Development and validation of the Paediatric Care and Needs Scale (PCANS) for assessing support needs of children and youth with acquired brain injury

References

• Limmond J, Leeke R. Practitioner review: cognitive rehabilitation for children with acquired brain injury. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005; 46: 339–352
   Google Scholar
• Sharples PM. Head injury in children. Injury in the young, MP Ward Platt, RA Little. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998; 263–299
   Google Scholar
• Kraus JF, Rock A, Hemyari P. Brain injuries among infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1990; 144: 684–691
   Google Scholar
• Anderson VA, Morse SA, Catroppa C, Haritou F, Rosenfeld JV. Thirty month outcome from early childhood head injury: a prospective analysis of neurobehavioural recovery. Brain 2004; 127: 2608–2620
   Google Scholar
• Bloom DR, Levin HS, Ewing-Cobbs L, Saunders AE, Song J, Fletcher JM, Kowatch RA. Lifetime and novel psychiatric disorders after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2001; 40: 572–579
   Google Scholar
• Donders J, Warschausky S. Neurobehavioural outcomes after early versus late childhood traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2007; 22: 296–302
   Google Scholar
• Fay GC, Jaffe KM, Polissar ML, Liao S, Rivara JB, Martin KM. Outcome of pediatric traumatic brain injury at three years: a cohort study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994; 75: 733–741
   Google Scholar
• Max JE, Levin HS, Landis J, Schachar R, Saunders A, Ewing-Cobbs L, Chapman S, Dennis M. Predictors of personality change due to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents in the first six months after injury. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005; 44: 434–442
   Google Scholar
• Middleton JA. Practitioner review: psychological sequalae of head injury in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2001; 42: 165–180
   Google Scholar
• Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Barry CT, Drotar D, Wade SL, Stancin T. Neurobehavioral symptoms in childhood closed-head injuries: changes in prevalence and correlates during the first year post-injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2001; 26: 79–91
   Google Scholar
• Anderson V, Catroppa C. Advances in post-acute rehabilitation after childhood brain injury: a focus on cognitive, behavioral, and social domains. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006; 85: 767–778
   Google Scholar
• Andrews TK, Rose FD, Johnson DA. Social and behavioural effects of traumatic brain injury in children. Brain Injury 1998; 12: 133–138
   Google Scholar
• Levin HS, Zhang L, Dennis M, Ewing-Cobbs L, Schachar R, Max J, Landis JA, Roberson G, Scheibel RS, Miller DL, Hunter JV. Psychosocial outcome of TBI in children with unilateral frontal lesions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2004; 10: 305–316
   Google Scholar
• Stancin T, Drotar D, Taylor G, Yeates O, Wade SL, Minich NM. Health related quality of life of children and adolescents after traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics 2002; 109: e34–e41
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan JD. Conducting statewide needs assessments for persons with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2001; 16: 1–19
   Google Scholar
• Heinemann AW, Sokol K, Garvin L, Bode RK. Measuring unmet needs and services among persons with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001; 83: 1052–1059
   Google Scholar
• High WM, Gordon WA, Lehmkuhl LD, Newton CN, Vandergoot D, Thoi L, Courtney L. Productivity and service utilization following traumatic brain injury: results of a survey by the RSA region TBI centers. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1995; 10: 64–80
   Google Scholar
• Hodgkinson AE, Veerabangsa A, Drane D, McCluskey A. Service utilization following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2000; 15: 1208–1226
   Google Scholar
• Murray HM, Maslany GW, Jeffery B. Assessment of family needs following acquired brain injury in Saskatchewan. Brain Injury 2006; 20: 575–585
   Google Scholar
• Slomine BS, McCarthy ML, Ding R, MacKenzie EJ, Jaffe KM, Aitken ME, Durbin D, Christensen JR, Dorsch AM. Paidas CN and the CHAT study group. Health care utilization and needs after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics 2006; 17: e663–e674
   Google Scholar
• Bedell GM. Developing a follow-up survey focused on participation of children and youth with acquired brain injuries after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation 2004; 19: 191–205
   Google Scholar
• Brooks BM, Rose FD, Johnson DA, Andrews TK, Gulamali R. Support for children following traumatic brain injury: the view of educational psychologists. Disability and Rehabilitation 2003; 25: 51–56
   Google Scholar
• Glang A, Tyler J, Pearson S, Todis B, Morvant M. Improving educational services for students with TBI through statewide consulting teams. NeuroRehabilitation 2004; 19: 219–231
   Google Scholar
• Pickelsimer EE, Selassie AW, Sample PL, Heinemann AW, Gu JK, Veldheer LC. Unmet service needs of persons with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2007; 22: 1–13
   Google Scholar
• Rotondi AJ, Sinkule J, Balzer K, Harris J, Moldovan R. A qualitative needs assessment of persons who have experienced traumatic brain injury and their primary family caregivers. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2007; 22: 14–25
   Google Scholar
• Tate R. Assessing support needs for people with traumatic brain injury: the Care and Needs Scale (CANS). Brain Injury 2004; 18: 445–460
   Google Scholar
• Patrick DL, Peach H. Disablement in the community. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1989
   Google Scholar
• Hiller J, Bakker K. Evaluation of assessment tools to determine care and needs of children with traumatic brain injuries. Report submitted to the Motor Accidents Authority of NSW 2002
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong K, Kerns K. The assessment of parent needs following paediatric traumatic brain injury. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2002; 5: 149–160
   Google Scholar
• Hawley CA, Ward AB, Magnay AR, Long J. Children's brain injury: a postal follow-up of 525 children from one health region in the UK. Brain Injury 2001; 16: 969–985
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (WHO). International classification of functioning, disability and health. World Health Organisation, Geneva 2001
   Google Scholar
• Soo CA, Tate RL, Hopman K, Forman M, Secheny T, Aird V, Browne S, Coulson C. Reliability of the Care and Needs Scale for assessing support needs after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2007; 22: 288–295
   Google Scholar
• Soo CA, Tate RL, Williams L, Waddingham S, Waugh MC. The PCANS: adapting the Care and Needs Scale to a paediatric population with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2005; 19: 37
   Google Scholar
• Sparrow SS, Balla DA, Cicchetti DV. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Interview Edition: survey form manual. American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, Minnesota 1984
   Google Scholar
• Braun SL, Granger CV. A practical approach to functional assessments in pediatrics. Occupational Therapy Practice 1991; 2: 46–51
   Google Scholar
• Msall ME, DiGaudio K, Duffy LC, LaForest S, Braun S, Granger CV. Normative sample of an instrument for tracking functional independence in children. Clinical Pediatrics 1994; 33: 431–438
   Google Scholar
• Granger CV, Msall ME, Braun S, Griswald K, McCabe M, Heyer N, Hamilton BB. Wee-FIM System clinical guide: Version 5.01. University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 1998
   Google Scholar
• Chen CC, Bode RK, Granger CV, Heinemann AW. Psychometric properties and developmental differences in children's ADL item hierarchy: a study of the Wee-FIM instrument. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005; 84: 671–679
   Google Scholar
• Msall ME, DiGaudio K, Rodgers BT, LaForest S, Catanzaro NL, Campbell J, Wilczenski F, Duffy LC. The functional independence measure for children (Wee-FIM). Clinical Pediatrics 1994; 33: 421–430
   Google Scholar
• Sperle PA, Ottenbacher KJ, Braun SL, Lane SJ, Nochajski S. Equivalence reliability of the functional independence measure for children (Wee-FIM) administration methods. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1996; 51: 35–41
   Google Scholar
• Ottenbacher KJ, Msall ME, Lyon N, Duffy LC, Granger CV, Braun S. Measuring developmental and functional status in children with disabilities. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1999; 41: 186–194
   Google Scholar
• Crouchman M, Rossiter L, Colaco T, Forsyth R. A practical scale for paediatric head injury. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2001; 84: 120–124
   Google Scholar
• Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. A practical scale. Lancet 1975; 1: 480–484
   Google Scholar
• Achehbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families, Burlington, VT 2001
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1988
   Google Scholar
• Boake C. Supervision rating scale: a measure of functional outcome from brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997; 77: 765–772
   Google Scholar
• Ylvisaker M, Todis B, Glang A, Urbancyk B, Franklin C, DePompei R, Feeney T, Maxwell NM, Pearson S, Siantz Tyler JS. Educating students with TBI: Themes and recommendations. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2001; 16: 76–93
   Google Scholar
• Wade SL, Taylor G, Drotar D, Stancin T, Yeates KO. Family burden and adaptation during the initial year after traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatrics 1998; 102: 110–116
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy ML, MacKenzie EJ, Durbin DR, Aitken ME, Jaffe KM, Paidas CN, Slomine B, Dorsch AM, Christensen JR, Ding R. Health-related quality of life during the first year after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2006; 160: 252–260
   Google Scholar
• Souza LMDN, Braga LW, Filho N, Dellatolas G. Quality of life: child and parent perspectives following severe traumatic brain injury. Developmental Neurorehabiliation 2007; 10: 35–47
   Google Scholar