Microbial metabolites in colorectal tumorigenesis and cancer therapy

References

• Chabe M, Lokmer A, Segurel L. Gut protozoa: friends or foes of the human gut microbiota? Trends Parasitol. 2017;33(12):925–21. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji BW, Sheth RU, Dixit PD, Tchourine K, Vitkup D. Macroecological dynamics of gut microbiota. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(5):768–775. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0685-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile CL, Weir TL. The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health. Science. 2018;362(6416):776–780. doi:10.1126/science.aau5812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagier JC, Dubourg G, Million M, Cadoret F, Bilen M, Fenollar F, Levasseur A, Rolain JM, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Culturing the human microbiota and culturomics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(9):540–550. doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0041-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zmora N, Suez J, Elinav E. You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(1):35–56. doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0061-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adak A, Khan MR. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76(3):473–493. doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2943-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becattini S, Taur Y, Pamer EG. Antibiotic-induced changes in the intestinal microbiota and disease. Trends Mol Med. 2016;22(6):458–478. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2016.04.0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt TSB, Raes J, Bork P. The human gut microbiome: from association to modulation. Cell. 2018;172(6):1198–1215. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White LS, Van den Bogaerde J, Kamm M. The gut microbiota: cause and cure of gut diseases. Med J Aust. 2018;209(7):312–317. doi:10.5694/mja17.01067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krautkramer KA, Fan J, Backhed F. Gut microbial metabolites as multi-kingdom intermediates. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(2):77–94. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-0438-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai J, Sun L, Gonzalez FJ. Gut microbiota-derived bile acids in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Cell Host & Microbe. 2022;30(3):289–300. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ternes D, Tsenkova M, Pozdeev Meyers VI , Koncina Atatri E, Pozdeev M, Pozdeev M, Atatri S, Schmitz M, Karta J, Schmoetten M, Heinken A, Rodriguez F, et al. The gut microbial metabolite formate exacerbates colorectal cancer progression. Nat Metab. 2022;4(4):458–475. doi:10.1038/s42255-022-00558-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ocvirk S, O’Keefe SJD. Dietary fat, bile acid metabolism and colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2021;73:347–355. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luu M, Riester Z, Baldrich A, Reichardt N, Yuille S, Busetti A, Klein M, Wempe A, Leister H, Raifer H, et al. Microbial short-chain fatty acids modulate CD8(+) T cell responses and improve adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4077. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24331-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayase E, Jenq RR. Role of the intestinal microbiome and microbial-derived metabolites in immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy of cancer. Genome Med. 2021;13(1):107. doi:10.1186/s13073-021-00923-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song X, Sun X, Oh SF, Wu M, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Geva-Zatorsky N, Jupp R, Mathis D, Benoist C, et al. Microbial bile acid metabolites modulate gut RORgamma(+) regulatory T cell homeostasis. Nature. 2020;577(7790):410–415. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1865-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathewson ND, Jenq R, Mathew AV, Koenigsknecht M, Hanash A, Toubai T, Oravecz-Wilson K, Wu SR, Sun Y, Rossi C, et al. Gut microbiome-derived metabolites modulate intestinal epithelial cell damage and mitigate graft-versus-host disease. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(5):505–513. doi:10.1038/ni.3400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint HJ, Duncan SH, Scott KP, Louis P. Links between diet, gut microbiota composition and gut metabolism. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;74(1):13–22. doi:10.1017/S0029665114001463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JH, Pomare EW, Branch WJ, Naylor CP, Macfarlane GT. Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut. 1987;28(10):1221–1227. doi:10.1136/gut.28.10.1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topping DL, Clifton PM. Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiol Rev. 2001;81(3):1031–1064. doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison DJ, Preston T. Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes. 2016;7(3):189–200. doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1134082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichardt N, Duncan SH, Young P, Belenguer A, McWilliam Leitch C, Scott KP, Flint HJ, Louis P. Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota. Isme J. 2014;8(6):1323–1335. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salonen A, Lahti L, Salojarvi J, Holtrop G, Korpela K, Duncan SH, Date P, Farquharson F, Johnstone AM, Lobley GE, et al. Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men. Isme J. 2014;8(11):2218–2230. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Siles M, Khan TM, Duncan SH, Harmsen HJ, Garcia-Gil LJ, Flint HJ. Cultured representatives of two major phylogroups of human colonic faecalibacterium prausnitzii can utilize pectin, uronic acids, and host-derived substrates for growth. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78(2):420–428. doi:10.1128/AEM.06858-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan PO, Martin JC, Lawley TD, Browne HP, Harris HMB, Bernalier-Donadille A, Duncan SH, O’Toole PWP, Scott K, Flint H. Polysaccharide utilization loci and nutritional specialization in a dominant group of butyrate-producing human colonic firmicutes. Microb Genom. 2016;2(2):e000043. doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlund A, Gomez-Gallego C, Turpeinen AM, Palo-Oja OM, El-Nezami H, Kolehmainen M. Protein supplements and their relation with nutrition, microbiota composition and health: is more protein always better for sportspeople? Nutrients. 2019;11(4):11. doi:10.3390/nu11040829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noack J, Dongowski G, Hartmann L, Blaut M. The human gut bacteria bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and fusobacterium varium produce putrescine and spermidine in cecum of pectin-fed gnotobiotic rats. J Nutr. 2000;130(5):1225–1231. doi:10.1093/jn/130.5.1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitada Y, Muramatsu K, Toju H, Kibe R, Benno Y, Kurihara S, Matsumoto M. Bioactive polyamine production by a novel hybrid system comprising multiple indigenous gut bacterial strategies. Sci Adv. 2018;4(6):eaat0062. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat0062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama Y, Nara M, Sakanaka M, Gotoh A, Kitakata A, Okuda S, Kurihara S. Comprehensive analysis of polyamine transport and biosynthesis in the dominant human gut bacteria: potential presence of novel polyamine metabolism and transport genes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2017;93:52–61. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Sato T, Nomoto K, Tsuji H. Identification of phenol- and p-cresol-producing intestinal bacteria by using media supplemented with tyrosine and its metabolites. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2018;94(9). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiy125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Hou Y, Wang G, Zheng X, Hao H. Gut microbial metabolites of aromatic amino acids as signals in host-microbe interplay. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2020;31(11):818–834. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2020.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsden SR, Hilton MG, Waller JM. The end products of the metabolism of aromatic amino acids by clostridia. Arch Microbiol. 1976;107(3):283–288. doi:10.1007/BF00425340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu WH, Chen FF, Wang CE, Fu HH, Fang XQ, Ye JR, Shi JY. Indole-3-acetic acid in Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007: enzymatic identification of the Indole-3-acetamide synthesis pathway. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2559. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland JD, Williams CN. Bile acid induction of 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in clostridium limosum. J Lipid Res. 1985;26(3):344–350. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)34377-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald IA, Rochon YP, Hutchison DM, Holdeman LV. Formation of ursodeoxycholic acid from chenodeoxycholic acid by a 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-elaborating eubacterium aerofaciens strain cocultured with 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-elaborating organisms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982;44(5):1187–1195. doi:10.1128/aem.44.5.1187-1195.1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirbel J, Pyl PT, Kartal E, Zych K, Kashani A, Milanese A, Fleck JS, Voigt AY, Palleja A, Ponnudurai R, et al. Meta-analysis of fecal metagenomes reveals global microbial signatures that are specific for colorectal cancer. Nat Med. 2019;25(4):679–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Z, Liu X, Cheng C, Yu W, Yi P. Metabolism of amino acids in cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:603837. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.603837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Wu M, Wu Q. Identification of potential metabolite markers for colon cancer and rectal cancer using serum metabolomics. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(8):e23333. doi:10.1002/jcla.23333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DJ, Yang J, Seo H, Lee WH, Ho Lee D, Kym S, Park YS, Kim JG, Jang IJ, Kim YK, et al. Colorectal cancer diagnostic model utilizing metagenomic and metabolomic data of stool microbial extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2860. