795
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Persuasive features for patient engagement through mHealth applications in managing chronic conditions: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Castro EM, Van Regenmortel T, Vanhaecht K, Sermeus W, Van Hecke A. Patient empowerment, patient participation and patient-centeredness in hospital care: a concept analysis based on a literature review. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(12):1923–39. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.07.026.
  • EHealth WHOGOf. MHealth: new horizons for health through mobile technologies: second global survey on eHealth. In. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2011;64(7): pp.66–71.
  • Risling T, Martinez J, Young J, Thorp-Froslie N. Evaluating patient empowerment in association with eHealth technology: scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(9):e329. doi:10.2196/jmir.7809.
  • WHO. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. World Health Organization. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2010. https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/. Published 2010. Accessed 20/09, 2020.
  • Barello S, Triberti S, Graffigna G, Libreri C, Serino S, Hibbard J, Riva G. eHealth for Patient Engagement: a Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2016;6:2013–2013. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02013.
  • Shaw T, Hines M, Kielly-Carroll C. Impact of digital health on the safety and quality of health care. Sydney ACSQHC. 2017;1–66. https://apo.org.au/node/245811
  • HIMSS. HIMSS Patient Engagement Framework. Healthcare information and management systems society. Published 2014. Accessed 20/September, 2020. https://www.himss.org/himss-patient-engagement-framework.
  • Shapiro-Mathews E, Barton AJ. Using the patient engagement framework to develop an institutional mobile health strategy. J Adv Nursing Pract. 2013;27(5):221–23. doi:10.1097/NUR.0b013e3182a0b9e2.
  • Hibbard JH, Greene J. What the evidence shows about patient activation: better health outcomes and care experiences; fewer data on costs. Health Aff. 2013;32(2):207–14. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1061.
  • Barello S, Graffigna G, Vegni E. Patient engagement as an emerging challenge for healthcare services: mapping the literature. Nurs Res Pract. 2012;2012:1–7. doi:10.1155/2012/905934.
  • Carman KL, Dardess P, Maurer M, Sofaer S, Adams K, Bechtel C, Sweeney J. Patient and family engagement: a framework for understanding the elements and developing interventions and policies. Health Aff. 2013;32(2):223–31. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1133.
  • Coulter A. Patient engagement—what works? J Ambul Care Manage. 2012;35(2):80–89. doi:10.1097/JAC.0b013e318249e0fd.
  • Davis K, Schoenbaum SC, Audet A-M. A 2020 vision of patient-centered primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(10):953–57. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0178.x.
  • Graham I, Filippatos G, Atar D, Vardas PE, Pinto FJ, Fitzsimons D. Patient engagement. In: Oxford University Press; 2017.
  • Gruman J, Rovner MH, French ME, Jeffress D, Sofaer S, Shaller D, Prager DJ. From patient education to patient engagement: implications for the field of patient education. Patient Educ Couns. 2010;78(3):350–56. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.02.002.
  • Hibbard JH, Cunningham PJ. How engaged are consumers in their health and health care, and why does it matter? Vol. 8, Change Washington (DC): Center for Studying Health System; 2008.
  • James J. Patient engagement. Health Affair Health Policy Brief. 2013;14(10.1377). doi:10.1377/hpb20130214.898775.
  • Simmons LA, Wolever RQ, Bechard EM, Snyderman R. Patient engagement as a risk factor in personalized health care: a systematic review of the literature on chronic disease. Genome Med. 2014;6(2):16. doi:10.1186/gm533.
  • Rodriguez KM. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting patient engagement in diabetes self-management: perspectives of a certified diabetes educator. Clin Ther. 2013;35(2):170–78. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.01.002.
  • Cheikh-Moussa K, Mira JJ, Orozco-Beltran D. Improving engagement among patients with chronic cardiometabolic conditions using mHealth: critical review of reviews. JMIR. 2020;8(4):e15446. doi:10.2196/15446.
  • Schulte MF. HIMSS value STEPS™ framework. Framework. Vol. 2018, 15–22.
  • BARELLO S. Patient health engagement: redefining ethical and medical professionalism in the era of participatory medicine. 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6216
  • Coquet J, Blayney DW, Brooks JD, Hernandez‐Boussard T. Association between patient‐initiated emails and overall 2‐year survival in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: evidence from the real‐world setting. Cancer Med. 2020;9(22):8552–61. doi:10.1002/cam4.3483.
  • Huang J, Chen Y, Landis JR, Mahoney KB. Difference between users and nonusers of a patient portal in health behaviors and outcomes: retrospective cohort study. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(10):e13146. doi:10.2196/13146.
  • Kruse CS, Bolton K, Freriks G. The effect of patient portals on quality outcomes and its implications to meaningful use: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(2):e44. doi:10.2196/jmir.3171.
  • Vo V, Auroy L, Sarradon-Eck A. Patients’ perceptions of mHealth apps: meta-ethnographic review of qualitative studies. JMIR. 2019;7(7):e13817. doi:10.2196/13817.
  • Wang J, Wang Y, Wei C, Yao N, Yuan A, Shan Y, Yuan C. Smartphone interventions for long-term health management of chronic diseases: an integrative review. Tele E-Health. 2014;20(6):570–83. doi:10.1089/tmj.2013.0243.
  • Free C, Phillips G, Felix L, Galli L, Patel V, Edwards P. The effectiveness of M-health technologies for improving health and health services: a systematic review protocol. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3(1):250. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-250.
  • Vlahu-Gjorgievska E, Mulakaparambil Unnikrishnan S, Win KT. mHealth applications: a tool for behaviour change in weight management. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2018;252:158–63.
  • Boschen MJ, Casey LM. The use of mobile telephones as adjuncts to cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2008;39(5):546. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.39.5.546.
  • Dennison L, Morrison L, Conway G, Yardley L. Opportunities and challenges for smartphone applications in supporting health behavior change: qualitative study. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(4):e86. doi:10.2196/jmir.2583.
  • Almutairi N, Vlahu-Gjorgievska E, Win KT. Asthma management application for consumers: nudging as a feature. 2019.
  • Kollmann A, Riedl M, Kastner P, Schreier G, Ludvik B. Feasibility of a mobile phone-based data service for functional insulin treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. J Med Internet Res. 2007;9(5):e36. doi:10.2196/jmir.9.5.e36.
  • Walters DL, Sarela A, Fairfull A, Neighbour K, Cowen C, Stephens B, Sellwood T, Sellwood B, Steer M, Aust M, et al. A mobile phone-based care model for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: the care assessment platform (CAP). BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2010;10(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-10-5.
  • Holtz B, Whitten P. Managing asthma with mobile phones: a feasibility study. Tele E-Health. 2009;15(9):907–09. doi:10.1089/tmj.2009.0048.
  • Morris ME, Kathawala Q, Leen TK, Gorenstein EE, Guilak F, Labhard M, Deleeuw W. Mobile therapy: case study evaluations of a cell phone application for emotional self-awareness. J Med Internet Res. 2010;12(2):e10. doi:10.2196/jmir.1371.
  • Kearney N, McCann L, Norrie J, Taylor L, Gray P, McGee-Lennon M, Sage M, Miller M, Maguire R. Evaluation of a mobile phone-based, advanced symptom management system (ASyMS©) in the management of chemotherapy-related toxicity. Supp Care Cancer. 2009;17(4):437–44. doi:10.1007/s00520-008-0515-0.
  • Kim J, Kim S, Kim H, Kim K, Lee C-T, Yang S, Kong H-J, Shin Y, Lee K. Acceptability of the consumer-centric u-health services for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tele E-Health. 2012;18(5):329–38. doi:10.1089/tmj.2011.0140.
  • Rubel P, Fayn J, Nollo G, Assanelli D, Li B, Restier L, Adami S, Arod S, Atoui H, Ohlsson M, et al. Toward personal eHealth in cardiology. Results from the EPI-MEDICS telemedicine project. J Electrocardiol. 2005;38(4):100–06. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2005.06.011.
  • Villalba E, Salvi D, Ottaviano M, Peinado I, Arredondo MT, Akay A. Wearable and mobile system to manage remotely heart failure. IEEE Trans Info Tech Biomed. 2009;13(6):990–96. doi:10.1109/TITB.2009.2026572.
  • Mosa ASM, Yoo I, Sheets L. A systematic review of healthcare applications for smartphones. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2012;12(1):67. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-12-67.
  • Wu RC, Morra D, Quan S, Lai S, Zanjani S, Abrams H, Rossos PG. The use of smartphones for clinical communication on internal medicine wards. J Hospital Med. 2010;5(9):553–59. doi:10.1002/jhm.775.
