Stigma and discrimination related to mental health and substance use issues in primary health care in Toronto, Canada: a qualitative study

References

• Anthony, W. A. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: The guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16(4), 11–13. 10.1037/h0095655
   Google Scholar
• Arboleda-Flórez, J., & Saraceno, B. (2001). Mental health and primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 164(7), 1013–1014.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC80930/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of Ontario Health Centres. (2009). Ontario’s community health centres: Our model of care. AOHC.
   Google Scholar
• Borges, T. L., Miasso, A. I., Reisdofer, E., dos Santos, M. A., Giacchero Vedana, K. G., & Hegadoren, K. M. (2016). Common mental disorders in primary health care units: Associated factors and impact on quality of life. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 22(5), 378–386. 10.1177/1078390316655207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brijnath, B., & Antoniades, J. (2018). What is at stake? Exploring the moral experience of stigma with Indian-Australians and Anglo-Australians living with depression. Transcultural Psychiatry, 55(2), 178–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461518756519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary, A., & Dowling, M. (2009). Knowledge and attitudes of mental health professionals in Ireland to the concept of recovery in mental health: A questionnaire survey. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16(6), 539–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.2009.16.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly, L. M. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. MEDSURG Nursing, 25(6), 435–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Schomerus, G., Shuman, V., Kraus, D., Perlick, D., Harnish, A., Kulesza, M., Kane‐Willis, K., Qin, S., & Smelson, D. (2017). Developing a research agenda for reducing the stigma of addictions, part II: Lessons from the mental health stigma literature. American Journal on Addictions, 26(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1, Article 8), 139–167.http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
   Google Scholar
• Gilburt, H., Slade, M., Bird, V., Oduola, S., & Craig, T. K. J. (2013). Promoting recovery-oriented practice in mental health services: A quasi-experimental mixed-methods study. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 167. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazier, R. H., Zagorski, B. M., & Rayner, J. (2012). Comparison of primary care models in Ontario by demographics, case mix and emergency department use, 2008/9 to 2009/10. ICES investigative report. Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. https://www.ices.on.ca/Publications/Atlases-and-Reports/2012/Comparison-of-Primary-Care-Models
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Simon and Schuster Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Gronholm, P. C., Henderson, C., Deb, T., & Thornicroft, G. (2017). Interventions to reduce discrimination and stigma: The state of the art. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(3), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1341-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, S., Pinfold, V., Cotney, J., Couperthwaite, L., Matthews, J., Barret, K., Warren, S., Corker, E., Rose, D., Thornicroft, G., & Henderson, C. (2016). Qualitative analysis of mental health service users’ reported experiences of discrimination. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134(Suppl 446), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2013). Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 813–821. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivbijaro, G. (2012). Companion to primary care mental health. Radcliffe Medical Press, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, C. G., Jarrett, B. A., Kwon, C.-S., Song, L., Nathalie Jetté, J. C., Sapag, J., Bass, L., Murray, D., Rao, A., & Baral, S. (2019). Implementation science and stigma reduction interventions in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. BMC Medicine, 17(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1237-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khenti, A., Fréel, S., Trainor, R., Mohamoud, S., Diaz, P., Suh, E., Bobbili, S. J., & Sapag, J. C. (2016). Developing a holistic policy and intervention framework for global mental health. Health Policy and Planning, 31(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czv016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khenti, A., Mann, R., Sapag, J. C., Bobbili, S. J., Lentinello, E. K., van der Maas, M., Agic, B., Hamilton, H., Stuart, H., Patten, S., Sanches, M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2017a). Protocol: A cluster randomised control trial study exploring stigmatisation and recovery-based perspectives regarding mental illness and substance use problems among primary healthcare providers across Toronto, Ontario. BMJ Open, 7(11), e017044. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khenti, A., Thomas, F. C., Mohamoud, S., Diaz, P., Vaccarino, O., Dunbar, K., & Sapag, J. C. (2017b). Mental health and addictions capacity building for community health centres in Ontario. Canadian Family Physician, 63(10), e416–e24.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5638489/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L. J., Gomez-Carrillo, A., & Samuel, V. (2017). Culture and depression in global mental health: An ecosocial approach to the phenomenology of psychiatric disorders. Social Science and Medicine, 183, 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L. J., & Pedersen, D. (2014). Toward a new architecture for global mental health. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(6), 759–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461514557202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A., & Hall-Clifford, R. (2009). Stigma: A social, cultural and moral process. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 63(6), 418–419. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.084277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2006). Stigma and its public health implications. Lancet, 367(9509), 528–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68184-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., Yang, L. H., Phelan, J. C., & Collins, P. Y. (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 511–541. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie, C. H., James, L., Tharao, W., & Loutfy, M. R. (2011). HIV, gender, race, sexual orientation, and sex work: A qualitative study of intersectional stigma experienced by HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada. PLoS Medicine, 8(11), e1001124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascayano, F., Tapia, T., Schilling, S., Alvarado, R., Tapia, E., Lips, W., & Yang, L. H. (2016). Stigma toward mental illness in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria, 38(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, N., Clement, S., Marcus, E., Stona, A.-C., Bezborodovs, N., Evans-Lacko, S., Palacios, J., Docherty, M., Barley, E., Rose, D., Koschorke, M., Shidhaye, R., Henderson, C., & Thornicroft, G. (2015). Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental health-related stigma and discrimination in the medium and long term: Systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(5), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.151944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michels, K. M., Hofman, K. J., Keusch, G. T., & Hrynkow, S. H. (2006). Stigma and global health: Looking forward. Lancet, 367(9509), 538–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68190-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murney, M. (2009). Mores of addiction: Alcohol, femininity, and social transformation in Western Ukraine. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Murney, M. A., Sapag, J. C., Bobbili, S. J., & Khenti, A. (2014). Preventing mental illness and substance use related stigma and discrimination and promoting recovery-oriented practices in primary health care in Ontario: Summary of qualitative findings with clients and community members. WHO/PAHO Collaborating Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH).
   Google Scholar
• Patel, V., & Chatterji, S. (2015). Integrating mental health in care for noncommunicable diseases: An imperative for person-centred care. Health Affairs, 34(9), 1498–1505. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Pescosolido, B. A., Olafsdottir, S., Martin, J. K., & Long, J. S. (2008). Cross-cultural aspects of the stigma of mental illness. In J. Arboleda-Flórez & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Understanding the stigma of mental illness: Theory and interventions (pp. 19–35). John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, D. L., & Clancy, K. J. (1972). Some effects of “Social Desirability” in survey studies. American Journal of Sociology, 77(5), 921–940. https://doi.org/10.1086/225231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, J. (2011). Behind the rhetoric: Mental health recovery in Ontario. Fernwood Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Rehm, J., Taylor, B., & Room, R. (2006). Global burden of disease from alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(6), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230600944453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiners, G. M. (2012). Understanding the differences between Husserl’s (Descriptive) and Heidegger’s (Interpretive) phenomenological research. Journal of Nursing & Care, 1(5), 119. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1168.1000119
   Google Scholar
• Room, R. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500102434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2005). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data, 2nd edition. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sapag, J. C., Mohamoud, S., & Khenti, A. (2012). Stigma and discrimination toward people with mental illness and substance use problems. In A. Khenti, J. C. Sapag, S. Mohamoud, & A. Ravindran (Eds.), Collaborative mental health: An advanced manual for primary care professionals (pp. 49–62). Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
   Google Scholar
• Sapag, J. C., Sena, B. F., Bustamante, I. V., Bobbili, S. J., Velasco, P. R., Mascayano, F., Alvarado, R., & Khenti, A. (2018). Stigma towards mental illness and substance use issues in primary health care: Challenges and opportunities for Latin America. Global Public Health, 13(10), 1468–1480. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2017.1356347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, B. (2007). Stigma and mental health professionals: A review of the evidence on an intricate relationship. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701278929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim, R., & Rust, G. (2013). Primary care, behavioral health, and public health: partners in reducing mental health stigma. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 774–776. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira, J., Rockman, P., Fulford, C., & Hunter, J. (2016). Approach to risk identification in undifferentiated mental disorders. Canadian Family Physician, 62(12), 972–978.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5154645/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2013). Canadian community health survey - mental health (CCHS). Government of Canada. http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5015
   Google Scholar
• Stuart, H., Arboleda-Flórez, J., & Sartorius, N. (2012). Paradigms lost: Fighting stigma and the lessons learned. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sunderji, N., Kurdyak, P. A., Sockalingam, S., & Mulsant, B. H. (2018). Can collaborative care cure the mediocrity of usual care for common mental disorders? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(7), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717748884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornicroft, G., Rose, D., & Kassam, A. (2007). Discrimination in health care against people with mental illness. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701278937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Boekel, L. C., Evelien, P. M. B., van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. L. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1–2), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G., & Atun, R. (2016). Estimating the true global burden of mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(2), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterson, J. (2000). Women and alcohol in social context: Mother’s ruin revisited. Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• White, W., Boyle, M., & Loveland, D. (2005). Recovery from addiction and from mental illness: Shared and contrasting lessons. In R. O. Ralph & P. W. Corrigan (Eds.), Recovery in mental illness: Broadening our understanding of wellness (pp. 233–258). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• WHO & WONCA. (2008). Integrating mental health into primary care: A global perspective. World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA). Retrieved August 17, 2012 http://who.int/mental_health/policy/services/integratingmhintoprimarycare/en/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Wilsnack, R. W., Wilsnack, S. C., & Obot, I. S. (2005). Why study gender, alcohol and culture? In I. S. Obot & R. Room (Eds.), Alcohol, gender and drinking problems: Perspectives from low and middle income countries (pp. 1–23). World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, L. H., Kleinman, A., Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Lee, S., & Good, B. J. (2007). Culture and stigma: Adding moral experience to stigma theory. Social Science and Medicine, 64(7), 1524–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar