Severe childhood obesity: What are the keys for management?

References

• Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999–2000. JAMA 2002; 288(14)1728–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin RL, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999–2002. JAMA. 2004; 291(23)2847–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal V, Schwenk WF, Kumar S. Evaluation and management of childhood and adolescent obesity. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82(10)1258–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson-Leach R, Lobsein T. Estimated burden of paediatric obesity and comorbidities in Europe. Part 1. The increase in the prevalence of child obesity in Europe is itself inceasing. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006; 1: 26–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinvasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogulosa Heart Study. J Pediatr. 2007; 150(1)12–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthakos SA, Inge TH. Extreme pediatric obesity: weighing the health dangers. J Pediatr. 2007; 150(1)3–5
   Google Scholar
• Goulding A, Grant AM, Taylor RW, Williams SE, Parnell WR, Wilson N, et al. Ethnic differences in extreme obesity. J Pediatr. 2007; 151(5)542–4
   Google Scholar
• Challis BG, Yeo GS. Past, present and future strategies to study the genetics of body weight regulation. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomics. 2002; 1(3)290–304
   Google Scholar
• Farooqi IS. Genetic and hereditary aspects of childhood obesity. Best Pract and Res Clin Endocrinol and Metab. 2005; 19: 359–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weghuber D, Zaknun D, Nasel C, Willforth-Ehringer A, Müller T, Boriss-Riedl M, et al. Early cerebrovascular disease in a 2-year-old with extreme obesity and complete metabolic syndrome due to feeding of excessively high amounts of energy. Eur J Pediatr. 2007; 166(1)37–41
   Google Scholar
• Malecka-Tendera E, Mazur A. Childhood obesity: a pandemic of the twenty-first century. Int J Obes. 2006; 30: S1–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeo GS, Farooqi IS, Aminian S, Halsall DJ, Stanhope RG, O'Rahilly S. A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity. Nat Genet. 1998; 20(2)111–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaisse C, Clement K, Guy-Grand B, Froguel P. A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity. Nat Genet. 1998; 20(2)113–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mykytyn K, Nishimura DY, Searby CC, Shastri M, Yen HJ, Beck JS, et al. Identification of the gene (BBS1) most commonly involved in Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a complex human obesity syndrome. Nat Genet. 2002; 31(4)435–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malecka-Tendera E, Erhardt E, Molnár D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in European children and adolescents. Acta Paediatrica. 2005; 94: 543–6
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2000;105:671–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R. Estimated burden of paediatric obesity and co-morbidities in Europe. Part 2. Numbers of children with indicators of obesity-related diseases. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006; 1: 33–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, et al. Beneficial effects of leptine on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptine deficiency. J Clin Invest. 2002; 110: 1093–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriakides M, Silverstone T, Jeffcoate W, Laurance B. Effect of naloxone on hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome. Lancet. 1980; 1(8173)876–7
   Google Scholar
• Selikowitz M, Sunman J, Pendergast A, Wright S. Fenfluramine in Prader-Willi syndrome: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. Arch Dis Child. 1990; 65: 112–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies PS, Evans S, Broomhead S, Clough H, Day JM, Laidlaw A, et al. Effect of growth hormone on height, weight, and body composition in Prader-Willi syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1998; 78(5)474–6
   Google Scholar
• Festen DA, de Lind van Wijngaarden R, van Eekelen M, Otten BJ, Wit M, Duivenvoorden HJ , et al. Randomized controlled growth hormone trial: Effects on anthropometry, body composition, and body proportions in a large group of children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Tauber M, Diene G, Molinas C, Hébert M. Review of 64 cases of death in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Am J Med Genet A. 2008; 146(7)881–7
   Google Scholar
• Fried M, Hainer V, Basdevant A, Buchwald H, Deitel M, Finer N, et al. Inter-disciplinary European guidelines on surgery of severe obesity. Int J Obes. 2007; 31(4)569–77
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugerman HJ, Sugerman EL, DeMaria EJ, et al. Bariatric surgery for severely obese adolescents. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003; 7(1)102–7
   Google Scholar
• Barnett SJ, Stanley C, Hanlon M, Acton R, Saltzman DA, Ikramuddin S, et al. Long-term follow-up and the role of surgery in adolescents with morbid obesity. Sur Obes Rel Dis. 2005; 1: 394–8
   Google Scholar
• Henry LL. Childhood obesity: what can be done to help today's youth?. Ped Nurs. 2005; 31(1)13–6
   Google Scholar