Temperature (latitude) and nutrient (seabird guano) effects on limno-terrestrial Tardigrada (Testechiniscus spitsbergensis and Pilatobius recamieri) body size

References

• Angilletta M.J. Jr. & Dunham A.E. 2003. The temperature-size rule in ectotherms: simple evolutionary explanations may not be general. The American Naturalist 162, 332–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton K.G. 2002. Patterns of within-species body size variation of birds: strong evidence for Bergmann’s rule. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11, 505–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton K.G. & Feldman C.R. 2003. Bergmann’s rule in nonavian reptiles: turtles follow it, lizards and snakes reverse it. Evolution 57, 1151–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson D. 1994. Temperature and organism size—a biological law for ectotherms? Advances in Ecological Research 25, 1–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels P.J., Nelson D.R. & Exline R.P. 2011. Allometry and the removal of body size effects in the morphometric analysis of tardigrades. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 49, 17–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann C. 1847. Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grösse. (On the relations of the heat economy of animals to their size.) Göttinger Studien 3, 595–708.
   Google Scholar
• Berke S.K., Jablonski D., Krug A.Z., Roy K. & Tomasovych A. 2013. Beyond Bergmann’s rule: size–latitude relationships in marine Bivalvia world-wide. Global Ecology and Biogeography 22, 173–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolani R., Grimaldi De Zio S., D’Addabbo Gallo M. & Morone De Lucia M.R. 1984. Postembryonic development in heterotardigrades. Monitore Zoologico Italiano 18, 307–320.
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn T.M., Gaston K.J. & Loder N. 1999. Geographic gradients in body size: a clarification of Bergmann’s rule. Diversity and Distributions 5, 165–174.
   Google Scholar
• Bowden J.J., Eskildsen A., Hansen R.R., Olsen K., Kurle C.M. & Høye T.T. 2015. High-Arctic butterflies become smaller with rising temperatures. Biology Letters 11, article no. 20150574, doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs A.A., Young H.S., McCauley D.J., Hathaway S.A., Dirzo R. & Fisher R.N. 2012. Effects of spatial subsidies and habitat structure on the foraging ecology and size of geckos. PLoS One 7, e41364. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks J.L. & Dodson S.I. 1965. Predation, body size, and composition of plankton. Science 150, 28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesari M., McInnes S., Bertolani R., Rebecchi L. & Guidetti R. 2016. Genetic diversity and biogeography of the south polar water bear Acutuncus antarcticus (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae)—evidence that it is a truly pan-Antarctic species. Invertebrate Systematics 30, 635–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapelle G. & Peck L.S. 1999. Polar gigantism dictated by oxygen availability. Nature 399, 114–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chown S.L. & Klok J.C. 2003. Altitudinal body size clines: latitudinal effects associated with changing seasonality. Ecography 26, 445–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czernekova M. & Jönsson K.I. 2016. Experimentally induced repeated anhydrobiosis in the Eutardigrade Richtersius coronifer. PLoS One 11, e0164062, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dastych H. 1988. The Tardigrada of Poland. Monografie Fauny Polski 16. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
   Google Scholar
• De Smet W.H. & Van Rompu E.A. 1994. Rotifera and Tardigrada from some cryoconite holes on a Spitsbergen (Svalbard) glacier. Belgian Journal of Zoology 124, 27–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degma P., Bertolani R. & Guidetti R. 2009–2017. Actual checklist of Tardigrada species. http://www.tardigrada.modena.unimo.it/miscellanea/Actual%20checklist%20of%20Tardigrada.pdf on 7 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Degma P. & Guidetti R. 2007. Notes to the current checklist of Tardigrada. Zootaxa 1579, 41–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurola S. & Hakala A.V.K. 1977. The bird cliff vegetation of Svalbard. Aquilo: Seria Botanica 15, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Faurby S., Jönsson K.I., Rebecchi L. & Funch P. 2008. Variation in anhydrobiotic survival of two eutardigrade morphospecies: a story of cryptic species and their dispersal. Journal of Zoology 275, 139–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontoura P. & Morais P. 2011. Assessment of traditional and geometric morphometrics for discriminating cryptic species of the Pseudechiniscus suillus complex (Tardigrada, Echiniscidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 49, 26–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi T., Loi M.L. & Pierantoni R. 1962 -1963. Risultati di una prima indagine ecologica condotta su popolazioni di Tardigradi. (Results of a first ecological survey conducted on tardigrade populations.) Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell’Università di Genova 32, 69–93.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner J.L., Peters A., Kearney M.R., Joseph L. & Heinsohn R. 2011. Declining body size: a third universal response to warming? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, 285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gąsiorek P., Stec D., Morek W. & Michalczyk Ł. 2017. An integrative redescription of Echiniscus testudo (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for the class Heterotardigrada (Ecdysozoa: Panarthropoda: Tardigrada). Zoologischer Anzeiger 270, 107–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gąsiorek P., Zawierucha K., Stec D. & Michalczyk Ł. 2017. Integrative redescription of a common Arctic water bear Pilatobius recamieri (Richters, 1911). Polar Biology 40, 2239–2252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gąsiorek P., Stec D., Zawierucha K., Kristensen R.M. & Michalczyk Ł. 2018. Revision of Testechiniscus Kristensen, 1987 (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) refutes the polar–temperate distribution of the genus. Zootaxa.
   Google Scholar
• Gillooly J.F., Brown J.H., West G.B., Savage V.M. & Charnov E.L. 2001. Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science 293, 2248–2251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzelak K., Goluchowska M., Gregorczyk K., Winogradowa A. & Węslawski J.M. 2016. Nematode biomass and morphometric attributes as biological indicators of local environmental conditions in Arctic fjords. Ecological Indicators 69, 368–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guil N. & Sanchez-Moreno S. 2013. Fine-scale patterns in micrometazoans: tardigrade diversity, community composition and trophic dynamics in leaf litter. Systematics and Biodiversity 11, 181–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas J.D., Baker P.T. & Hunt E. Jr. 1977. The effects of high altitude on body size and composition of the new born infant in southern Peru. Human Biology 49, 611–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton T.H. 1961. The adaptive significances of intraspecific trends of variation in wing length and body size among bird species. Evolution 15, 180–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildrew A.G., David G., Raffaelli D.G. & Edmonts-Brown R. (eds.) 2007. Body size: the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirst A.G., Lilley M.K.S., Glazier D.S. & Atkinson D. 2017. Ontogenetic body-mass scaling of nitrogen excretion relates to body surface area in diverse pelagic invertebrates. Limnology and Oceanography 62, 311–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodkinson I.D. 2013. Terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates. In H. Meltofte (ed.): Arctic biodiversity assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Pp. 194–223. Akureyri: Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna.
   Google Scholar
• Hohberg K. & Traunspurger W. 2005. Predator–prey interaction in soil food web: functional response, size-depentent foraging efficiency, and the influence of soil texture. Biology and Fertility of Soils 41, 419–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne C.R., Hirst A.G. & Atkinson D. 2015. Temperature–size responses match latitudinal-size clines in arthropods, revealing critical differences between aquatic and terrestrial species. Ecology Letters 18, 327–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne C.R., Hirst A.G. & Atkinson D. 2017. Seasonal body size reductions with warming co-vary with major body size gradients in arthropod species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 284, article no. 20170238, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC 2007. Summary for policymakers. In M.L. Parry, et al. (eds.): Climate change 2007. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Pp. 79–133. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• James F.C. 1970. Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate. Ecology 51, 365–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings P.G. 1976. Tardigrada from the Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Ridge region. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 44, 77–95.
   Google Scholar
• Jochum M., Schneider F.D., Crowe T.P., Brose U. & O’Gorman E.J. 2012. Climate induced changes in bottom-up and top-down processes independently alter marine ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 367, 2962–2970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson K.P., Bush S.E. & Clayton D.H. 2005. Correlated evolution of host and parasite body size: tests of Harrison’s rule using birds and lice. Evolution 59, 1744–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jönsson K.I. & Rebecchi L. 2002. Experimentally induces anhydrobiosis in the tardigrade Richtersius coronifer: phenotypic factors affecting survival. Journal of Experimental Zoology 293, 578–584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jørgensen A., Mobjerg N. & Kristensen R.M. 2007. A molecular study of the tardigrade Echiniscus testudo (Echiniscidae) reveals low DNA sequence diversity over a large geographical area. Journal of Limnology 66, 77–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolicka M., Dabert M., Dabert J., Kånneby T. & Kisielewski J. 2016. Bifidochaetus, a new Arctic genus of freshwater Chaetonotida (Gastrotricha) from Spitsbergen revealed by an integrative taxonomic approach. Invertebrate Systematics 30, 398–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosztyła P., Stec D., Morek W., Gąsiorek P., Zawierucha K., Michno K., Ufir K., Małek D., Hlebowicz K., Laska A., Dudziak M., Frohme M., Prokop Z.M., Kaczmarek Ł. & Michalczyk Ł. 2016. Experimental taxonomy confirms the environmental stability of morphometric traits in a taxonomically challenging group of microinvertebrates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178, 765–775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen R.M. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. In R. Bertolani (ed.): Biology of Tardigrada. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on the Tardigrada, Modena, September 3–5, 1985. Pp. 261–335. Modena: Mucchi.
   Google Scholar
• Laska A., Rector B., Kuczyński B. & Skoracka A. 2017. Is body size important? Seasonal changes in morphology in two grass-feeding Abacarus mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology 72, 317–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makarieva A.M., Gorshkov V.G. & Li B.L. 2005. Temperature-associated upper limits to body size in terrestrial poikilotherms. Oikos 111, 425–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran A.L. & Woods H.A. 2012. Why might they be giants? Towards an understanding of polar gigantism. Journal of Experimental Biology 215, 1995–2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morek W., Gąsiorek P., Stec D., Blagden B. & Michalczyk Ł. 2016. Experimental taxonomy exposes ontogenetic variability and elucidates the taxonomic value of claw configuration in Milnesium Doyère, 1840 (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Apochela). Contributions to Zoology 85, 173–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morek W., Stec D., Gąsiorek P., Schill R.O., Kaczmarek Ł. & Michalczyk Ł. 2016. An experimental test of tardigrade preparation methods for light microscopy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178, 785–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson D.R., Guidetti R. & Rebecchi L. 2015. Phylum Tardigrada. In J. Thorp & D.C. Rogers (eds.): Ecology and general biology: Thorp and Covich’s freshwater invertebrates. Pp. 347–380. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen C. 2001. Animal evolution. Interrelationships of the living phyla. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Gorman E.J., Pichler D.E., Adams G., Benstead J.P., Cohen H., Craig N., Cross W.F., Demars B.O.L., Friberg N., Gíslason G.M., Gudmundsdóttir R., Hawczak A., Hood J.M., Hudson L.N., Johansson L., Johansson M.P., Junker J.R., Laurila A., Manson J.R., Mavromati E., NelsoN D., Ólafsson J.S., Perkins D.M., Petchey O.L., Plebani M., Reuman D.C., Rall B.C., Stewart R., Thompson M.S. & Woodward G. 2012. Impacts of warming on the structure and functioning of aquatic communities: individual to ecosystem-level responses. Advances in Ecological Research 47, 81–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilato G. 1981. Analisi di nuovi caratteri nello studio degli eutardigradi. (Analysis of new characters in the study of eutardigrades.) Animalia 8, 51–57.
   Google Scholar
• Ramazzotti G. & Maucci W. 1983. II Phylum Tardigrada. 3rd edited and updated edn. Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 41. Verbania Pallanza: Italian Institute of Hydrobiology.
   Google Scholar
• Schill R.O., Jönsson K.I., Pfannkuchen M. & Brümmer F. 2011. Food of tardigrades: a case study to understand food choice, intake and digestion. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 49, 66–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster R. & Greven H. 2013. Reproductive traits of Macrobiotus hufelandi during a long-term field study with notes on Paramacrobiotus richtersi and Diphascon pingue (Eutardigrada). Journal of Limnology 72, 166–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seniczak S., Seniczak A., Graczyk R., Tømmervik H. & Coulson S.J. 2017. Distribution and population characteristics of the soil mites Diapterobates notatus and Svalbardia paludicola (Acari: Oribatida: Ceratozetidae) in High Arctic Svalbard (Norway). Polar Biology 40, 1545–1555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stec D., Gąsiorek P., Morek W., Kosztyła P., Zawierucha K., Michno K., Kaczmarek Ł., Prokop Z.M. & Michalczyk Ł. 2016. Estimating optimal sample size for tardigrade morphometry. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178, 776–784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stempniewicz L., Błachowiak-Samołyk K. & Węsławski J.M. 2007. Impact of climate change on zooplankton communities seabird populations and Arctic terrestrial ecosystem—a scenario. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 54, 2934–2945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thackeray S.J., Sparks T.H., Frederiksen M., Burthe S., Bacon P.J., Bell J.R., Botham M.S., Brereton T.M., Bright P.W., Carvalho L., Clutton-Brock T., Dawson A., Edwards M., Elliott J.M., Harrington R., Johns D., Jones I.D., Jones J.T., Leech D.I., Roy D.B., Scott W.A., Smith M., Smithers R.J., Winfield I.J. & Wanless S. 2010. Trophic level asynchrony in rates of phenological change for marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. Global Change Boilogy 12, 3304–3313.
   Google Scholar
• Trudnowska E., Basedow S.L. & Blachowiak-Samolyk K. 2014. Mid-summer mesozooplankton biomass, its size distribution, and estimated production within a glacial Arctic fjord (Hornsund, Svalbard). The Journal of Marine Systems 137, 55–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Węsławski J.M., Kwaśniewski S., Stempniewicz L. & Błachowiak-Samołyk K. 2006. Biodiversity and energy transfer to top trophic levels in two contrasting Arctic fjords. Polish Polar Research 27, 259–278.
   Google Scholar
• Wojciechowska A., Zwolicki A., Barcikowski A. & Stempniewicz L. 2015. The structure of Cochlearia groenlandica population along the bird colony influence gradient (Hornsund, Spitsbergen). Polar Biology 38, 1919–1930.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright J.C., Westh P. & Ramløv H. 1992. Cryptobiosis in Tardigrada. Biological Reviews 67, 1–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yvon-Durocher G., Maria Montoya J., Trimmer M. & Woodward G. 2010. Warming alters the size spectrum and shifts the distribution of biomass in aquatic ecosystems. Global Change Biology 17, 1681–1694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawierucha K., Cytan J., Smykla J., Wojczulanis-Jakubas K., Kaczmarek Ł., Kosicki J.Z. & Michalczyk Ł. 2015. Seabird guano boosts body size of water bears (Tardigrada) inhabiting the Arctic tundra. Polar Biology 38, 579–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawierucha K., Ostrowska M., Vonnahme T.R., Devetter M., Nawrot A.P., Lehmann S. & Kolicka M. 2016. Diversity and distribution of Tardigrada in Arctic cryoconite holes. Journal of Limnology 75, 545–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawierucha K., Zmudczyńska-Skarbek K., Kaczmarek Ł. & Wojczulanis-Jakubas K. 2016. The influence of a seabird colony on abundance and species composition of water bears (Tardigrada) in Hornsund (Spitsbergen, Arctic). Polar Biology 39, 713–723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zmudczyńska K., Olejniczak I., Zwolicki A., Iliszko L., Convey P. & Stempniewicz L. 2012. Influence of allochtonous nutrients delivered by colonial seabirds on soil collembolan communities on Spitsbergen. Polar Biology 35, 1233–1245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zmudczyńska K., Zwolicki A., Barcikowski M., Iliszko L. & Stempniewicz L. 2008. Variability of individual biomass and leaf size of Saxifraga nivalis L. along a transect between seabirds colony and seashore in Hornsund, Spitsbergen. Ecology Quest 9, 37–44.
   Google Scholar
• Zmudczyńska-Skarbek K., Barcikowski M., Zwolicki A., Iliszko L. & Stempniewicz L. 2013. Variability of polar scurvygrass Cochlearia groenlandica individual traits along a seabird influenced gradient across Spitsbergen tundra. Polar Biology 36, 1659–1669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwolicki A., Zmudczyńska-Skarbek K., Iliszko L. & Stempniewicz L. 2013. Guano deposition and nutrient enrichment in the vicinity of planktivorous and piscivorous seabird colonies in Spitsbergen. Polar Biology 36, 363–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwolicki A., Zmudczyńska-Skarbek K., Richard P. & Stempniewicz L. 2016. Importance of marine-derived nutrients supplied by planktivorous seabirds to High Arctic tundra plant communities. PLoS One 11, e0154950, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar