References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Canfield, J. (2005). Secondary traumatization, burnout, and vicarious traumatization: A review of the literature as it relates to therapists who treat trauma. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 75(2), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1300/J497v75n02_06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagan, S. W., Ben-Porat, A., & Itzhaky, H. (2016). Child protection workers dealing with child abuse: The contribution of personal, social and organizational resources to secondary traumatization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, D., Woodward, C., Esquenazi, J., & Mellman, T. A. (2004). Comparison of comorbid physical illnesses among veterans with PTSD and veterans with alcohol dependence. Psychiatric Services, 55(1), 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.1.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinshtein, Y., Dekel, R., & Polliack, M. (2011). Secondary traumatization among adult children of PTSD veterans: The role of mother–child relationships. Journal of Family Social Work, 14(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2011.544021
   Google Scholar
• Dirkzwager, A. J., Bramsen, I., Adèr, H., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (2005). Secondary traumatization in partners and parents of Dutch peacekeeping soldiers. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.19.2.217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figley, C. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder. In C. Figley (Ed.), Compassion fatigue. Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized (pp. 22–50). Bruner/Mazel.
   Google Scholar
• Figley, C. R., & McCubbin, H. I. (Eds.). (1983). Stress and the family: Vol. II. Coping with catastrophe. Brunner/Mazel.
   Google Scholar
• Gil, S., Weinberg, M., Or-Chen, K., & Harel, H. (2015). Risk factors for DSM 5 PTSD symptoms in Israeli civilians during the Gaza war. Brain and Behavior, 5, e00316. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, L., Corcoran, C., Turner, K., Yuan, N., & Green, B. (1998). Assessing traumatic event exposure: General issues and preliminary findings for the stressful life events screening questionnaire. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(3), 521–542. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024456713321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakupcak, M., Conybeare, D., Phelps, L., Hunt, S., Holmes, H. A., Felker, B., Klevens, M., & McFall, M. E. (2007). Anger, hostility, and aggression among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans reporting PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 945–954. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshem, S., Keha, E., & Kalanthroff, E. (2023). Post-traumatic stress in war veterans and secondary traumatic stress among parents of war veterans five years after the 2014 Israel-Gaza military conflict. Mendeley Data, V1. https://doi.org/10.17632/b72x66kwv8.1
   Google Scholar
• Letzter-Pouw, S. E., Shrira, A., Ben-Ezra, M., & Palgi, Y. (2014). Trauma transmission through perceived parental burden among Holocaust survivors’ offspring and grandchildren. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(4), 420–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manion, I. G., McIntyre, J., Firestone, P., Ligezinska, M., Ensom, R., & Wells, G. (1996). Secondary traumatization in parents following the disclosure of extrafamilial child sexual abuse: Initial effects. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(11), 1095–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(96)00098-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2015). Objectives and phases of the 2014 Gaza Conflict, GOV. https://www.gov.il/en/departments/general/objectives-and-phases-of-the-2014-gaza-conflict
   Google Scholar
• Motta, R. W., Kefer, J. M., Hertz, M. D., & Hafeez, S. (1999). Initial evaluation of the secondary trauma questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 85(3), 997–1002. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3.997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor, T. G., Bergman, K., Sarkar, P., & Glover, V. (2013). Prenatal cortisol exposure predicts infant cortisol response to acute stress. Developmental Psychobiology, 55(2), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsillo, S. M., Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Steinberg, H. R., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1996). Current and lifetime psychiatric disorders among veterans with war zone-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 307–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrira, A. (2015). Perceptions of aging among middle-aged offspring of traumatized parents: The effects of parental Holocaust-related communication and secondary traumatization. Aging & Mental Health, 20(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1013921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z., Waysman, M., Levy, G., Fried, B., Mikulincer, M., Benbenishty, R., Florian Victor, & Bleich, A. (1992). From front line to home front: A study of secondary traumatization. Family Process, 31(3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1992.00289.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tehrani, N. (2007). The cost of caring–the impact of secondary trauma on assumptions, values and beliefs. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 20(4), 325-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070701690069
   Google Scholar
• Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Gender and PTSD: A cognitive model. In R. Kimerling, P. Ouimette, & J. Wolfe (Eds.), Gender and PTSD (pp. 76–97). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg, M., Besser, A., Ataria, Y., & Neria, Y. (2016). Survivor–spouse dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: Personal and dyad relationships. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(4), 448–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1130006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitt-Woosley, A., Sprang, G., & Eslinger, J. (2020). Exploration of factors associated with secondary traumatic stress in foster parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcoxon, L. A., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Burgess, A. (2021). Post-traumatic stress disorder in parents following their child's single-event trauma: A meta-analysis of prevalence rates and risk factor correlates. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00367-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: Putative role of epigenetic mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerach, G., & Aloni, R. (2015). Secondary traumatization among former prisoners of wars’ adult children: The mediating role of parental bonding. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(2), 162-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2014.923097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerach, G., Levin, Y., Aloni, R., & Solomon, Z. (2017). Intergenerational transmission of captivity trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A twenty three-year longitudinal triadic study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(Suppl 1), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar