386
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Clinical Presentation of Spasticity and Passive Range of Motion Deviations in Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy in Relation to Dystonia, Choreoathetosis, and Functional Classification Systems

ORCID Icon, , , , &
Pages 205-213 | Received 13 Jul 2020, Accepted 28 Nov 2020, Published online: 23 Dec 2020

References

  • Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, Dan B, Jacobsson B. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007;109:8–14.
  • Monbaliu E, Himmelmann K, Lin JP, Ortibus E, Bonouvrie L, Feys H, Vermeulen RJ, Dan B. Clinical presentation and management of dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(9):741–49. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30252-1.
  • Sanger TD, Delgado MR, Gaebler-Spira D, Hallett M, Mink JW. Classification and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):e89. doi:10.1542/peds.111.1.e89.
  • Sanger TD, Chen D, Fehlings DL, Hallett M, Lang AE, Mink JW, Singer HS, Alter K, Ben-Pazi H, Butler EE, et al. Definition and classification of hyperkinetic movements in childhood. Mov Disord. 2010;15(11):1538–49.doi: 10.1002/mds.23088.
  • Monbaliu E, de Cock P, Ortibus E, Heyrman L, Klingels K, Feys H. Clinical patterns of dystonia and choreoathetosis in participants with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(2):138–44. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12846.
  • Monbaliu E, De La Pena MG, Ortibus E, Molenaers G, Deklerck J, Feys H. Functional outcomes in children and young people with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(6):634–40. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13406.
  • Monbaliu E, De Cock P, Mailleux L, Dan B, Feys H. The relationship of dystonia and choreoathetosis with activity, participation and quality of life in children and youth with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2017;21(2):327–35. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.09.003.
  • Rice J, Skuza P, Baker F, Russo R, Fehlings D. Identification and measurement of dystonia in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(12):1249–55. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13502.
  • Gordon LM, Keller JL, Stashinko EE, Hoon AH, Bastian AJ. Can spasticity and dystonia be independently measured in cerebral palsy? Pediatr Neurol. 2006;35(6):375–81. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.06.015.
  • Rice J, Baker F, Russo R. The spectrum of movement disorders in a cerebral palsy population. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58:47.
  • Himmelmann K, Hagberg G, Wiklund LM, Eek MN, Uvebrant P. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy: a population-based study of children born between 1991 and 1998. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49(4):246–51. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00246.x.
  • Reid SM, Meehan EM, Reddihough DS, Harvey AR. Dyskinetic vs spastic cerebral palsy: A cross-sectional study comparing functional profiles, comorbidities, and brain imaging patterns. J Child Neurol. 2018;33(9):593–600. doi:10.1177/0883073818776175.
  • Koman L, Smith B, Shilt J. Cerebral palsy. Lancet. 2004;363:1619–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16207-7.
  • van de Pol L, Vermeulen R, van ‘T Westende C, van Schie P, Bolster E, van Ouwerkerk P, Strijers RL, Becher JG, Stadhouder A, de Graaf P, et al. Risk factors for dystonia after selective dorsal rhizotomy in nonwalking children and adolescents with bilateral spasticity. Neuropediatrics. 2018;49(1):044–50. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1607395.
  • Keenan NW, Rodda CJ, Wolfe KR, Roberts KS, Borton KD, Graham KH. The static examination of children and young adults with cerebral palsy in the gait analysis laboratory: technique and observer agreement. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2004;13:1–8.
  • Lumsden DE, Gimeno H, Elze M, Tustin K, Kaminska M, Lin JP. Progression to musculoskeletal deformity in childhood dystonia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2016;20(3):339–45. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.02.006.
  • McDowell BC, Salazar-Torres JJ, Kerr C, Cosgrove AP. Passive range of motion in a population-based sample of children with spastic cerebral palsy who walk. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2012;32(2):139–50. doi:10.3109/01942638.2011.644032.
  • Hedberg-Graff J, Granstrom F, Arner M, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. Upper-limb contracture development in children with cerebral palsy: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019;61(2):204–11. doi:10.1111/dmcn.14006.
  • Nordmark E, Hagglund G, Lauge-Pedersen H, Wagner P, Westbom L. Development of lower limb range of motion from early childhood to adolescence in cerebral palsy: a population-based study. BMC Med. 2009;7:65. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-65.
  • Romeo DM, Velli C, Lucibello S, Ferrantini G, Leo G, Brogna C, Cota F, Ricci D, Gallini F, Romagnoli C, et al. Joint laxity in preschool children born preterm. J Pediatr. 2018;197:104–08. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.02.008.
  • Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67(2):206–07. doi:10.1093/ptj/67.2.206.
  • Glanzman A, Swenson A, Kim H. Range of motion measurement in cerebral palsy: a comparison of assessment methods. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46:36.
  • Mutlu A, Livanelioglu A, Gunel MK. Reliability of goniometric measurements in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Med Sci Mon Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 2007;13:Cr323–9.
  • Singh D. Nils Silfverskiöld (1888–1957) and gastrocnemius contracture. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;19(2):135–38. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2012.12.002.
  • Monbaliu E, Ortibus E, De Cat J, Dan B, Heyrman L, Prinzie P, De Cock P, Feys H. The Dyskinesia impairment scale: a new instrument to measure dystonia and choreoathetosis in dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(3):278–83. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04209.x.
  • Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39(4):214–23. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x.
  • Palisano RJ, Avery L, Gorter JW, Galuppi B, McCoy SW. Stability of the gross motor function classification system, manual ability classification system, and communication function classification system. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018;60(10):1026–32. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13903.
  • Eliasson AC, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Rösblad B, Beckung E, Arner M, Ohrvall AM, Rosenbaum P. The manual ability classification system (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: scale development and evidence of validity and reliability. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(7):549–54. doi:10.1017/S0012162206001162.
  • Alhusaini AA, Dean CM, Crosbie J, Shepherd RB, Lewis J. Evaluation of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy using Ashworth and Tardieu Scales compared with laboratory measures. J Child Neurol. 2010;25(10):1242–47. doi:10.1177/0883073810362266.
  • Patrick E, Ada L. The Tardieu scale differentiates contracture from spasticity whereas the Ashworth scale is confounded by it. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(2):173–82. doi:10.1191/0269215506cr922oa.
  • Klingels K, Demeyere I, Jaspers E, De Cock P, Molenaers G, Boyd R, Feys H. Upper limb impairments and their impact on activity measures in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16(5):475–84. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.12.008.
  • Papageorgiou E, Simon-Martinez C, Molenaers G, Ortibus E, Van Campenhout A, Desloovere K. Are spasticity, weakness, selectivity, and passive range of motion related to gait deviations in children with spastic cerebral palsy? A statistical parametric mapping study. Plos One. 2019;14(10):e0223363. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223363.
  • Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. 3rd ed., new int. ed. Harlow: Pearson; 2014.
  • Pons R, Vanezis A, Skouteli H, Papavasiliou A, Tziomaki M, Syrengelas D,  Darras N. Upper limb function, kinematic analysis, and dystonia assessment in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and periventricular leukomalacia. J Child Neurol. 2017;32(11):936–41. doi:10.1177/0883073817722451.
  • Goodwin LD, Leech NL. Understanding correlation: factors that affect the size of r. J Exp Educ. 2006;74(3):249–66. doi:10.3200/JEXE.74.3.249-266.
  • Multani I, Manji J, Hastings-Ison T, Khot A, Graham K. Botulinum toxin in the management of children with cerebral palsy. Paediatr Drugs. 2019;21(4):261–81. doi:10.1007/s40272-019-00344-8.
  • Steinbok P. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23(9):981–90. doi:10.1007/s00381-007-0379-5.
  • Bonouvrié LA, Becher JG, Vles JSH, Vermeulen RJ, Buizer AI. The effect of intrathecal baclofen in dyskinetic cerebral palsy: the IDYS trial. Ann Neurol. 2019;86(1):79–90. doi:10.1002/ana.25498.
  • Elia AE, Bagella CF, Ferre F, Zorzi G, Calandrella D, Romito LM. Deep brain stimulation for dystonia due to cerebral palsy: A review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2018;22(2):308–15. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.12.002.
  • McKinnon CT, White JH, Morgan PE, Antolovich GC, Clancy CH, Fahey MC, Harvey AR. The lived experience of chronic pain and dyskinesia in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. BMC Pediatr. 2020;20(1):125. doi:10.1186/s12887-020-2011-8.
  • Perez-de la Cruz S. Childhood cerebral palsy and the use of positioning systems to control body posture: current practices. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain). 2017;32:610–15.
  • Flynn MJ, Miller MF. Management of hip disorders in patients with cerebral palsy. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2002;10(3):198–209. doi:10.5435/00124635-200205000-00006.
  • Graham HK. Painful hip dislocation in cerebral palsy. Lancet. 2002;359(9310):907–08. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08015-7.
  • Presedo A, Oh C-W, Dabney KW, Miller F. Soft-tissue releases to treat spastic hip subluxation in children with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg. 2005;87(4):832. doi:10.2106/00004623-200504000-00020.
  • Howard CB, McKibbin B, Williams LA, Mackie I. Factors affecting the incidence of hip dislocation in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Series B. 1985;67(4):530–32. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.67B4.4030844.
  • Hägglund G, Lauge-Pedersen H, Wagner P. Characteristics of children with hip displacement in cerebral palsy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:101. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-8-101.
  • Terjesen T. The natural history of hip development in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(10):951–57. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04385.x.
  • Hattrup SJ, Cofield RH, Evidente VH, Sperling JW. Total shoulder arthroplasty for patients with cerebral palsy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007;16(5):e5–e9. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2006.08.009.
  • Tofts LJ, Elliott EJ, Munns C, Pacey V, Sillence DO. The differential diagnosis of children with joint hypermobility: a review of the literature. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2009;7:1. doi:10.1186/1546-0096-7-1.
  • Monbaliu E, Ortibus E, Prinzie P, Dan B, De Cat J, De Cock P, Feys H. Can the dyskinesia impairment scale be used by inexperienced raters? A reliability study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2013;17(3):238–47. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.10.004.
  • Vanmechelen I, Dan B, Feys H, Monbaliu E. 2019. Test-retest reliability of the Dyskinesia impairment scale: measuring dystonia and choreoathetosis in dyskinetic cerebral palsy? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2020;62(4):489–493. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.14424. .
  • Flamand VH, Massé-Alarie H, Schneider C. Psychometric evidence of spasticity measurement tools in cerebral palsy children and adolescents: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2013;45(1):14–23. doi:10.2340/16501977-1082.
  • Lebiedowska MK, Gaebler-Spira D, Burns RS, Fisk JR. Biomechanic characteristics of patients with spastic and dystonic hypertonia in cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(6):875–80. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.06.032.
  • Rosenbaum P, Stewart D. The world health organization international classification of functioning, disability, and health: a model to guide clinical thinking, practice and research in the field of cerebral palsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11(1):5–10. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2004.01.002.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.