Feeding Ecology of Pacific Sand Lance in the San Juan Archipelago

REFERENCES

• Ahlbeck, I., S. Hansson, and O. Hjerne. 2012. Evaluating fish diet analysis methods by individual-based modelling. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69:1184–1201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrens, R. N., C. J. Walters, and V. Christensen. 2012. Foraging arena theory. Fish and Fisheries 13:41–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriyashev, A. P. 1954. Fishes of the northern seas of the USSR. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 53. (1964 Translation available from National Technical International Services, Springfield, Virginia, as OTS 63-11160).
   Google Scholar
• Bargmann, G. 1998. Forage fish management plan. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia.
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn, J. E., and P. J. Anderson. 1997. Pacific Sand Lance growth, seasonal availability, movements, catch variability, and food in the Kodiak–Cook Inlet area of Alaska. Pages 409–426 in Proceedings of the international symposium on the role of forage fishes in marine ecosystems. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, AK-SG-97-01, Anchorage.
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn, J. E., and P. B. Jackson. 1980. Seasonal composition, abundance and food web relationships of principal juvenile and adult marine finfish species inhabiting the nearshore zone of Kodiak Island’s eastside. Pages 273–282 in Environmental assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Boulcott, P., P. J. Wright, F. M. Gibb, H. Jensen, and I. M. Gibb. 2007. Regional variation in maturation of sandeels in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 64:369–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, F. N. 1928. The weight–length relationship of the California sardine (Sardina caerulea) at San Pedro. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin 12.
   Google Scholar
• Cone, R. S. 1989. The need to reconsider the use of condition indices in fisheries science. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118:510–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cury, P., A. Bakun, R. J. M. Crawford, A. Jarre, R. A. Quinnones, L. J. Shannon, and H. M. Verheye. 2000. Small pelagics in upwelling systems: patterns of interaction and structural changes in “wasp-waist” ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57:603–618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K. A., N. S. Banas, S. N. Giddings, S. A. Siedlecki, P. MacCready, E. J. Lessard, R. M. Kudela, and B. M. Hickey. 2014. Estuary-enhanced upwelling of marine nutrients fuels coastal productivity in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 119:8778–8799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick, M. H., and I. M. Warner. 1982. Pacific Sand Lance, Ammodytes hexapterus Pallas, in the Kodiak island group, Alaska. Syesis 15:43–50.
   Google Scholar
• Field, L. J. 1988. Pacific Sand Lance, Ammodytes hexapterus, with notes on related Ammodytes species. Pages 15–33 in L. S. Lincze and S. J. Westrheim, editors. Species synopses, life histories, of selected fish and shellfish of the Northeast Pacific and Bering Sea. Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Fives, J. M. 1967. Sandeels Ammodytes and their larvae off the Galway coast. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society Series B 2(4):37–44.
   Google Scholar
• Froese, R. 2006. Cube law, condition factor and weight–length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22:241–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton, T. W. 1904. The rate of growth of fishes. Fisheries Board of Scotland Annual Report 22:141–241.
   Google Scholar
• Furness, R. W. 2002. Management implications of interactions between fisheries and sandeel-dependent seabirds and seals in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59:261–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauld, J. A. 1990. Movements of Lesser Sandeels Ammodytes marinus Raitt tagged in the northwestern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 46:229–231.
   Google Scholar
• Gidmark, N. J., J. Strother, J. M. Horton, A. P. Summers, and E. L. Brainerd. 2011. Locomotory transition from water to sand and its effects on undulatory kinematics in sand lances (Ammodytidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 214:657–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman, S. L. 1994. An energy budget for Northern Sand Lance, Ammodytes dubius, on Georges Bank, 1977–1986. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 92:647–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girsa, I. I., and A. N. Danilov. 1978. The defensive behavior of the White Sea Sand Lance Ammodytes hexapterus. Journal of Ichthyology 18:862–865.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, H. G., T. Wyllie-Echeverria, D. Gunderson, J. Bizzarro, V. Barrie, K. Fresh, C. Robinson, D. Cacchione, D. Penttila, M. Hampton, and A. Summers. 2011. Deepwater Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) habitat evaluation and prediction in the Northwest Straits Region. Final Report to the Northwest Straits Commission, Mount Vernon, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, C. J., K. K. Bartz, J. Davies, T. B. Francis, T. P. Good, A. D. Guerry, B. Hanson, K. K. Holsman, J. Miller, M. L. Plummer, J. C. P. Reum, L. D. Rhodes, C. A. Rice, J. F. Samhouri, G. D. Williams, N. Yoder, P. S. Levin, and M. H. Ruckelshaus. 2010. A mass-balance model for evaluating food web structure and community-scale indicators in the central basin of Puget Sound. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-106.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, C. J., G. D. Williams, and P. S. Levin. 2012. Food web structure and trophic control in central puget sound. Estuaries and Coasts 35:821–838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood, J., and J. P. Croxall. 1988. The assessment of competition between seals and commercial fisheries in the North Sea and the Antarctic. Marine Mammal Science 4:13–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, T. B., R. A. Ronconi, and A. E. Burger. 2007. Habitat use and behavior of the Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) in the shallow subtidal region of southwestern Vancouver Island (Ammodytes hexapterus) in the shallow subtidal. Northwest Naturalist 88:155–167.
   Google Scholar
• Heincke, F. 1908. Bericht u ber die untersuchungen der biologischen anstalt auf helgoland zur naturgeschichte der nutzfische. [Report on the investigations of the biological institute in Helgoland on the natural history of commercial fish.] Pages 67–150 in V. Von Otto, editor. Die beteiligung deutschlands an der internationalen meeresforschung. [The participation of Germany in international marine research.] Jahresbericht, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Hipfner, J. M., and M. Galbraith. 2013. Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of the Pacific Sand Lance Ammodytes hexapterus in waters off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Fish Biology 83:1094–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hipfner, J. M., and M. Galbraith. 2014. Diet of the Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) in the Salish Sea, British Columbia, in the 1960s. Canadian Field-Naturalist 128:57–62.
   Google Scholar
• Hobson, E. S. 1986. Predation of the Pacific Sand Lance, Ammodytes hexapterus (Pisces: Ammodytidae), during the transition between day and night in southeastern Alaska. Copeia 1986:223–226.
   Google Scholar
• Hyslop, E. J. 1980. Stomach contents analysis-a review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology 17:411–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. G., and F. A. Sharpe. 1987. Birding in the San Juan Islands. Mountaineers, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Liedtke, T., C. Gibson, D. Lowry, and D. Fagergren, editors. 2013. Conservation and ecology of marine forage fishes—proceeings of a research sympoisum, September 2012. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2013-1035, Reston, Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Macer, C. T. 1966. Sand eels (Ammodytidae) in the southern North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 45:187–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, T. L., R. A. Cooper, and R. W. Langton. 1979. Relative abundance, behavior, and food habits of the American Sand Lance, Ammodytes americanus, from the Gulf of Maine. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 77:243–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, B. R., D. W. Willis, and T. A. Springer. 1991. The relative weight index in fisheries management: status and needs. Fisheries 16(2):30–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries NWFS (Northwest Fisheries Science Center) and Puget Sound Institute. 2012. Encyclopedia of puget sound. Puget sound Insitute. Available: https://eopugetsound.org/. (October 2017).
   Google Scholar
• NOAA NMFS SWFSC ERD (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Research Division). 2017a. Photosynthetically available radiation, Aqua MODIS, NPP, 0.0125°, west US, 2002-present (8 day composite) [online database]. Available: http://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/erdMWpar08day_LonPM180.html. (May 2017).
   Google Scholar
• NOAA NMFS SWFSC ERD (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Research Division). 2017b. Chlorophyll-a, Aqua MODIS, NPP, 0.0125°, west US, EXPERIMENTAL, 2002-present (8 day composite) [online database]. Available: http://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/erdMWchla8day.html. (May 2017).
   Google Scholar
• NOAA NMFS SWFSC ERD (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Research Division). 2017c. Fluorescence, Aqua MODIS, NPP, 0.0125°, west US, 2002-present (3 day composite) [online database]. Available: http://upwell.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/info/erdMWcflh3day/index.html. (May 2017).
   Google Scholar
• NOAA NMFS SWFSC ERD (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Research Division). 2017d. Primary productivity, Aqua MODIS and pathfinder, global, 2002-present, EXPERIMENTAL (8 day composite) [online database]. Available: http://upwell.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/erdMWpp3day.html. (May 2017).
   Google Scholar
• NOAA NMFS SWFSC ERD (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Research Division). 2017e. SST, Aqua MODIS, NPP, 0.0125°, west US, day time (11 microns), 2002-present (monthly composite), Lon+/-180 [online database]. Available: http://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/erdMWsstdmday_LonPM180.html. (May 2017).
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell, M., and J. M. Fives. 1995. The biology of the Lesser Sand-eel Ammodytes tobianus L. in the Galway Bay area. Biology and Environment 95:87–98.
   Google Scholar
• Orr, J. W., S. Wildes, Y. Kai, N. Raring, T. Nakabo, O. Katugin, and J. Guyon. 2015. Systematics of North Pacific Sand Lances of the genus Ammodytes based on molecular and morphological evidence, with the description of a new species from Japan. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 113:129–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrand, W. D., T. A. Gotthardt, S. Howlin, and M. D. Robards. 2005. Habitat selection models for Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Northwestern Naturalist 86:131–143.
   Google Scholar
• Penttila, D. 1995. Spawning areas of the Pacific Herring (Clupea), Surf Smelt, (Hypomesus), and the Pacific Sand Lance, (Ammodytes), in central Puget Sound. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia.
   Google Scholar
• Penttila, D. 2007. Marine forage fishes in Puget Sound. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership Report 2007-03, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, G. H. 1977. The occurrence of the sand eel (Ammodytes dubius) in 0.1 M2 van veen grab samples taken during winter in Godhavn Havn, Disko Bugt. Journal du Conseil Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer 37:309–110.
   Google Scholar
• Pikitch, E., P. D. Boersma, I. L. Boyd, D. O. Conover, P. Cury, T. Essington, S. S. Heppell, E. D. Houde, M. Mangel, D. Pauly, É. Plagányi, K. Sainsbury, and R. S. Steneck. 2012. Little fish, big impact: managing a crucial link in ocean food webs. Lenfest Ocean Program, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2013. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available: http://www.R-project.org/. (November 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Reay, P. J. 1970. Synopsis of biological data on North Atlantic sandeels of the genus Ammodites (A. tobianus, A. dubius, A. americanus and A. marinus). FAO Fisheries Synopsis 82.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, S. W. 1982. Aspects of the biology of Ammodytes americanus from the St. Lawrence River to Chesapeake Bay, 1972–75, including a comparison of the Long Island Sound postlarvae with Ammodytes dubius. Journal of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Society 3:93–104.
   Google Scholar
• Ricker, W. E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 191.
   Google Scholar
• Robards, M. D., J. A. Anthony, G. A. Rose, and J. F. Piatt. 1999. Changes in proximate composition and somatic energy content for Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska relative to maturity and season. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 242:245–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robards, M. D., and J. F. Piatt. 1999. Biology of the genus Ammodytes, the sand lances. Pages 1–16 in M. D. Robards, M. F. Willson, R. H. Armstrong, J. F. Piatt, editors. Sand lance: a review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Portland, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Robards, M. D., J. F. Piatt, A. B. Kettle, and A. A. Abookir. 2000. Temporal and geographic variation in fish communities of Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robards, M. D., M. F. Willson, R. H. Armstrong, and J. F. Piatt. 1998. Sand lance: a review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper PNW-RP-521.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, C. L. K., D. Hrynyk, J. V. Barrie, and J. Schweigert. 2013. Identifying subtidal burying habitat of Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexpaterus) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Progress in Oceanography 115:119–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. S. 1973. Food and inferred feeding behavior of Northern Sand Lance (Ammodytes dubius). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30:451–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekiguchi, H. 1977. Further observations on the feeding habits of planktivorous fish sand-eel in Isle Bay. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 43:417–422.
   Google Scholar
• Selleck, J. R., C. F. Gibson, S. Shull, and J. K. Gaydos. 2015. Nearshore distribution of Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes personatus) in the inland waters of Washington State. Northwestern Naturalist 96:185–195.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, R. E. 1981. Oceanography of the British Columbia coast. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciencess 56.
   Google Scholar
• Trumble, R. J. 1973. Distribution, relative abundance, and general biology of selected underutilized fishery resources of the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Master’s thesis. University of Washington, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Ver Hoef, J. M., and P. L. Boveng. 2007. Quasi-poisson vs negative binomial regression: how should we model overdispersed count data? Ecology 88:2766–2772.
   Google Scholar
• Wanless, S., M. P. Harris, P. Redman, and J. R. Speakman. 2005. Low energy values of fish as a probable cause of a major seabird breeding failure in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 294:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2016. Washington State species of concern lists [online database]. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Olympia. Available: http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/endangered/All/. ( June 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Wege, G. J., and R. Anderson. 1978. Relative weight (Wr): a new index of condition for Largemouth Bass. Pages 79–91 in G. D. Novinger and J. G. Dillard, editors. New approaches to the management of small impoundments. American Fisheries Society, North Central Division, Special Publication 5, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Wentworth, C. K. 1922. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology 30:377–392.
   Google Scholar
• Winslade, P. 1974a. Behavioral studies on the Lesser Sand Eel Ammodytes marinus (Raiu). I. The effect of food availability on activity and the role of olfaction in food detection. Journal of Fish Biology 6:565–576.
   Google Scholar
• Winslade, P. 1974b. Behavioral studies on the Lesser Sand Eel. II. The effect of light intensity on activity. Journal of Fish Biology 6:577–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winslade, P. 1974c. Behavioral studies on the Lesser Sand Eel. III. The effect of temperature on activity and the environmental control of the annual cycle of activity. Journal of Fish Biology 6:587–600.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J., H. Jensen, and I. Tuck. 2000. The influence of sediment type on the distribution of the Lesser Sandeel, Ammodytes marinus. Journal of Sea Research 44:243–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J., S. A. Pedersen, L. Donald, C. Anderson, P. Lewy, and R. Proctor. 1998. The influence of physical factors on the distribution of lesser sandeel, Ammodytes marinus and its relevance to fishing pressure in the North Sea. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, C.M. 1998/AA:3, Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Zamon, J. 2003. Mixed species aggregations feeding upon herring and sandlance schools in a nearshore archipelago depend on flooding tidal currents. Marine Ecology Progress Series 261:243–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamon, J. E. 2002. Tidal changes in copepod abundance and maintenance of a summer Coscinodiscus bloom in the southern San Juan Channel, San Juan Islands, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 226:193–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar