Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy: Can a Unilateral Birth Onset Peripheral Injury Significantly Affect Brain Development?

References

• Chauhan SP, Blackwell SB, Ananth CV. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: incidence, prevalence, and temporal trends. Semin Perinatol. 2014;38(4):210–18. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2014.04.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeksma AF, Ter Steeg AM, Nelissen RG, Van Ouwerkerk WJ, Lankhorst GJ, De Jong BA. Neurological recovery in obstetric brachial plexus injuries: an historical cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46(2):76–83. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00455.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pondaag W, Lee R, Shenaq S, Parke JT, Solis IS, Kowalik L. Natural history of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46:138–44. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00463.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruchelsman DE, Pettrone S, Price AE, Grossman JA. Brachial plexus birth palsy: an overview of early treatment considerations. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2009;67:83–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hale HB, Bae DS, Waters PM. Current concepts in the management of brachial plexus birth palsy. J Hand Surg. 2010;35(2):322–31. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.11.026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen J, Watt J, Olson J, Van Aerde J. Perinatal brachial plexus palsy. Paediatr Child Health. 2006;11(2):93–100. doi:10.1093/pch/11.2.93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smania N, Berto G, La Marchina E, Melotti C, Midiri A, Roncari L, Zenorini A, Ianes P, Picelli A, Waldner A, et al. Rehabilitation of brachial plexus injuries in adults and children. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2012;48(3):483–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat DI, Devi BI, Bharti K, Panda R. Cortical plasticity after brachial plexus injury and repair: a resting-state functional MRI study. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;42(3):E14. doi:10.3171/2016.12.FOCUS16430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu YC, Liu HQ, Hua XY, Shen YD, Xu WD, Xu JG, Gu YD. Supplementary motor area deactivation impacts the recovery of hand function from severe peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res. 2016;11(4):670. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.180756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkman A, Weibull A, Svensson H, Dahlin L. Cerebral reorganization in patients with brachial plexus birth injury and residual shoulder problems. Front Neurol. 2016;7:240. doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anguelova GV, Rombouts SARB, Van Dijk JG, Buur PF, Malessy MJ. Increased brain activation during motor imagery suggests central abnormality in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Neurosci Res. 2017;123:19–26. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2017.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida S, Hayakawa K, Yamamoto A, Okano S, Kanda T, Yamori Y, Yoshida N, Hirota H. Quantitative diffusion tensor tractography of the motor and sensory tract in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(10):935–40. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03669.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englander ZA, Pizoli CE, Batrachenko A, Sun J, Worley G, Mikati MA, Kurtzberg J, Song AW. Diffuse reduction of white matter connectivity in cerebral palsy with specific vulnerability of long range fiber tracts. Neuroimage-Clin. 2013;2:440–47. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannek K, Boyd RN, Fiori S, Guzzetta A, Rose SE. Assessment of the structural brain network reveals altered connectivity in children with unilateral cerebral palsy due to periventricular white matter lesions. Neuroimage-Clin. 2014;5:84–92. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng JT, Liu HQ, Hua XY, Gu YD, Xu JG, Xu WD. Brain functional network abnormality extends beyond the sensorimotor network in brachial plexus injury patients. Brain Imaging Behav. 2016;10(4):1198–205. doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9484-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraiman D, Miranda MF, Erthal F, Buur PF, Elschot M, Souza L, Rombouts SA, Schimmelpenninck CA, Norris DG, Malessy MJ, et al. Reduced functional connectivity within the primary motor cortex of patients with brachial plexus injury. NeuroImage Clin. 2016;12:277–84. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.07.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanes JN, Donoghue JP. Plasticity and primary motor cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2000;23:393–415. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merzenich MM, Van Vleet TM, Nahum M. Brain plasticity-based therapeutics. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:385. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornander L, Nyman T, Hansson T, Ragnehed M, Brismar T. Age- and time-dependent effects on functional outcome and cortical activation pattern in patients with median nerve injury: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosurg. 2010;113(1):122–28. doi:10.3171/2009.10.JNS09698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta A, Kambi N, Raghunathan P, Khushu S, Jain N. Large-scale reorganization of the somatosensory cortex of adult macaque monkeys revealed by fMRI. Brain Struct Funct. 2014;219(4):1305–20. doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0569-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Hettinger PC, Liu X, Machol J IV, Yan JG, Matloub HS, Hyde JS. Early evaluation of nerve regeneration after nerve injury and repair using functional connectivity MRI. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28(7):707–15. doi:10.1177/1545968314521002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen A, Yao J, Kuiken T, Dewald JP. Cortical motor activity and reorganization following upper-limb amputation and subsequent targeted reinnervation. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;3:498–506. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen R, Cohen LG, Hallett M. Nervous system reorganization following injury. Neuroscience. 2002;111(4):761–73. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00025-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Hua XY, Zheng MX, Li T, Hua XY, Zheng MX, Wang WW, Xu JG, Gu YD, Xu WD. Different cerebral plasticity of intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles after peripheral neurotization in a patient with brachial plexus injury: A TMS and fMRI study. Neurosci Lett. 2015;604:140–44. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall EJ, Flament D, Fraser C, Lemon RN. Non-invasive brain stimulation reveals reorganized cortical outputs in amputees. Neurosci Lett. 1990;116(3):379–86. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(90)90105-I.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen LG, Bandinelli S, Findley TW, Hallett M. Motor reorganization after upper limb amputation in man. A study with focal magnetic stimulation. Brain. 