  • Issom D-Z, Henriksen A, Woldaregay AZ, Rochat J, Lovis C, Hartvigsen G. Factors influencing motivation and engagement in mobile health among patients with sickle cell disease in low-prevalence, high-income countries: qualitative exploration of patient requirements. JMIR. 2020;7(1):e14599. doi:10.2196/14599.
  • Krošel M, Švegl L, Vidmar L, Dinevski D, Bonney W. Empowering diabetes patient with mobile health technologies. Mobile Health Tech Theories App Rijeka. 2016;31–56. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51702
  • Patel MS, Asch DA, Volpp KG. Wearable devices as facilitators, not drivers, of health behavior change. Jama. 2015;313(5):459–60. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.14781.
  • Walsh JC, Groarke JM. Integrating behavioral science with mobile (mHealth) technology to optimize health behavior change interventions. Eur Psychol. 2019.
  • Serlachius A, Sutton S. Self management and behaviour change: theoretical models. Chron Phy Illness Self Manage Behav Interven. 2009;48–63.
  • Sawesi S, Rashrash M, Phalakornkule K, Carpenter JS, Jones JF. The impact of information technology on patient engagement and health behavior change: a systematic review of the literature. Jmir Med Inform. 2016;4(1):e1. doi:10.2196/medinform.4514.
  • Riley WT, Rivera DE, Atienza AA, Nilsen W, Allison SM, Mermelstein R. Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: are our theories up to the task? Transl Behav Med. 2011;1(1):53–71. doi:10.1007/s13142-011-0021-7.
  • Leung K, Lu-McLean D, Kuziemsky C, Booth RG, Collins Rossetti S, Borycki E, Strudwick G. Using patient and family engagement strategies to improve outcomes of health information technology initiatives: scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(10):e14683. doi:10.2196/14683.
  • Geng Y, Myneni S. Patient engagement in cancer survivorship care through mHealth: a consumer-centered review of existing mobile applications. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings AMIA Symposium. 2015;2015:580–88.
  • Win KT, Roberts MR, Oinas-Kukkonen H. Persuasive system features in computer-mediated lifestyle modification interventions for physical activity. Inform Health Soc Care. 2019;44(4):376–404. doi:10.1080/17538157.2018.1511565.
  • Franklin A, Myneni S. Engagement and design barriers of mHealth applications for older adults. Paper presented at: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series2018.
  • Shan R, Sarkar S, Martin SS. Digital health technology and mobile devices for the management of diabetes mellitus: state of the art. Diabetologia. 2019;62(6):877–87. doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4864-7.
  • Oinas-Kukkonen H, Harjumaa M. Persuasive systems design: key issues, process model, and system features. Commun Assoc Info Sys. 2009;24(1):28. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.02428.
  • Asbjørnsen RA, Smedsrød ML, Nes LS, Wentzel J, Varsi C, Hjelmesæth J, van Gemert-Pijnen JE. Persuasive system design principles and behavior change techniques to stimulate motivation and adherence in electronic health interventions to support weight loss maintenance: scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(6):e14265. doi:10.2196/14265.
  • Coorey G, Peiris D, Usherwood T, Neubeck L, Mulley J, Redfern J, MacLure K. Persuasive design features within a consumer-focused eHealth intervention integrated with the electronic health record: a mixed methods study of effectiveness and acceptability. PloS one. 2019;14(6):e0218447. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218447.
  • Lehto T, Oinas-Kukkonen H. Persuasive features in six weight loss websites: a qualitative evaluation. Paper presented at: International Conference on Persuasive Technology 2010.
  • Lehto T, Oinas-Kukkonen H. Explaining and predicting perceived effectiveness and use continuance intention of a behaviour change support system for weight loss. Behav Inf Technol. 2015;34(2):176–89. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2013.866162.
  • Fogg BJ. Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do. Ubiquity. 2002;2002(December):2. doi:10.1145/764008.763957.
  • Oinas-Kukkonen H. A foundation for the study of behavior change support systems. Personal Ubiquitous Computing. 2013;17(6):1223–35. doi:10.1007/s00779-012-0591-5.
  • Fogg BJ. A behavior model for persuasive design. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the 4th international Conference on Persuasive Technology 2009.
  • van Gemert-Pijnen JE, Nijland N, van Limburg M, et al. A holistic framework to improve the uptake and impact of eHealth technologies. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13(4):e111. doi:10.2196/jmir.1672.
  • Kelders SM, Kok RN, Ossebaard HC, Van Gemert-Pijnen JE. Persuasive system design does matter: a systematic review of adherence to web-based interventions. J Med Internet Res. 2012;14(6):e152. doi:10.2196/jmir.2104.
  • Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, Eccles MP, Cane J, Wood CE. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals Behav Med. 2013;46(1):81–95. doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6.
  • Kelders SM, Oinas-Kukkonen H, Oörni A, van Gemert-Pijnen JE. Health behavior change support systems as a research discipline; a viewpoint. Int J Med Inform. 2016;96:3–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.06.022.
  • Beleigoli AM, Andrade AQ, Cançado AG, Paulo MN, De Fátima HD M, Ribeiro AL. Web-based digital health interventions for weight loss and lifestyle habit changes in overweight and obese adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(1):e298. doi:10.2196/jmir.9609.
  • Davis R, Campbell R, Hildon Z, Hobbs L, Michie S. Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review. Health Psychol Rev. 2015;9(3):323–44. doi:10.1080/17437199.2014.941722.
  • Michie S, Johnston M, Francis J, Hardeman W, Eccles M. From theory to intervention: mapping theoretically derived behavioural determinants to behaviour change techniques. App Psych. 2008;57(4):660–80. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00341.x.
  • Michie S, Abraham C, Eccles MP, Francis JJ, Hardeman W, Johnston M. Strengthening evaluation and implementation by specifying components of behaviour change interventions: a study protocol. Implementation Science. 2011;6(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-6-10.
  • MScMed P, BOccTher FG, BPhty WL, Hay-Smith J. Persuasive technology and behaviour change in parent-focused eHealth interventions supporting child health: a scoping review protocol. New Zealand J Physio. 2019;47(1):36–48. doi:10.15619/NZJP/47.1.05.
  • v1 BT. Interventions. Published 2018. Accessed 10 Sep, 2020. http://www.bct-taxonomy.com/interventions.
  • Nyman SR, Adamczewska N, Howlett N. Systematic review of behaviour change techniques to promote participation in physical activity among people with dementia. Br J Health Psychol. 2018;23(1):148–70. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12279.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman D. PRISMA group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement PLoS Medicine. PLoS medicine. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
  • Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343.
  • Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Ansari MT, Balk EM, Kane R, McDonagh M, Morton SC, Viswanathan M, Bass EB, Butler M, et al. Grading the strength of a body of evidence when assessing health care interventions: an EPC update. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68(11):1312–24. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.023.
  • Brunetti M, Shemilt I, Pregno S, Vale L, Oxman AD, Lord J, Sisk J, Ruiz F, Hill S, Guyatt GH, et al. GRADE guidelines: 10. Considering resource use and rating the quality of economic evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(2):140–50. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.04.012.
  • Zhang Y, Wildemuth BM. Qualitative analysis of content. App Soc Res Methods Questions Info Library sci. 2009;308:319.
  • Moberg C, Niles A, Beermann D. Guided self-help works: randomized waitlist controlled trial of Pacifica, a mobile app integrating cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness for stress, anxiety, and depression. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(6):e12556. doi:10.2196/12556.
  • Kosse RC, Bouvy ML, Belitser SV, De Vries TW, Der Wal PS V, Koster ES. Effective engagement of adolescent asthma patients with mobile health–supporting medication adherence. JMIR. 2019;7(3):e12411. doi:10.2196/12411.
  • Ryan D, Price D, Musgrave SD, Malhotra S, Lee AJ, Ayansina D, Sheikh A, Tarassenko L, Pagliari C, Pinnock H, et al. Clinical and cost effectiveness of mobile phone supported self monitoring of asthma: multicentre randomised controlled trial. Bmj. 2012;344(mar23 1):e1756. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1756.
  • Greer JA, Jacobs JM, Pensak N, Nisotel LE, Fishbein JN, MacDonald JJ, Ream ME, Walsh EA, Buzaglo J, Muzikansky A, et al. Randomized trial of a smartphone mobile app to improve symptoms and adherence to oral therapy for cancer. J Nat Comp Cancer Net. 2020;18(2):133–41. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2019.7354.
  • Ruland CM, Andersen T, Jeneson A, Moore S, Grimsbø GH, Børøsund E, Ellison MC. Effects of an internet support system to assist cancer patients in reducing symptom distress: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Nurs. 2013;36(1):6–17. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31824d90d4.
  • Chhabra H, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(11):2862–74. doi:10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5.
  • Agarwal P, Mukerji G, Desveaux L, Ivers NM, Bhattacharyya O, Hensel JM, Shaw J, Bouck Z, Jamieson T, Onabajo N, et al. Mobile app for improved self-management of type 2 diabetes: multicenter pragmatic randomized controlled trial. JMIR. 2019;7(1):e10321. doi:10.2196/10321.
  • Boels AM, Vos RC, Dijkhorst-Oei L-T, Rutten GE. Effectiveness of diabetes self-management education and support via a smartphone application in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial (TRIGGER study). BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2019;7(1):e000981. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000981.
  • Goyal S, Nunn CA, Rotondi M, Couperthwaite AB, Reiser S, Simone A, Katzman DK, Cafazzo JA, Palmert MR. A mobile app for the self-management of type 1 diabetes among adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JMIR. 2017;5(6):e82. doi:10.2196/mhealth.7336.
  • Holmen H, Torbjørnsen A, Wahl AK, Jenum AK, Småstuen MC, Årsand E, Ribu L. A mobile health intervention for self-management and lifestyle change for persons with type 2 diabetes, part 2: one-year results from the Norwegian randomized controlled trial RENEWING HEALTH. JMIR. 2014;2(4):e57. doi:10.2196/mhealth.3882.
  • Mulvaney SA, Vaala S, Hood KK, Lybarger C, Carroll R, Williams L, Schmidt DC, Johnson K, Dietrich MS, Laffel L, et al. Mobile momentary assessment and biobehavioral feedback for adolescents with type 1 diabetes: feasibility and engagement patterns. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018;20(7):465–74. doi:10.1089/dia.2018.0064.
  • Quynh P, Khatib Y, Stansfeld S, Fox S, Green T. Feasibility and efficacy of an mHealth game for managing anxiety: “flowy” randomized controlled pilot trial and design evaluation. Game Health J. 2016;5(1):50–67. doi:10.1089/g4h.2015.0033.
  • Ben-Zeev D, Brian RM, Jonathan G, Razzano L, Pashka N, Carpenter-Song E, Drake RE, Scherer EA. Mobile health (mHealth) versus clinic-based group intervention for people with serious mental illness: a randomized controlled trial. Psych Ser. 2018;69(9):978–85. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800063.
  • Porta N, Bonet C, Cobo E. Discordance between reported intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(7):663–69. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.09.013.
  • O’Connor S, Hanlon P, O’Donnell CA, Garcia S, Glanville J, Mair FS. Understanding factors affecting patient and public engagement and recruitment to digital health interventions: a systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2016;16(1):1–15. doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0359-3.
  • Crosby LE, Ware RE, Goldstein A, Walton A, Joffe NE, Vogel C, Britto MT. Development and evaluation of iManage: a self-management app co-designed by adolescents with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017;64(1):139–45. doi:10.1002/pbc.26177.
  • Issom D-Z, Zosso A, Wipfli R. Meeting Sickle Cell patients’ unmet needs with eHealth tools: a preliminary study. Paper presented at: SHI 2015, Proceedings from The 13th Scandinavien Conference on Health Informatics, June 15-17, 2015, Tromsø, Norway 2015.
  • Gaynor M, Schneider D, Seltzer M, Crannage E, Barron ML, Waterman J, Oberle A. A user‐centered, learning asthma smartphone application for patients and providers. Learn Health Sys. 2020;4(3):e10217. doi:10.1002/lrh2.10217.
  • Azhar FAB, Dhillon JS. A systematic review of factors influencing the effective use of mHealth apps for self-care. Paper presented at: 2016 3rd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS)2016.
  • Iacoviello BM, Steinerman JR, Klein DB, Silver TL, Berger AG, Luo SX, Schork NJ. Clickotine, a personalized smartphone app for smoking cessation: initial evaluation. JMIR. 2017;5(4):e56. doi:10.2196/mhealth.7226.
  • Chomutare T, Fernandez-Luque L, Årsand E, Hartvigsen G. Features of mobile diabetes applications: review of the literature and analysis of current applications compared against evidence-based guidelines. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13(3):e65. doi:10.2196/jmir.1874.
  • Izahar S, Lean QY, Hameed MA, Murugiah MK, Patel RP, Al-Worafi YM, Wong TW, Ming LC. Content analysis of mobile health applications on diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:318. doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00318.
  • Velthoven M, Brusamento S, Majeed A, Car J. Scope and effectiveness of mobile phone messaging for HIV/AIDS care: a systematic review. Psychol Health Med. 2013;18(2):182–202. doi:10.1080/13548506.2012.701310.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.