Abnormal expression of TLRs may play a role in lower embryo quality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome

References

• Al-Quraishy, S., Dkhil, M.A., Abdel-Baki, A.A., Arauzo-Bravo, M.J., Delic, D., Wunderlich, F. (2014) Testosterone persistently dysregulates hepatic expression of tlr6 and tlr8 induced by plasmodium chabaudi malaria. Parasitol Res 113:3609–3620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromfield, J.J., Sheldon, I.M. (2011) Lipopolysaccharide initiates inflammation in bovine granulosa cells via the tlr4 pathway and perturbs oocyte meiotic progression in vitro. Endocrinology 152:5029–5040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromfield, J.J., Sheldon, I.M. (2013) Lipopolysaccharide reduces the primordial follicle pool in the bovine ovarian cortex ex vivo and in the murine ovary in vivo. Biol Reprod 88:98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulet, P., Hetru, C., Dimarcq, J.L., Hoffmann, D. (1999) Antimicrobial peptides in insects; structure and function. Dev Comp Immunol 23:329–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cario, E., Rosenberg, I.M., Brandwein, S.L., Beck, P.L., Reinecker, H.C., Podolsky, D.K. (2000) Lipopolysaccharide activates distinct signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cell lines expressing toll-like receptors. J Immunol 164:966–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary, P.M., Ferguson, C., Nguyen, V., Nguyen, O., Massa, H.F., Eby, M., et al. (1998) Cloning and characterization of two toll/interleukin-1 receptor-like genes til3 and til4: Evidence for a multi-gene receptor family in humans. Blood 91:4020-4027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espey, L.L. (1980) Ovulation as an inflammatory reaction–a hypothesis. Biol Reprod 22:73–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faure, E., Equils, O., Sieling, P.A., Thomas, L., Zhang, F.X., Kirschning, C.J., et al. (2000) Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates nf-kappab through toll-like receptor 4 (tlr-4) in cultured human dermal endothelial cells. Differential expression of tlr-4 and tlr-2 in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 275:11058–11063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frantz, S., Kobzik, L., Kim, Y.D., Fukazawa, R., Medzhitov, R., Lee, R.T., et al. (1999) Toll4 (tlr4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium. J Clin Invest 104:271–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, Z.J., Liang, X.W., Guo, L., Liang, Q.X., Luo, S.M., Wang, Y.P., et al. (2013) Maternal diabetes causes alterations of DNA methylation statuses of some imprinted genes in murine oocytes. Biol Reprod 88:117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girling, J.E., Hedger, M.P. (2007) Toll-like receptors in the gonads and reproductive tract: Emerging roles in reproductive physiology and pathology. Immunol Cell Biol 85:481–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto, C., Hudson, K.L., Anderson, K.V. (1988) The toll gene of drosophila, required for dorsal-ventral embryonic polarity, appears to encode a transmembrane protein. Cell 52:269–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, D., Liang, J., Fan, J., Yu, S., Chen, S., Luo, Y., et al. (2005) Regulation of lung injury and repair by toll-like receptors and hyaluronan. Nat Med 11:1173–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S.J., Choi, Y., Choi, Y.H., Park, T. (2012) Obesity activates toll-like receptor-mediated proinflammatory signaling cascades in the adipose tissue of mice. J Nutr Biochem 23:113–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y.J., Cha, S.H., Lee, H.Y., Lee, S.K., Chung, H.Y., Yeo, J.H., et al. (2014) Decreased pattern-recognition receptor-mediated cytokine mrna expression in obese children with otitis media with effusion. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 7:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleve, C.D., Siler, D.A., Syed, S.K., Eldon, E.D. (2006) Expression of 18-wheeler in the follicle cell epithelium affects cell migration and egg morphology in Drosophila. Dev Dyn 235:1953–1961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., Shimada, M., Richards, J.S. (2008) The involvement of the toll-like receptor family in ovulation. J Assist Reprod Genet 25:223–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., de Matos, D.G., Fan, H.Y., Shimada, M., Palmer, S., Richards, J.S. (2009) Interleukin-6: An autocrine regulator of the mouse cumulus cell-oocyte complex expansion process. Endocrinology 150:3360–3368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, K., Maes, M. (2013) Role of the toll like receptor (tlr) radical cycle in chronic inflammation: Possible treatments targeting the tlr4 pathway. Mol Neurobiol 48:190–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medzhitov, R., Preston-Hurlburt, P., Janeway, C.A., Jr. (1997) A human homologue of the drosophila toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 388:394–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokuno, Y., Matsuguchi, T., Takano, M., Nishimura, H., Washizu, J., Ogawa, T., et al. (2000) Expression of toll-like receptor 2 on gamma delta t cells bearing invariant v gamma 6/v delta 1 induced by escherichia coli infection in mice. J Immunol 165:931–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekkala, S., Munukka, E., Kong, L., Pollanen, E., Autio, R., Roos, C., et al. (2015) Toll-like receptor 5 in obesity: The role of gut microbiota and adipose tissue inflammation. Obesity 23:581–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock, F.L., Hardiman, G., Timans, J.C., Kastelein, R.A., Bazan, J.F. (1998) A family of human receptors structurally related to drosophila toll. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:588–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada, M., Hernandez-Gonzalez, I., Gonzalez-Robanya, I., Richards, J.S. (2006) Induced expression of pattern recognition receptors in cumulus oocyte complexes: Novel evidence for innate immune-like functions during ovulation. Mol Endocrinol 20:3228–3239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada, M., Yanai, Y., Okazaki, T., Noma, N., Kawashima, I., Mori, T., et al. (2008) Hyaluronan fragments generated by sperm-secreted hyaluronidase stimulate cytokine/chemokine production via the tlr2 and tlr4 pathway in cumulus cells of ovulated cocs, which may enhance fertilization. Development 135:2001–2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu, T., Miyauchi, K., Shirasuna, K., Bollwein, H., Magata, F., Murayama, C., et al. (2012) Effects of lipopolysaccharide (lps) and peptidoglycan (pgn) on estradiol production in bovine granulosa cells from small and large follicles. Toxicol In Vitro 26:1134–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Sanjo, H., Copeland, N.G., Gilbert, D.J., Jenkins, N.A., et al. (1999) Tlr6: A novel member of an expanding toll-like receptor family. Gene 231:59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, O., Akira, S. (2001) Toll-like receptors; their physiological role and signal transduction system. Int Immunopharmacol 1:625–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termeer, C., Benedix, F., Sleeman, J., Fieber, C., Voith, U., Ahrens, T., et al. (2002) Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan activate dendritic cells via toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med 195:99–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, D.C., Schorey, J.S., Johnson, A.L. (2009) Toll-like receptor signaling in hen ovarian granulosa cells is dependent on stage of follicle maturation. Reproduction 137:987–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar