References
- Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):e21.
- Akobeng AK. Principles of evidence based medicine. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(8):837–840.
- Bushra R, Aslam N. An overview of clinical pharmacology of Ibuprofen. Oman Med J. 2010;25(3):155–1661.
- Vane JR, Botting RM. Mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Med. 1998;104:2S–8S. discussion 21S–2S
- Mazaleuskaya LL, Theken KN, Gong L, et al. PharmGKB summary: ibuprofen pathways. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2015;25(2):96–106.
- Atlas SA. The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system: pathophysiological role and pharmacologic inhibition. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13(8 Supp B):9–20.
- Warner FJ, Smith AI, Hooper NM, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2: a molecular and cellular perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61(21):2704–2713.
- Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, et al. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;183(6):1735.
- Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–80 e8.
- Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):586–590.
- Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, et al. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004;203(2):631–637.
- Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112–116.
- Ciaglia E, Vecchione C, Puca AA. COVID-19 infection and circulating ACE2 Levels: protective role in women and children. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:206.
- Qiao W, Wang C, Chen B, et al. Ibuprofen attenuates cardiac fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cardiology. 2015;131(2):97–106.
- Wu R, Laplante MA, de Champlain J. Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Attenuate Angiotensin II–induced oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Hypertension. 2005;45(6):1139–1144.
- Chen JS, Alfajaro MM, Wei J, et al. Cyclooxgenase-2 is induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection but does not affect viral entry or replication. bioRxiv. 2020.
- Land WG. Use of DAMPs and SAMPs as therapeutic targets or therapeutics: a note of caution. Mol Diagn Ther. 2020;24(3):251–262.
- Ragab D, Salah Eldin H, Taeimah M, et al. The COVID-19 Cytokine Storm; what we know so far. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1446.
- Zheng M, Gao Y, Wang G, et al. Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17(5):533–535.
- Java A, Apicelli AJ, Liszewski MK, et al. The complement system in COVID-19: friend and foe? JCI Insight. 2020;5(15):e140711.
- Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, et al. Complement as a target in COVID-19? Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):343–344.
- Hariharan A, Hakeem AR, Radhakrishnan S, et al. The role and therapeutic potential of NF-kappa-B pathway in severe COVID-19 Patients. Inflammopharmacology. 2021;29(1):91–100.
- Dauletbaev N, Lam J, Eklove D, et al. Ibuprofen modulates NF-ĸB activity but not IL-8 production in cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelial cells. Respiration. 2010;79(3):234–242.
- Okabayashi T, Kariwa H, Yokota S, et al. Cytokine regulation in SARS coronavirus infection compared to other respiratory virus infections. J Med Virol. 2006;78(4):251–262.
- Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–574.
- Salama C, Han J, Yau L, et al. Tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with Covid-19 Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(1):20–30.
- Gallelli L, Galasso O, Falcone D, et al. The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on clinical outcomes, synovial fluid cytokine concentration and signal transduction pathways in knee osteoarthritis. A randomized open label trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21:1400–1408.
- Sun F, Zhang Y, Li Q. Therapeutic mechanisms of ibuprofen, prednisone and betamethasone in osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(2):981–987.
- Angst MS, Clark JD, Carvalho B, et al. Cytokine profile in human skin in response to experimental inflammation, noxious stimulation, and administration of a COX-inhibitor: a microdialysis study. Pain. 2008;139(1):15–27.
- Cazanave S, Vadrot N, Tinel M, et al. Ibuprofen administration attenuates serum TNF-α levels, hepatic glutathione depletion, hepatic apoptosis and mouse mortality after Fas stimulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008;231(3):336–343.
- Rinott E, Kozer E, Shapira Y, et al. Ibuprofen use and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(9):e5–e7.
- Abu Esba LC, Alqahtani RA, Thomas A, et al. Ibuprofen and NSAID Use in COVID-19 infected patients is not associated with worse outcomes: a prospective cohort study. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;10(1):253-268.
- Kragholm K, Gerds TA, Fosbol E, et al. Association between prescribed ibuprofen and severe COVID-19 infection: a nationwideregister-based cohort study. Clin Transl Sci. 2020;13(6):1103–1107.
- Gianfrancesco M, Hyrich KL, Al-Adely S, et al. Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(7):859–866.
- Bruce E, Barlow-Pay F, Short R, et al. Prior routine use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and important outcomes in hospitalised patients with COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2020;9(8):2586.
- Freites Nunez DD, Leon L, Mucientes A, et al. Risk factors for hospital admissions related to COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(11):1393–1399.
- Lund LC, Kristensen KB, Reilev M, et al. Adverse outcomes and mortality in users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2: a Danish nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(9):e1003308.
- Rentsch CT, Kidwai-Khan F, Tate JP, et al. Covid-19 testing, hospital admission, and intensive care among 2,026,227 United States Veterans Aged 54-75 Years. medRxiv. 2020.
- Wong AY, MacKenna B, Morton CE, et al. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of death from COVID-19: an OpenSAFELY cohort analysis based on two cohorts. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;8(7):943-951.