Multimodal multiscale characterization of cascading hazard on mountain terrain

References

• Abatzoglou JT, Dobrowski SZ, Parks SA, Hegewisch KC. 2018. TerraClimate, a highresolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958–2015. Sci Data. 5:170191.
   Google Scholar
• AghaKouchak A, Huning LS, Chiang F, Sadegh M, Vahedifard F, Mazdiyasni O, Moftakhari H, Mallakpour I. 2018. How do natural hazards cascade to cause disasters? Nature. 561(7724):458–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner GW. 2020. HEC-RAS, River analysis system hydraulic reference manual. In: US army corps of engineers. Davis, CA: Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC).
   Google Scholar
• Cassardo C. 2009. The role of meteorological models in the prediction of weather hazards—the European approach. In: Jones JAA, Vardanian TG, Hakopian C, editors. Threats to global water security. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer; p. 265–276; [accessed 2022 Sep 8].
   Google Scholar
• Challinor AJ, Adger WN, Benton TG, Conway D, Joshi M, Frame D. 2018. Transmission of climate risks across sectors and borders. Phil Trans R Soc A. 376(2121):20170301.
   Google Scholar
• Collins BD, Jibson RW. 2015. Assessment of existing and potential landslide hazards resulting from the April 25, 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake sequence. (ver. 1.1, August 2015): U.S. Reston, VA: Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1142; p. 50.
   Google Scholar
• Cunge JA. 1969. On the subject of a flood propagation computation method (Muskingum method). J Hydraulic Res. 7(2):205–230.
   Google Scholar
• Dahal K, Liu G, Gnyawali KR, Talchabhadel R, Kumar S. 2021. Framework for multi-hazards susceptibility assessment in Google Earth Engine. New Orleans, LA: AGU Fall Meeting. https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm21/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/828783.
   Google Scholar
• Dahal RK, Hasegawa S. 2008. Representative rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya. Geomorphology. 100(3–4):429–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPietro JA, Pogue KR. 2004. Tectonostratigraphic subdivisions of the Himalaya: a view from the west: Himalayan tectonostratigraphic zones. Tectonics. 23(5):TC5001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwivedi S, Neupane Y. 2013. Cause and mechanism of the Seti River flood, 5th May 2012, western Nepal. J Nepal Geol Soc. 46:11–18.
   Google Scholar
• Fan X, Dufresne A, Siva Subramanian S, Strom A, Hermanns R, Tacconi Stefanelli C, Hewitt K, Yunus AP, Dunning S, Capra L, et al. 2020. The formation and impact of landslide dams – State of the art. Earth-Science Reviews. 203:103116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich DC. 2008. Embankment dam breach parameters and their uncertainties. J Hydraul Eng. 134:1708–1721.
   Google Scholar
• FRTC. 2022. Land cover of Nepal. Forest Research and Training Centre (FRTC). [accessed 2022 Jul 14]. https://doi.org/10.26066/RDS.1972729
   Google Scholar
• Gautam D, Adhikari R, Gautam S, Pandey VP, Thapa BR, Lamichhane S, Talchabhadel R, Thapa S, Niraula S, Aryal KR, et al. 2022. Unzipping flood vulnerability and functionality loss: tale of struggle for existence of riparian buildings. Nat Hazards. [accessed 2022 Jul 14]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05433-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautam D, Thapa S, Pokhrel S, Lamichhane S. 2021. Local level multi-hazard zonation of Nepal. Geomatics Nat Hazards Risk. 12(1):405–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnyawali KR, Adhikari BR, Mc Adoo BG. 2018. Landslides in Sindhupalchok District, Nepal before and after the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake. [accessed 2021 Jul 14]. ScholarBank@NUS Repository. [Dataset]. https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/148909
   Google Scholar
• Immerzeel WW, Lutz AF, Andrade M, Bahl A, Biemans H, Bolch T, Hyde S, Brumby S, Davies BJ, Elmore AC, et al. 2020. Importance and vulnerability of the world’s water towers. Nature. 577(7790):364–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justice CO, Vermote E, Townshend JRG, Defries R, Roy DP, Hall DK, Salomonson VV, Privette JL, Riggs G, Strahler A, et al. 1998. The moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS): Land remote sensing for global change research. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing. 36(4):1228–1249.
   Google Scholar
• Karki R, Talchabhadel R, Aalto J, Baidya SK. 2016. New climatic classification of Nepal. Theor Appl Climatol. 125(3–4):799–808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kattel GR. 2022. Climate warming in the Himalayas threatens biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services in the 21st century: is there a better solution? Biodivers Conserv. 31(8–9):2017–2044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp L, Xu C, Depledge J, Ebi KL, Gibbins G, Kohler TA, Rockström J, Scheffer M, Schellnhuber HJ, Steffen W, et al. 2022. Climate Endgame: exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 119(34):e2108146119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koks EE, Rozenberg J, Zorn C, Tariverdi M, Vousdoukas M, Fraser SA, Hall JW, Hallegatte S. 2019. A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets. Nat Commun. 10(1):2677.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kundzewicz ZW, Kanae S, Seneviratne SI, Handmer J, Nicholls N, Peduzzi P, Mechler R, Bouwer LM, Arnell N, Mach K, et al. 2014. Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives. Hydrol Sci J. 59(1):1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence J, Blackett P, Cradock-Henry NA. 2020. Cascading climate change impacts and implications. Clim Risk Manage. 29(100234):1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Ma W, Ishitsuka Y, Takeshima A, Hibino K, Yamazaki D, Yamamoto K, Kachi M, Oki R, Oki T, Yoshimura K. 2021. Applicability of a nationwide flood forecasting system for Typhoon Hagibis 2019. Sci Rep. 11(1):10213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maharjan SB, Steiner JF, Shrestha AB, Maharjan A, Nepal S, Shrestha MS, Bajracharya B, Rasul G, Shrestha M, Jackson M, et al. 2021. The Melamchi flood disaster: cascading hazard and the need for multihazard risk management. Kathmandu, Nepal: ICIMOD.
   Google Scholar
• McAdoo BG, Quak M, Gnyawali KR, Adhikari BR, Devkota S, Rajbhandari PL, Sudmeier-Rieux K. 2018. Roads and landslides in Nepal: how development affects environmental risk. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci. 18(12):3203–3210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretto S, Bozzano F, Mazzanti P. 2021. The Role of Satellite InSAR for landslide forecasting: limitations and openings. Remote Sensing. 13(18):3735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2007. National engineering handbook: chapter 16 hydrographs. Washington, DC: Natural Resources Conservation Service.
   Google Scholar
• Nepal S, Flügel W-A, Shrestha AB. 2014. Upstream-downstream linkages of hydrological processes in the Himalayan region. Ecol Process. 3(1):19.
   Google Scholar
• Nepal S, Pandey A, Shrestha AB, Mukherji A. 2018. Revisiting key questions regarding upstream–downstream linkages of land and water management in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.
   Google Scholar
• Norris J, Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Cannon F. 2020. Warming and drying over the central Himalaya caused by an amplification of local mountain circulation. Npj Clim Atmos Sci. 3(1):1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notti D, Giordan D, Caló F, Pepe A, Zucca F, Galve J. 2018. Potential and limitations of open satellite data for flood mapping. Remote Sens. 10(11):1673.
   Google Scholar
• Painter TH, Rittger K, McKenzie C, Slaughter P, Davis RE, Dozier J. 2009. Retrieval of subpixel snow covered area, grain size, and albedo from MODIS. Remote Sens Environ. 113(4):868–879.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey VP, Acharya IP, Bhattarai P, Lamichhane S, Yadav SK, Thapa BR, Dahal BK, Talchabhadel R, Subedi SK, Adhikari T, et al. 2021. Multi-perspective field reconnaissance after the Melamchi Debris Flow of June 15, 2021 in Central Nepal. Nepal Engineers’ Association. Lalitpur, Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Pandit MK. 2013. The Himalayas must be protected. Nature. 501(7467):283–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petley D. 2021. The cause of the Melamchi disaster in Nepal. [accessed 2022 Mar 15]. https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2021/07/02/melamchi-disaster/.
   Google Scholar
• Raymond C, Horton RM, Zscheischler J, Martius O, AghaKouchak A, Balch J, Bowen SG, Camargo SJ, Hess J, Kornhuber K, et al. 2020. Understanding and managing connected extreme events. Nat Clim Chang. 10(7):611–621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross CW, Prihodko L, Anchang J, Kumar S, Ji W, Hanan NP. 2018. HYSOGs250m, global gridded hydrologic soil groups for curve-number-based runoff modeling. Sci Data. 5(1):180091.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rusk J, Maharjan A, Tiwari P, Chen T-HK, Shneiderman S, Turin M, Seto KC. 2022. Multi-hazard susceptibility and exposure assessment of the Hindu Kush Himalaya. Sci Total Environ. 804(150039):1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Segoni S, Rosi A, Lagomarsino D, Fanti R, Casagli N. 2018. Brief communication: using averaged soil moisture estimates to improve the performances of a regional-scale landslide early warning system. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci. 18(3):807–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segoni S, Rossi G, Rosi A, Catani F. 2014. Landslides triggered by rainfall: a semi-automated procedure to define consistent intensity–duration thresholds. Computers & Geosci. 63:123–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Dahal K, Nava L, Gouli MR, Talchabhadel R, Panthi J, Roy T, Ghimire GR. 2022. Natural hazards perspectives on Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) science. Earth and Space Science. 9(1):e2021EA002114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Talchabhadel R, Nepal S, Ghimire GR, Rakhal B, Panthi J, Adhikari BR, Pradhanang SM, Maskey S, Kumar S. 2022. Increasing risk of cascading hazards in the central Himalayas. Natural Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05462-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha BB, Nakagawa H. 2016. Hazard assessment of the formation and failure of the Sunkoshi landslide dam in Nepal. Nat Hazards. 82(3):2029–2049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillmann J, Thorarinsdottir T, Keenlyside N, Schaller N, Alexander LV, Hegerl G, Seneviratne SI, Vautard R, Zhang X, Zwiers FW. 2017. Understanding, modeling and predicting weather and climate extremes: challenges and opportunities. Weather Clim Extremes. 18:65–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takamatsu M, Karelia HD, Lnu TO, Dahal RK. 2022. Melamchi flood disaster in Nepal: damage and risk quantification with drone survey, satellite-based land displacement analysis, and 2D flood modeling. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099600006212237293/P16057809e269a0cf096ab044bc77400259.
   Google Scholar
• Talchabhadel R, Nakagawa H, Kawaike K, Yamanoi K, Musumari H, Adhikari TR, Prajapati R. 2021. Appraising the potential of using satellite‐based rainfall estimates for evaluating extreme precipitation: a case study of August 2014 event across the West Rapti River Basin, Nepal. Earth Space Sci. 8(8):e2020EA001518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talchabhadel R, Panthi J, Sharma S, Ghimire GR, Baniya R, Dahal P, Baniya MKS, Jha B, Kaini S, et al. 2021. Insights on the impacts of hydroclimatic extremes and anthropogenic activities on sediment yield of a River Basin. Earth. 2(1):32–50.
   Google Scholar
• Talchabhadel R, Sanjib S, Kumar S. 2022. Understanding multiscale drivers of natural hazards, cascading failures, and risk management strategies within a multisector system. EGU General Assembly 2022. [accessed 2022 Nov 12]. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3029.
   Google Scholar
• Talchabhadel R, Shankar S, Khadka N, Hamal K, Karki S, Thapa BR. 2022. An outlook on the applicability of satellite precipitation products for monitoring extreme precipitation events in Nepal Himalaya. Weather. 77(5):174–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin K, Matin MA, Khanal N, Maharjan S, Bajracharya B, Tenneson K, Poortinga A, Quyen NH, Aryal RR, Saah D, et al. 2021. Regional land cover monitoring system for Hindu Kush Himalaya. In: Bajracharya B, Thapa RB, Matin MA, editors. Earth observation science and applications for risk reduction and enhanced resilience in Hindu Kush Himalaya Region. Cham: Springer International Publishing; p. 103–125.
   Google Scholar
• Uddin K, Shrestha HL, Murthy MSR, Bajracharya B, Shrestha B, Gilani H, Pradhan S, Dangol B. 2015. Development of 2010 national land cover database for the Nepal. J Environ Manage. 148:82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme. 2004. Reducing disaster risk: A challenge for development. New York: United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/Reducing%20Disaster%20risk%20a%20Challenge%20for%20development.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• US Army Corps of Engineers. 2016. Hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS user’s manual. Davis, CA: Hydrologic Engineering Center. https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/hmsdocs/hmsum/latest.
   Google Scholar
• Vaz T, Zêzere JL, Pereira S, Oliveira SC, Garcia RAC, Quaresma I. 2018. Regional rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence using a centenary database. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci. 18(4):1037–1054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Chen AS, Fu G, Djordjević S, Zhang C, Savić DA. 2018. An integrated framework for high-resolution urban flood modelling considering multiple information sources and urban features. Environ Modelling & Software. 107:85–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willner SN, Otto C, Levermann A. 2018. Global economic response to river floods. Nature Clim Change. 8(7):594–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler K, Fuchs R, Rounsevell M, Herold M. 2021. Global land use changes are four times greater than previously estimated. Nat Commun. 12(1):2501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zekkos D, Clark MK, Roback K, Gallen SF, West AJ, Gen L, Chamlagain D, Godt JW. 2017. Map data of landslides triggered by the 25 April 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha. Nepal Earthquake. [accessed 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.usgs.gov/data/map-data-landslides-triggered-25-april-2015-mw-78-gorkha-nepal-earthquake
   Google Scholar
• Zhou GGD, Zhou M, Shrestha MS, Song D, Choi CE, Cui KFE, Peng M, Shi Z, Zhu X, Chen H. 2019. Experimental investigation on the longitudinal evolution of landslide dam breaching and outburst floods. Geomorphology. 334:29–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zscheischler J, Martius O, Westra S, Bevacqua E, Raymond C, Horton RM, van den Hurk B, AghaKouchak A, Jézéquel A, Mahecha MD, et al. 2020. A typology of compound weather and climate events. Nat Rev Earth Environ. 1(7):333–347.
   Google Scholar