EC, Schweitzer DH A man with a black oesophagus. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2018;162:D1817.
- Lamers CR, Mares WG, Bac DJ Black esophagus: a case series and literature review of acute esophageal necrosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2018 Oct 9:1–4.
- Monteiro JM, Castelo LF, Fischer WG, et al. Black esophagus. Autops Case Rep. 2019;9(1).
- Jessurun J, Cui I, Aristi-Urista G Acute (gangrenous) esophageal necrosis (black esophagus).: A rare form of injury with specific histologic features and diverse clinical associations with a common pathogenesis. Hum Pathol. 2019 Feb 28.
- Mealiea D, Greenhouse D, Velez M, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis in an immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipient: a case report. Transplant proc 2018 Dec 1 50, No. 10, pp. 3968–3972.
- Jacobs BA, Salem GA, Kastens DJ. Black esophagus: a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Mar 12.
- Iqbal S, Leong MH Acute esophageal necrosis: a case series and its management. J Surg Case Rep. 2018 Dec 12;2018(12):rjy328.
- Field Z, Kropf J, Lytle M, et al. Black esophagus: a rare case of acute esophageal necrosis induced by diabetic ketoacidosis in a young adult female. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2018; 2018 1–3
- Ullah W, Mehmood A, Micaily I, et al. Comprehensive review of acute oesophageal necrosis. BMJ Case Reports CP. 2019 Feb 1;12(2):e227967.
- Fernández AR, Álvarez AL, Puertas SF, et al. Black esophagus (acute esophageal necrosis) after spinal anesthesia. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2014 Sep 30;61(7):401–403.
- Pierini A, Imhof H, Burlando E, et al. Acute necrotizing esophagitis. Case report. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 2013 Jun;43(2):130–132.
- van de Wal-Visscher E, Nieuwenhuijsen GA, van Sambeek MR, et al. Type B aortic dissection resulting in acute esophageal necrosis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2011 Aug 31;25(6):837–e1.
- Ishibashi Y, Matsuzono E, Goda T, et al. Black esophagus due to acute necrotizing esophagitis: four case reports. Jap J Gastroenterol. 2011 May;108(5):759–768.
- Goldenberg SP, Wain SL, Marignani P Acute necrotizing esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 1990;98(2):493–496.
- Săftoiu A, Cazacu S, Kruse A, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis associated with alcoholic hepatitis: is it black or is it white? Endoscopy. 2005 Mar;37(3):268–271.
- Rejchrt S, Douda T, Kopáčová M et al. Acute esophageal necrosis (black esophagus): endoscopic and histopathologic appearance. Endoscopy. 2004 Dec;36(12):1133.
- Pelletier C, Rouquette I, Chazalon P, et al. Black oesophagus, a rare event in intensive care unit. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2004 Jun (Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 601–603).
- Pantanowitz L, Gelrud A, Nasser I Black esophagus. ENT Masterclass. 2003 Jun 1;82(6).
- Gurvits GE, Shapsis A, Lau N, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis: a rare syndrome. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan 1;42(1):29–38.
- Azar R, Lionet A, Melliez H, et al. A case of septicemia manifesting as a black esophagus. Presse Med. 1999 Sep 25;28(28):1517.
- Araújo R, Castanheira A, Machado J et al. Acute necrosis of oesophagus. Acta Médica Portuguesa. 2011;24(4):653.
- Kabaçam G, Yakut M, Soykan I Acute esophageal necrosis: a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Digestive Endosc. 2012 Jul 1;24(4):283.
- Hasatani K, Shibata N, Naitou Y et al. Case of acute necrotizing esophagitis associated with AA amyloidosis secondary to bronchiectasis. JapJ Gastroenterol. 2014 Feb;111(2):288–295.
- Áa G, Guerrero D, Hani AC, et al. Acute necrotizing esophagitis (black esophagus) with secondary severe stenosis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2015;35(4):349.
- McCarthy S, Garland J, Hensby-Bennett S, et al. Black esophagus (acute necrotizing esophagitis) and wischnewsky lesions in a death from diabetic ketoacidosis: a possible underlying mechanism. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2019.
- Müller-Engelmann J, Paparoupa M, Nierhaus A et al. Necrotizing esophagitis by stress-cardiomyopathy with right ventricular insufficiency. Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin. 2018 Dec.
- Haghbayan H, Sarker AK, Coomes EA Black esophagus: acute esophageal necrosis complicating diabetic ketoacidosis. Cmaj. 2018 Sep 4;190(35):E1049.
- Akhtar J, Gorantla VK, Snell PD, et al. Acute esophageal necrosis (black esophagus) complicating calcific uremic arteriolopathy. Clin Nephrol. 2019;91(1):48-51.