1991;114(Pt 1B):615–27. doi:10.1093/brain/114.1.615.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roricht S, Meyer BU, Niehaus L, Brandt SA. Long-term reorganization of motor cortex outputs after arm amputation. Neurology. 1999;53(1):106–11. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.1.106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CW, Kaas JH. Reorganization in primary motor cortex of primates with long-standing therapeutic amputations. J Neurosci. 1999;19(17):7679–97. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-17-07679.1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi HX, Stepniewska I, Kaas JH. Reorganization of primary motor cortex in adult macaque monkeys with long-standing amputations. J Neurophysiol. 2000;84(4):2133–47. doi:10.1152/jn.2000.84.4.2133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mano Y, Chuma T, Watanabe I. Cortical reorganization in training. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13(1):57–62. doi:10.1016/S1050-6411(02)00086-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topka H, Cohen LG, Cole RA, Hallett M. Reorganization of corticospinal pathways following spinal cord injury. Neurology. 1991;41(8):1276–83. doi:10.1212/WNL.41.8.1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu TM, Chen L, Mao Y, Wu JS, Tang WJ, Hu SN, Zhou LF, Gu YD. Sensorimotor cortical changes assessed with resting-state fMRI following total brachial plexus root avulsion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(1):99–105. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2013-304956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundborg G, Rosen B. Hand function after nerve repair. Acta Physiol. 2007;189(2):207–17. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01653.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leff DR, Orihuela-Espina F, Elwell CE, Athanasiou T, Delpy DT, Darzi AW, Yang GZ. Assessment of the cerebral cortex during motor task behaviours in adults: a systematic review of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies. Neuroimage. 2011;54(4):2922–36. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishiyori R, Bisconti S, Ulrich B. Motor cortex activity during functional motor skills: an fNIRS study. Brain Topogr. 2016;29(1):42–55. doi:10.1007/s10548-015-0443-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallet J. Obstetrical paralysis of the brachial plexus. II. Therapeutics. Treatment of sequelae. Priority for the treatment of the shoulder. Method for the expression of results. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Motil. 1972;58:166–68.
   Google Scholar
• Arnould C, Penta M, Renders A, Thonnard JL. ABILHAND-Kids: a measure of manual ability in children with cerebral palsy. Neurology. 2004;63(6):1045–52. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000138423.77640.37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukal-Moulton T, de Campos AC, Alter KE, Huppert TJ, Damiano DL. Relationship between sensorimotor cortical activation as assessed by functional near infrared spectroscopy and lower extremity motor coordination in bilateral cerebral palsy. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;20:275–85. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukal-Moulton T, de Campos AC, Stanley CJ, Damiano DL. Functional near infrared spectroscopy of the sensory and motor brain regions with simultaneous kinematic and EMG monitoring during motor tasks. J Vis Exp. 2014;94. doi: 10.3791/52391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischl B, Dale AM. Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2000;97(20):11050–55. doi:10.1073/pnas.200033797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischl B, Sereno MI, Tootell RB, Dale AM. High‐resolution intersubject averaging and a coordinate system for the cortical surface. Hum Brain Map. 1999;8(4):272–84. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4<272::AID-HBM10>3.0.CO;2-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santosa H, Zhai X, Fishburn F, Huppert T. The NIRS brain AnalyzIR toolbox. Algorithms. 2018;11(5):73. doi:10.3390/a11050073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kislay K, Devi BI, Bhat DI, Shukla DP, Gupta AK, Panda R. Novel findings in obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a study of corpus callosum volumetry and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of sensorimotor network. Neurosurg. 2017;83(5):905–14. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyx495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajaj S, Butler AJ, Drake D, Dhamala M. Brain effective connectivity during motor-imagery and execution following stroke and rehabilitation. Neuroimage. 2015;8:572–82. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajaj S, Butler AJ, Drake D, Dhamala M. Functional organization and restoration of the brain motor-execution network after stroke and rehabilitation. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:173. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Sang L, Li L, Li P, Yin X, Qiu M. Brain functional connectivity plasticity within and beyond the sensorimotor network in lower-limb amputees. Front Hum Neurosci. 2018;12:403. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanet-Defalque MC, Veraart C, De Volder A, Metz R, Michel C, Dooms G, Goffinet A. High metabolic activity in the visual cortex of early blind human subjects. Brain Res. 1988;446(2):369–73. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90896-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott GD, Karns CM, Dow MW, Stevens C, Neville HJ. Enhanced peripheral visual processing in congenitally deaf humans is supported by multiple brain regions, including primary auditory cortex. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:177. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amedi A, Hofstetter S, Maidenbaum S, Heimler B. Task selectivity as a comprehensive principle for brain organization. Trends Cogn Sci. 2017;21(5):307–10. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedny M. Evidence from blindness for a cognitively pluripotent cortex. Trends Cogn Sci. 2017;21(9):637–48. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao Y, Qiu TM, Chen L, Wu JS, Zhou LF. Sensorimotor cortical changes assessed with resting-state fMRI following total brachial plexus root avulsion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:99–105. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2013-304956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoon AH, Lawrie WT, Melhem ER, Reinhardt EM, Van Zijl PC, Solaiyappan M, Jiang H, Johnston MV, Mori S. Diffusion tensor imaging of periventricular leukomalacia shows affected sensory cortex white matter pathways. Neurology. 2002;59(5):752–56. doi:10.1212/WNL.59.5.752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown T, Cupido C, Scarfone H, Pape K, Galea V, McComas A. Developmental apraxia arising from neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Neurology. 2000;55(1):24–30. doi:10.1212/WNL.55.1.24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar