3,651
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Two International Propaganda Models: Comparing RT and CGTN’s 2020 US Election Coverage

&

References

  • Al Jazeera. 2021. “Al Jazeera Announces Launch of New Digital Platform, Rightly.” Al Jazeera, 24 February. https://bit.ly/3xQbP0t.
  • Brady, A.-M. 2002. “Regimenting the Public Mind: The Modernization of Propaganda in the PRC.” International Journal 57 (4): 563. doi:10.2307/40203692.
  • Brady, A.-M. 2008. Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Brady, A.-M. 2015. “Authoritarianism Goes Global (II): China’s Foreign Propaganda Machine.” Journal of Democracy 26 (4): 51–59.
  • Carter, E., and B. Carter. 2021. “Questioning More: RT, Outward-Facing Propaganda, and the Post-West World Order.” Security Studies 30 (1): 49–78.
  • Charon, P., and J.-B. Jeangene Vilmer. 2021. “Chinese Influence Operations: A Machiavellian Moment.” https://www.irsem.fr/report.html.
  • Cmiel, K. 1990. Democratic Eloquence: The Fight Over Popular Speech in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: William Morrow.
  • Crilley, R., and P. Chatterje-Doody. 2020. “From Russia with Lols: Humour, RT, and the Legitimation of Russian Foreign Policy.” Global Society. https://bit.ly/3zpPnf7.
  • DePetris, D. 2020. “Trump’s Debate Clash with Biden was a National Embarrassment.” Spectator. https://bit.ly/3y0lSA8.
  • DiResta, R. 2020. Telling China’s Story: The Chinese Communist Party’s Campaign to Shape Global Narratives. Hoover Institute. https://bit.ly/3oilpoX.
  • Ellul, J. 1973. Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. New York: Vintage.
  • Elswah, M., and P. Howard. 2020. “‘Anything That Causes Chaos’: The Organizational Behavior of Russia Today (RT).” Journal of Communication 70 (5): 623–645.
  • EUvsDisinfo. 2019. “Figure of the Week: 1.3 Billion.” https://euvsdisinfo.eu/figure-of-the- week-1-3-billion.
  • Fridman, O. 2021. “‘Information War’ – The Russian Strategy That Blends Diplomacy and War.” In New Perspectives on Diplomacy: Contemporary Diplomacy in Action, edited by J. Spence, C. Yorke, and A. Masser, 143–164. London: IB Tauris.
  • Galleotti, M. 2019. Russian Political War: Moving Beyond the Hybrid. New York: Routledge.
  • Hallin, D. C., and P. Mancini. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hartig, F. 2015. “Communicating China to the World: Confucius Institutes and China’s Strategic Narratives.” Politics 35 (3–4): 245–258.
  • Herman, E., and N. Chomsky. 1988. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Vintage.
  • Hinck, R. S., S. C. Cooley, and R. Kluver. 2020. Global Media and Strategic Narratives of Contested Democracy: Chinese Russian and Arabic Media Narratives of the US Presidential Election. New York: Routledge.
  • Hong, J. 2011. “From the World's Largest Propaganda Machine to a Multipurposed Global News Agency: Factors in and Implications of Xinhua's Transformation Since 1978.” Political Communication 28 (3): 377–393.
  • Hu, Z., and D. Ji. 2012. “Ambiguities in Communicating with the World: The ‘Going-Out’ Policy of China's Media and its Multilayered Contexts.” Chinese Journal of Communication 5 (1): 32–37.
  • Hu, Z., D. Ji, and Y. Gong. 2018. “From the Outside In: CCTV Going Global in a New World Communication Order.” In China’s Media Go Global, edited by D. Thussu, H. De Burgh, and A. Shi, 67–78. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Jamieson, K. H. 2018. Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President – What We Don’t, Can’t, and Do Know. New York: OUP.
  • Jowett, G., and V. O’Donnell. 2012. Propaganda and Persuasion. London: Sage.
  • Kohring, M., and J. Matthews. 2007. “Trust in News Media: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Scale.” Communication Research 34 (2): 231–252.
  • Kovach, B., and T. Rosenstiel. 2001. The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect. New York: Three Rivers Press.
  • Lee, T.-T. 2010. “Why They Don’t Trust the Media: An Examination of Factors Predicting Trust.” American Behavioral Scientist 54 (1): 8–21.
  • Levitsky, S., and D. Ziblatt. 2018. How Democracies Die: What History Reveals About Our Future. New York: Penguin.
  • Liang, F. 2019. “The New Silk Road on Facebook: How China’s Official Media Cover and Frame a National Initiative for Global Audiences.” Communication and the Public 4 (4): 261–275.
  • Lilleker, D., and P. Surowiec. 2020. “Content Analysis and the Examination of Digital Propaganda on Social Media.” In The SAGE Handbook of Propaganda, edited by P. Baines, N. O’Shaughnessy, and N. Snow, 171–188. London: SAGE.
  • Madrid-Morales, D. 2021. “Who Set the Narrative? Assessing the Influence of Chinese Media in News Coverage of COVID-19 in 30 African Countries.” Global Media and China 6 (2): 129–151.
  • Marsh, V. 2018. “Evaluating China’s Global Media Expansion.” Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 13(1), https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/262.
  • Miazhevich, G. 2018. “Nation Branding in the Post-Broadcast era: The Case of RT.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 21 (5): 575–593.
  • Mudde, C., and C. R. Kaltwasser. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: OUP.
  • Newman, N. 2020. Reuters Digital News Report 2020. https://bit.ly/3wPi8jH.
  • Oates, S. 2020. “Sharing a Playbook? The Convergence of Russian and U.S. Narratives about Joe Biden.” APSA Preprints. https://bit.ly/2UyemxV.
  • O’Connor, C., and H. Joffe. 2020. “Intercoder Reliability in Qualitative Research: Debates and Practical Guidelines.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19. doi:10.1177/1609406919899220.
  • Ong, W. 1982. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen.
  • Ostrovsky, A. 2017. The Invention of Russia: The Rise of Putin and the Age of Fake News. London: Penguin.
  • Pasti, S. 2005. “Two Generations of Contemporary Russian Journalists.” European Journal of Communication 20 (1): 89–115. doi:10.1177/0267323105049634.
  • Ramsay, G., and S. Robertshaw. 2018. Weaponising News: RT, Sputnik and Targeted Disinformation. Centre for the Study of Media, Communication and Power, King’s College London. https://bit.ly/36SXy7g.
  • Rawnsley, G. D. 2015. “To Know us is to Love Us: Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting in Contemporary Russia and China.” Politics 35 (3–4): 273–286.
  • Rid, T. 2020. Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare. London: Profile Books.
  • Ronfeldt, D., and J. Arquilla. 2020. Whose Story Wins: The Rise of the Noosphere, Noopolitik & Information-Age Statecraft. RAND. https://bit.ly/3hTGS5Q.
  • Rosen, J. 2010. The View from Nowhere: Questions and Answers. PressThink. https://bit.ly/3ivJSES.
  • RSF [Reporters Without Borders]. 2019. China’s Pursuit of a New World Media Order. https://bit.ly/3Bqpk9n.
  • Rutland, P., and A. Kazantsev. 2016. “‘The Limits of Russia’s “Soft Power”’.” Journal of Political Power 9 (3): 395–413.
  • Siebert, F., T. Peterson, and W. Schramm. 1956. Four Theories of the Press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Spring, M. 2020. “Stop the Steal: The Deep Roots of Trump’s ‘Voter Fraud’ Strategy.” BBC, 23 November. https://bbc.in/3isaaHY.
  • Sudworth, J. 2020. “US 2020 Election: Who Does China Really Want To Win?” BBC News, 19 October, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2020-54522988.
  • Thussu, D., H. De Burgh, and A. Shi. 2017. China’s Media Go Global. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. 2020. Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 US Election. https://bit.ly/3eKs0Fq.
  • Varrall, M. 2020. Behind The News: Inside China Global Television Network. Lowy Institute. https://bit.ly/3Bsh8W0.
  • Xia, Y. 2019. “Disinformation, Performed: Self-Presentation of a Russian IRA Account on Twitter.” Information, Communication & Society 22 (11): 1646–1664.
  • Yablokov, I. 2015. “Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of Russia Today (RT).” Politics 35 (3–4): 301–315.
  • Yang, M. 2022. “Al Jazeera Winds Down Rightly, its Conservative US Media Project – Report.” The Guardian, 19 January. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/jan/19/al-jazeera-rightly-conservative- media.
  • Zhang, M., X. Wang, and Y. Hu. 2021. “Strategic Framing Matters But Varies: A Structural Topic Modeling Approach to Analyzing China’s Foreign Propaganda About the 2019 Hong Kong Protests on Twitter.” Social Science Computer Review, doi:10.1177/08944393211042575.
  • Zhao, X., and Y. Xiang. 2018. “Does China’s Outward Focused Journalism Engage a Constructive Approach? A Qualitative Content Analysis of Xinhua News Agency’s English News.” Asian Journal of Communication 29 (4): 346–362.