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59529-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Blazquez A, Diaz C, Gonzalez-Flores E, Franco-Rivas D, Jimenez-Luna C, Melguizo C, Prados J, Genilloud O, Vicente F, Caba O, et al. Untargeted LC-HRMS-based metabolomics to identify novel biomarkers of metastatic colorectal cancer. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):20198. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55952-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cross AJ, Moore SC, Boca S, Huang WY, Xiong X, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Sinha R, Sampson JN. A prospective study of serum metabolites and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer. 2014;120(19):3049–3057. doi:10.1002/cncr.28799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas AM, Manghi P, Asnicar F, Pasolli E, Armanini F, Zolfo M, Beghini F, Manara S, Karcher N, Pozzi C, et al. Metagenomic analysis of colorectal cancer datasets identifies cross-cohort microbial diagnostic signatures and a link with choline degradation. Nat Med. 2019;25(4):667–678. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0405-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Wang L, Zhang H, Deng P, Chen J, Zhou B, Hu J, Zou J, Lu W, Xiang P, et al. 1 H NMR-based metabolic profiling of human rectal cancer tissue. Mol Cancer. 2013;12(1):121. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-12-121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farshidfar F, Weljie AM, Kopciuk KA, Hilsden R, McGregor SE, Buie WD, MacLean A, Vogel HJ, Bathe OF. A validated metabolomic signature for colorectal cancer: exploration of the clinical value of metabolomics. Br J Cancer. 2016;115(7):848–857. doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O’Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP. Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016;4(1):11. doi:10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holowatyj AN, Gigic B, Herpel E, Scalbert A, Schneider M, Ulrich CM, Achaintre D, Brezina S, van Duijnhoven FJB, Gsur A, et al. Distinct molecular phenotype of sporadic colorectal cancers among young patients based on multiomics analysis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(4):1155–8 e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatima S, Hu X, Huang C, Zhang W, Cai J, Huang M, Gong RH, Chen M, Ho AHM, Su T, et al. High-fat diet feeding and palmitic acid increase CRC growth in beta2AR-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(10):711. doi:10.1038/s41419-019-1958-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Ma C, Liu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu R. NMR-based fecal metabolomics fingerprinting as predictors of earlier diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(20):29454–29464. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.8762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirnezami R, Jimenez B, Li JV, Kinross JM, Veselkov K, Goldin RD, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Darzi A. Rapid diagnosis and staging of colorectal cancer via high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy of intact tissue biopsies. Ann Surg. 2014;259(6):1138–1149. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31829d5c45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Misra BB, Liang L, Bi D, Weng W, Wu W, Cai S, Qin H, Goel A, Li X, et al. Integrated microbiome and metabolome analysis reveals a novel interplay between commensal bacteria and metabolites in colorectal cancer. Theranostics. 2019;9(14):4101–4114. doi:10.7150/thno.35186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clos-Garcia M, Garcia K, Alonso C, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, D’Amato M, Crespo A, Iglesias A, Cubiella J, Bujanda L, Falcon-Perez JM. Integrative analysis of fecal metagenomics and metabolomics in colorectal cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2020:12. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3520024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coker OO, Liu C, Wu WKK, Wong SH, Jia W, Sung JJY, Yu J. Altered gut metabolites and microbiota interactions are implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis and can be non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. Microbiome. 2022;10(1):35. doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01208-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen F, Dai X, Zhou CC, Li KX, Zhang YJ, Lou XY, Zhu YM, Sun YL, Peng BX, Cui W. Integrated analysis of the faecal metagenome and serum metabolome reveals the role of gut microbiome-associated metabolites in the detection of colorectal cancer and adenoma. Gut. 2022;71(7):1315–1325. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusof HM, Ab-Rahim S, Suddin LS, Saman MSA, Mazlan M. Metabolomics profiling on different stages of colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Malays J Med Sci. 2018;25:16–34. doi:10.21315/mjms2018.25.5.3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Ma C, Bezabeh T, Wang Z, Liang J, Huang Y, Zhao J, Liu X, Ye W, Tang W, et al. 1 H NMR-based metabolomics reveal overlapping discriminatory metabolites and metabolic pathway disturbances between colorectal tumor tissues and fecal samples. Int J Cancer. 2019;145(6):1679–1689. doi:10.1002/ijc.32190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Y, Xu T, Huang J, Zhang L, Xu S, Xiong B, Wang Y, Tang H. Tissue metabonomic phenotyping for diagnosis and prognosis of human colorectal cancer. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20790. doi:10.1038/srep20790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao R, Wu C, Zhu Y, Kong C, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Zhang X, Yang R, Zhong H, Xiong X, et al. Integrated analysis of colorectal cancer reveals cross-cohort gut microbial signatures and associated serum metabolites. Gastroenterology. 2022;163(4):1024–37e9. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.06.069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim M, Vogtmann E, Ahlquist DA, Devens ME, Kisiel JB, Taylor WR, White BA, Hale VL, Sung J, Chia N, et al. Fecal metabolomic signatures in colorectal adenoma patients are associated with gut microbiota and early events of colorectal cancer pathogenesis. mBio. 2020;11(1):11. doi:10.1128/mBio.03186-19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishida T, Taguchi F, Feng L, Tatsuguchi A, Sato J, Fujimori S, Tachikawa H, Tamagawa Y, Yoshida Y, Kobayashi M. Analysis of bile acids in colon residual liquid or fecal material in patients with colorectal neoplasia and control subjects. J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:306–311. doi:10.1007/BF02934485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong C, Liang L, Liu G, Du L, Yang Y, Liu J, Shi D, Li X, Ma Y. Integrated metagenomic and metabolomic analysis reveals distinct gut-microbiome-derived phenotypes in early-onset colorectal cancer. Gut. 2022;gutjnl-2022–327156. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang MH, Rampal S, Sung J, Choi YH, Son HJ, Lee JH, Kim YH, Chang DK, Rhee PL, Kim JJ, et al. The association of serum lipids with colorectal adenomas. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:833–841. doi:10.1017/S1368980015000646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen RW, Day DW, Thompson MH. Faecal steroids and colorectal cancer: steroid profiles in subjects with adenomatous polyps of the large bowel. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1992;1:105–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yachida S, Mizutani S, Shiroma H, Shiba S, Nakajima T, Sakamoto T, Watanabe H, Masuda K, Nishimoto Y, Kubo M, et al. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal distinct stage-specific phenotypes of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer. Nat Med. 2019;25(6):968–976. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0458-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn T, Stepien M, Lopez-Nogueroles M, Damms-Machado A, Sookthai D, Johnson T, Roca M, Hüsing A, Maldonado SG, Cross AJ, et al. Prediagnostic plasma bile acid levels and colon cancer risk: a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020;112(5):516–524. doi:10.1093/jnci/djz166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP, White BA. Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. Plos One. 2013;8(8):e70803. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao H, Xu M, Dong W, Deng B, Wang S, Zhang Y, Wang S, Luo S, Wang W, Qi Y, et al. Secondary bile acid-induced dysbiosis promotes intestinal carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer. 2017;140(11):2545–2556. doi:10.1002/ijc.30643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan K, Zheng H, Li J, Wu H, Qin S, Luo L, Huang S, Lopetuso LR. Gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk in diarrhea-irritable bowel syndrome. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:3828249. doi:10.1155/2020/3828249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hang S, Paik D, Yao L, Kim E, Trinath J, Lu J, Ha S, Nelson BN, Kelly SP, Wu L, et al. Bile acid metabolites control T(H)17 and T(reg) cell differentiation. Nature. 2019;576(7785):143–148. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1785-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell C, McKenney PT, Konstantinovsky D, Isaeva OI, Schizas M, Verter J, Mai C, Jin WB, Guo CJ, Violante S, et al. Bacterial metabolism of bile acids promotes generation of peripheral regulatory T cells. Nature. 2020;581(7809):475–479. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2193-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma C, Han M, Heinrich B, Fu Q, Zhang Q, Sandhu M, Agdashian D, Terabe M, Berzofsky JA, Fako V, et al. Gut microbiome-mediated bile acid metabolism regulates liver cancer via NKT cells. Science. 2018;360(6391). doi:10.1126/science.aan5931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin D, Huang K, Xu M, Hua H, Ye F, Yan J, Zhang G, Wang Y. Deoxycholic acid induces gastric intestinal metaplasia by activating STAT3 signaling and disturbing gastric bile acids metabolism and microbiota. Gut Microbes. 2022;14(1):2120744. doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2120744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki CT, Doukas SG, Doukas PG, Vageli DP. Weakly acidic bile is a risk factor for hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis evidenced by DNA damage, antiapoptotic function, and premalignant dysplastic lesions in vivo. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(4):852. doi:10.3390/cancers13040852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Y, Li X, Xu B, Luo L, Guo Q, Wang X, Sun L, Zhang Z, Li P. Cholecystectomy promotes colon carcinogenesis by activating the Wnt signaling pathway by increasing the deoxycholic acid level. Cell Commun Signal. 2022;20(1):71. doi:10.1186/s12964-022-00890-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao J, Chen X, Wang C, Li W, Li J. Effects and mechanism of the bile acid (farnesoid X) receptor on the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in colon cancer. Oncol Lett. 2020;20:337–345. doi:10.3892/ol.2020.11545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JY, Gillilland M 3rd, Lee AA, Wu X, Zhou SY, Owyang C. Secondary bile acids mediate high-fat diet-induced upregulation of R-spondin 3 and intestinal epithelial proliferation. JCI Insight. 2022;7(19):e14830. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.148309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venalainen MK, Roine AN, Hakkinen MR, Vepsalainen JJ, Kumpulainen PS, Kiviniemi MS, Lehtimäki T, OKSALA NK, RANTANEN TK. Altered polyamine profiles in colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2018;38:3601–3607. doi:10.21873/anticanres.12634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CY, Fang YJ, Abulimiti A, Yang X, Li L, Liu KY, Zhang X, Feng XL, Chen YM, Zhang CX. Dietary polyamines intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Nutrients. 2020;12:12. doi:10.3390/nu12113575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann AS, Geerts D. Polyamine synthesis as a target of MYC oncogenes. J Biol Chem. 2018;293:18757–18769. doi:10.1074/jbc.TM118.003336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Origanti S, Shantz LM. Ras transformation of RIE-1 cells activates cap-independent translation of ornithine decarboxylase: regulation by the Raf/MEK/ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. Cancer Res. 2007;67:4834–4842. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters MC, Minton A, Phanstiel Iv O, Gilmour SK. A novel polyamine-targeted therapy for BRAF mutant melanoma tumors. Med Sci (Basel). 2018;6:6. doi:10.3390/medsci6010003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babbar N, Ignatenko NA, Casero RA Jr., Gerner EW. Cyclooxygenase-independent induction of apoptosis by sulindac sulfone is mediated by polyamines in colon cancer. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:47762–47775. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307265200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CH, Dejea CM, Edler D, Hoang LT, Santidrian AF, Felding BH, Ivanisevic J, Cho K, Wick E, Hechenbleikner E, et al. Metabolism links bacterial biofilms and colon carcinogenesis. Cell Metab. 2015;21(6):891–897. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chagneau CV, Garcie C, Bossuet-Greif N, Tronnet S, Brachmann AO, Piel J, Nougayrède JP, Martin P, Oswald E. The polyamine spermidine modulates the production of the bacterial genotoxin colibactin. mSphere. 2019;4:4. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00414-19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puleston DJ, Buck MD, Klein Geltink RI, Kyle RL, Caputa G, O’Sullivan D, Cameron AM, Castoldi A, Musa Y, Kabat AM, et al. Polyamines and eIF5A hypusination modulate mitochondrial respiration and macrophage activation. Cell Metab. 2019;30(2):352–63 e8. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes CS, Shicora AC, Keough MP, Snook AE, Burns MR, Gilmour SK. Polyamine-blocking therapy reverses immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2:274–285. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-13-0120-T.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu R, Wang Q, Li L. A genome-wide systems analysis reveals strong link between colorectal cancer and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbial metabolite of dietary meat and fat. BMC Genomics. 2015;16:S4. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-16-S7-S4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae S, Ulrich CM, Neuhouser ML, Malysheva O, Bailey LB, Xiao L, Brown EC, Cushing-Haugen KL, Zheng Y, Cheng TYD, et al. Plasma choline metabolites and colorectal cancer risk in the women’s health initiative observational study. Cancer Res. 2014;74(24):7442–7452. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Liu H, Yuan C, Zhang Y, Wang W, Hu S, Liu L, Wang Y. Preoperative serum TMAO level is a new prognostic marker for colorectal cancer. Biomark Med. 2017;11(5):443–447. doi:10.2217/bmm-2016-0262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang S, Dai H, Lu Y, Li R, Gao C, Pan S, Cui D. Trimethylamine N-Oxide promotes cell proliferation and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. J Immunol Res. 2022;2022:7043856. doi:10.1155/2022/7043856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo W, Zieba JK, Foegeding NJ, Torres TP, Shelton CD, Shealy NG, Byndloss AJ, Cevallos SA, Gertz E, Tiffany CR, et al. High-fat diet-induced colonocyte dysfunction escalates microbiota-derived trimethylamine N-oxide. Science. 2021;373(6556):813–818. doi:10.1126/science.aba3683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Oh J, Xue M, Huh WJ, Wang J, Gonzalez-Hernandez JA, Rice TA, Martin AL, Song D, Crawford JM, et al. Commensal microbiota from patients with inflammatory bowel disease produce genotoxic metabolites. Science. 2022;378(6618):eabm3233. doi:10.1126/science.abm3233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell HN, Huber AK, Singhal R, Korimerla N, Rebernick RJ, Kumar R, El-Derany MO, Sajjakulnukit P, Das NK, Kerk SA, et al. Microenvironmental ammonia enhances T cell exhaustion in colorectal cancer. Cell Metab. 2023;35(1):134–49 e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Ruan J, Li D, Wang M, Han Z, Qiu W, Wu G. The role of intestinal bacteria and gut-brain axis in hepatic encephalopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:595759. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holecek M. Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements. Nutr Metab. 2018;15:33. doi:10.1186/s12986-018-0271-1.
   Google Scholar
• Wang S, Huang S, Ye Q, Zeng X, Yu H, Qi D, Qiao S. Prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice with the antimicrobial peptide sublancin. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:4353580. doi:10.1155/2018/4353580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Ye Q, Wang K, Zeng X, Huang S, Yu H, Ge Q, Qi D, Qiao S. Enhancement of macrophage function by the antimicrobial peptide sublancin protects mice from methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:3979352. doi:10.1155/2019/3979352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadi S, Ghollasi M, Hosseini HM. The apoptotic impact of nisin as a potent bacteriocin on the colon cancer cells. Microb Pathog. 2017;111:193–197. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norouzi Z, Salimi A, Halabian R, Fahimi H. Nisin, a potent bacteriocin and anti-bacterial peptide, attenuates expression of metastatic genes in colorectal cancer cell lines. Microb Pathog. 2018;123:183–189. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaczewska J, Kaczorek-Lukowska E, Wojcik R, Rekawek W, Siwicki AK. In vitro immunomodulatory effect of nisin on porcine leucocytes. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2019;103:882–893. doi:10.1111/jpn.13085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baindara P, Singh N, Ranjan M, Nallabelli N, Chaudhry V, Pathania GL, Sharma N, Kumar A, Patil PB, Korpole S. Laterosporulin10: a novel defensin like class IId bacteriocin from brevibacillus sp. strain SKDU10 with inhibitory activity against microbial pathogens. Microbiol (Reading). 2016;162:1286–1299. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baindara P, Gautam A, Raghava GPS, Korpole S. Anticancer properties of a defensin like class IId bacteriocin laterosporulin10. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46541. doi:10.1038/srep46541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetz C, Bono MR, Barros LF, Lagos R. Microcin E492, a channel-forming bacteriocin from Klebsiella pneumoniae, induces apoptosis in some human cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:2696–2701. doi:10.1073/pnas.052709699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeney DD, Zhai Z, Bendiks Z, Barouei J, Martinic A, Slupsky C, Marco ML. Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriocin is associated with intestinal and systemic improvements in diet-induced obese mice and maintains epithelial barrier integrity in vitro. Gut Microbes. 2019;10:382–397. doi:10.1080/19490976.2018.1534513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassone-Corsi M, Nuccio SP, Liu H, Hernandez D, Vu CT, Takahashi AA, Edwards RA, Raffatellu M. Microcins mediate competition among enterobacteriaceae in the inflamed gut. Nature. 2016;540:280–283. doi:10.1038/nature20557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H, Wang Y, Zeng X, Cai S, Wang G, Liu L, Huang S, Li N, Liu H, Ding X, et al. Therapeutic administration of the recombinant antimicrobial peptide microcin J25 effectively enhances host defenses against gut inflammation and epithelial barrier injury induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Faseb J. 2020;34(1):1018–1037. doi:10.1096/fj.201901717R.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie S, Chun E, Bae S, Brennan CA, Gallini Comeau CA, Lang JK, Michaud M, Hoveyda HR, Fraser GL, Fuller MH, et al. Expression of free fatty acid receptor 2 by dendritic cells prevents their expression of interleukin 27 and is required for maintenance of mucosal barrier and immune response against colorectal tumors in mice. Gastroenterol. 2020;158(5):1359–72 e9. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J, Kim M, Kang SG, Jannasch AH, Cooper B, Patterson J, Kim CH. Short-chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the Mtor-S6K pathway. Mucosal Immunol. 2015;8(1):80–93. doi:10.1038/mi.2014.44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachem A, Makhlouf C, Binger KJ, de Souza DP, Tull D, Hochheiser K, Whitney PG, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Dähling S, Kastenmüller W, et al. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids promote the memory potential of antigen-activated CD8(+) T cells. Immunity. 2019;51(2):285–97 e5. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arpaia N, Campbell C, Fan X, Dikiy S, van der Veeken J, deRoos P, de Roos P, Liu H, Cross JR, Pfeffer K, et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature. 2013;504(7480):451–455. doi:10.1038/nature12726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kespohl M, Vachharajani N, Luu M, Harb H, Pautz S, Wolff S, Sillner N, Walker A, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Boettger T, et al. The microbial metabolite butyrate induces expression of Th1-associated factors in CD4(+) T cells. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1036. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bultman SJ. Molecular pathways: gene-environment interactions regulating dietary fiber induction of proliferation and apoptosis via butyrate for cancer prevention. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20:799–803. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-2483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Ding C, Meng T, Lu W, Liu W, Hao H, Cao L. Butyrate suppresses motility of colorectal cancer cells via deactivating Akt/ERK signaling in histone deacetylase dependent manner. J Pharmacol Sci. 2017;135:148–155. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2017.11.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Shannar AAF, Wu R, Chou P, Sarwar MS, Kuo HC, Peter RM, Wang Y, Su X, Kong AN. Butyrate drives metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprogramming in human colon cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2022;66:e2200028. doi:10.1002/mnfr.202200028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garavaglia B, Vallino L, Ferraresi A, Esposito A, Salwa A, Vidoni C, Gentilli S, Isidoro C. Butyrate inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation through autophagy degradation of beta-catenin regardless of APC and beta-catenin mutational status. Biomedicines. 2022;10:10. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu TY, Kim K, Han TS, Lee MO, Lee J, Choi J, Jung KB, Jeong EJ, An DM, Jung CR, et al. Human gut-microbiome-derived propionate coordinates proteasomal degradation via HECTD2 upregulation to target EHMT2 in colorectal cancer. Isme J. 2022;16(5):1205–1221. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen D, Jin D, Huang S, Wu J, Xu M, Liu T, Dong W, Liu X, Wang S, Zhong W, et al. Clostridium butyricum, a butyrate-producing probiotic, inhibits intestinal tumor development through modulating Wnt signaling and gut microbiota. Cancer Lett. 2020;469:456–467. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Chen YX. Microbiota-associated metabolites and related immunoregulation in colorectal cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:4054. doi:10.3390/cancers13164054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimura N, Li Q, Chu ESH, Lau HCH, Fong W, Liu W, Liang C, Nakatsu G, Su ACY, Coker OO, et al. Lactobacillus gallinarum modulates the gut microbiota and produces anti-cancer metabolites to protect against colorectal tumourigenesis. Gut. 2021;71(10):2011–2021. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wlodarska M, Luo C, Kolde R, d’Hennezel E, Annand JW, Heim CE, Krastel P, Schmitt EK, Omar AS, Creasey EA, et al. Indoleacrylic acid produced by commensal peptostreptococcus species suppresses inflammation. Cell Host & Microbe. 2017;22(1):25–37 e6. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelante T, Iannitti RG, Cunha C, De Luca A, Giovannini G, Pieraccini G, Zecchi R, D’Angelo C, Massi-Benedetti C, Fallarino F, et al. Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22. Immunity. 2013;39(2):372–385. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott SA, Fu J, Chang PV. Microbial tryptophan metabolites regulate gut barrier function via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:19376–19387. doi:10.1073/pnas.2000047117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou Q, Ye L, Liu H, Huang L, Yang Q, Turner JR, Yu Q. Lactobacillus accelerates ISCs regeneration to protect the integrity of intestinal mucosa through activation of STAT3 signaling pathway induced by LPLs secretion of IL-22. Cell Death Differ. 2018;25:1657–1670. doi:10.1038/s41418-018-0070-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metidji A, Omenetti S, Crotta S, Li Y, Nye E, Ross E, Li V, Maradana MR, Schiering C, Stockinger B. The environmental sensor AHR protects from inflammatory damage by maintaining intestinal stem cell homeostasis and barrier integrity. Immunity. 2018;49:353–62 e5. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Fu L, Li Y, Wang W, Gong M, Zhang J, Dong X, Huang J, Wang Q, Mackay CR, et al. Gut microbial metabolites facilitate anticancer therapy efficacy by modulating cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell immunity. Cell Metab. 2021;33(5):988–1000 e7. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An J, Ha EM. Combination therapy of lactobacillus plantarum supernatant and 5-fluouracil increases chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;26:1490–1503. doi:10.4014/jmb.1605.05024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HJ, An J, Ha EM. Lactobacillus plantarum-derived metabolites sensitize the tumor-suppressive effects of butyrate by regulating the functional expression of SMCT1 in 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells. J Microbiol. 2022;60:100–117. doi:10.1007/s12275-022-1533-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu D, Mouchiroud L, Andreux PA, Katsyuba E, Moullan N, Nicolet-Dit-Felix AA, Williams EG, Jha P, Lo Sasso G, Huzard D, et al. Urolithin a induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents. Nat Med. 2016;22(8):879–888. doi:10.1038/nm.4132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha P, Yeoh BS, Singh R, Chandrasekar B, Vemula PK, Haribabu B, Vijay-Kumar M, Jala VR. Gut microbiota conversion of dietary ellagic acid into bioactive phytoceutical urolithin a inhibits heme peroxidases. Plos One. 2016;11:e0156811. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Singh R, Vanwinkle ZM, Guo H, Vemula PK, Goel A, Haribabu B, Jala VR. Microbial metabolite restricts 5-fluorouracil-resistant colonic tumor progression by sensitizing drug transporters via regulation of FOXO3-FOXM1 axis. Theranostics. 2022;12:5574–5595. doi:10.7150/thno.70754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahin IH, Akce M, Alese O, Shaib W, Lesinski GB, El-Rayes B, Wu C. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of MSI-H/MMR-D colorectal cancer and a perspective on resistance mechanisms. Br J Cancer. 2019;121:809–818. doi:10.1038/s41416-019-0599-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mager LF, Burkhard R, Pett N, Cooke NCA, Brown K, Ramay H, Paik S, Stagg J, Groves RA, Gallo M, et al. Microbiome-derived inosine modulates response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Science. 2020;369(6510):1481–1489. doi:10.1126/science.abc3421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Yuan Y, Yu H, Dai X, Wang S, Sun Z, Wang F, Fei H, Lin Q, Jiang H, et al. The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide aggravates GVHD by inducing M1 macrophage polarization in mice. Blood. 2020;136(4):501–515. doi:10.1182/blood.2019003990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang WH, Wang Z, Kennedy DJ, Wu Y, Buffa JA, Agatisa-Boyle B, Li XS, Levison BS, Hazen SL. Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) pathway contributes to both development of renal insufficiency and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res. 2015;116:448–455. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirji G, Worth A, Bhat SA, El Sayed M, Kannan T, Goldman AR, Tang HY, Liu Q, Auslander N, Dang CV, et al. The microbiome-derived metabolite TMAO drives immune activation and boosts responses to immune checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer. Sci Immunol. 2022;7(75):eabn0704. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abn0704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Rong X, Zhao G, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Ma D, Jin X, Wu Y, Yan Y, Yang H, et al. The microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide promotes antitumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Metab. 2022;34(4):581–94 e8. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawanabe-Matsuda H, Takeda K, Nakamura M, Makino S, Karasaki T, Kakimi K, Nishimukai M, Ohno T, Omi J, Kano K, et al. Dietary lactobacillus-derived exopolysaccharide enhances immune-checkpoint blockade therapy. Cancer Discov. 2022;12(5):1336–1355. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messaoudene M, Pidgeon R, Richard C, Ponce M, Diop K, Benlaifaoui M, Nolin-Lapalme A, Cauchois F, Malo J, Belkaid W, et al. A natural polyphenol exerts antitumor activity and circumvents anti-PD-1 resistance through effects on the gut microbiota. Cancer Discov. 2022;12(4):1070–1087. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canale FP, Basso C, Antonini G, Perotti M, Li N, Sokolovska A, Neumann J, James MJ, Geiger S, Jin W, et al. Metabolic modulation of tumours with engineered bacteria for immunotherapy. Nature. 2021;598(7882):662–666. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04003-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derosa L, Hellmann MD, Spaziano M, Halpenny D, Fidelle M, Rizvi H, Long N, Plodkowski AJ, Arbour KC, Chaft JE, et al. Negative association of antibiotics on clinical activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced renal cell and non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(6):1437–1444. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinato DJ, Howlett S, Ottaviani D, Urus H, Patel A, Mineo T, Brock C, Power D, Hatcher O, Falconer A, et al. Association of prior antibiotic treatment with survival and response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(12):1774–1778. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenclares P, Bhide SA, Sandoval-Insausti H, Pialat P, Gunn L, Melcher A, Newbold K, Nutting CM, Harrington KJ. Impact of antibiotic use during curative treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2020;131:9–15. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2020.02.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharaibeh RZ, Jobin C. Microbiota and cancer immunotherapy: in search of microbial signals. Gut. 2019;68:385–388. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang ZZ, Chen G, Hong Q, Huang S, Smith HM, Shah RD, Scholz M, Ferguson JF. Multi-omic analysis of the microbiome and metabolome in healthy subjects reveals microbiome-dependent relationships between diet and metabolites. Front Genet. 2019;10:454. doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Wang D, Garmaeva S, Kurilshikov A, Vich Vila A, Gacesa R, Sinha T, Segal E, Weersma RK, Wijmenga C, et al. The long-term genetic stability and individual specificity of the human gut microbiome. Cell. 2021;184:2302–15 e12. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar